Religion in Canada

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Religion in Canada (2021 census)[1]

  
Indigenous
(0.2%)
  Other faiths (0.6%)

Religion in Canada encompasses a wide range of beliefs and customs.

Defender of the Faith, however Canada has no official church and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism.[13]

Before the European colonization, a wide diversity of

Jewish, Islamic, Jains, Sikh, Hindu, and Buddhist communities—although small—are as old as the nation itself.[18] Rates of religious adherence have steadily decreased since the 1960s.[5] Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right, allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference.[19]

According to the 2021 census,

Indigenous spirituality (0.2 percent).[21] Canada has the second-largest national Sikh population, behind India.[22][23]

Religious pluralism

Main article: Freedom of religion in Canada
Freedom of religion sculpture by Marlene Hilton Moore at the McMurtry Gardens of Justice in Toronto[24]

Canada today has no

Section Twenty-nine of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[30]

Canada is a

Defender of the Faith."[32]

Christmas and Easter are nationwide holidays, and while Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and other religious groups are allowed to take their holy days off work, they do not share the same official recognition.[33] In 1957, the Parliament declared Thanksgiving "a day of general thanksgiving to almighty God for the bountiful harvest with which Canada has been blessed."[34]

There was an ongoing battle in the late 20th century to have religious garb accepted throughout Canadian society, mostly focused on

Sikh turbans. The Canadian Armed Forces authorized the wearing of turbans in 1986, eventually the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
followed in 1988 and eventually other federal government agencies accepted members wearing turbans.

In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom;[35] it was noted that in 2019, a new law was put in place stating that some government employees in positions of authority were not allowed to wear religious symbols.

History

See also: History of freedom of religion in Canada

Before 1800s

See also:
Native American religion
Anglican
church in Canada still standing, built in 1750

Before the arrival of Europeans, the Indigenous peoples followed a wide array of mostly

Jesuits who established several missions in North America. They were dedicated to converting the Indigenous peoples; an effort that eventually proved successful.[38]

The first large

Congregationalist belief.[41] During the 1770s, guided by Henry Alline, the New Light movement of the Great Awakening swept through the Atlantic region converting many of the Congregationalists to the new theology.[42] After Alline's death many of these Newlights eventually became Baptists, thus making Maritime Canada the heartland of the Baptist movement in Canada.[43][44][45]

The

French Canadians loyal to Britannic Crown.[46]
Roman Catholicism is still the main religion of French Canadians today.

The

United Empire Loyalists, fleeing the rebellious United States, moved in large numbers to Upper Canada and the Maritimes.[47]

1800s to 1900s

James Caughey (9 April 1810 – 30 January 1891) was a Methodist minister and evangelist who was active in Canada.

While Anglicans consolidated their hold on the upper classes, workingmen and farmers responded to the Methodist revivals, often sponsored by visiting preachers from the United States. Typical was Rev. James Caughey, an American sent by the Wesleyan Methodist Church from the 1840s through 1864. He brought in the converts by the score, most notably in the revivals in Western Canada from 1851 to 1853. His technique combined restrained emotionalism with a clear call for personal commitment, coupled with follow-up action to organize support from converts. It was a time when the holiness movement caught fire, with the revitalized interest of men and women in Christian perfection. Caughey successfully bridged the gap between the style of earlier camp meetings and the needs of more sophisticated Methodist congregations in the emerging cities.[48]

In the early nineteenth century in the

1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada. With the arrival of responsible governments, the Anglican monopoly was ended.[49]

In

Ultramontane Catholicism, the church adopted positions condemning all manifestations of liberalism.[51]

Catholic) in Montreal, Quebec

In politics, those aligned with the Roman Catholic clergy in

Conservative Party. The Reform Party, which later became the Liberal Party, was largely composed of the anti-clerical French Canadians, known as les rouges (the reds) and the non-Anglican Protestant groups. In those times, right before elections, parish priests would give sermons to their flock where they said things like Le ciel est bleu et l'enfer est rouge ("the sky (heaven) is blue and hell is red").[52]

In 1871, national census revealed 56.45% as Protestants, 42.80% as Roman Catholic, 0.05% as Pagans, 0.03% as Jewish, 0.02% as Mormons, 0.15% as irreligious and 0.49% as unspecified.[53]

By the late nineteenth century, Protestant pluralism had taken hold in English Canada. While much of the elite were still Anglican, other groups, including the Methodists, had become very prominent as well. The schools and universities created at this time reflected this pluralism with major centres of learning being established for each faith. One, King's College, later the University of Toronto, was set up as a non-denominational school. The influence of the Orange Order was strong, especially among Irish Protestant immigrants, and comprised a powerful anti-Catholic force in Ontario politics; its influence faded away after 1920.[54]

The late nineteenth century also saw the beginning of a large shift in Canadian immigration patterns. Large numbers of

Pentecostal
immigrants from the United States and Ireland.

1900s to 1960s

Denomination Pop, 1951[55] % of total
Roman Catholic 6,069,496 43.3%
United Church 2,867,271 20.5%
Anglican 2,060,720 14.7%
Presbyterian 781,747 5.6%
Baptist 519,585 3.7%
Lutheran 444,923 3.2%
Jewish
 204,836 1.5%
Ukrainian (Greek) Catholic 190,831 1.4%
Greek Orthodox 172,271 1.2%
Mennonite 125,938 0.9%
Pentecostal 95,131 0.7%
Salvation Army 70,275 0.5%
Evangelical 50,900 0.4%
Jehovah's Witnesses 34,596 0.2%
Mormon 32,888 0.2%
No religion 59,679 0.4%
Other/not recorded 260,625 1.9%

In 1919–20 Canada's five major

WCTU.[57]

As of 1931, Roman Catholics were the largest religious body in Canada, with 4 million people. Following it were the United Church of Canada (including Methodists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians), with 2 million; the Anglican Church, with nearly 2 million; and the Presbyterian Church, with approximately 870,000. The Canada Year Book 1936 reported that "of the non-Christian sects, 155,614 or 1.50% were Jews, 24,087 or 0.23% were Confucians, 15,784 or 0.15% were Buddhists and 5,008 or 0.05% were pagans.[58]

Domination of Canadian society by Protestant and Roman Catholic elements continued until well into the 20th century. Until the 1960s, most parts of Canada still had extensive

Second World War in English Canada. Overtly Christian laws were expunged, including those against homosexuality. Policies favouring Christian immigration were also abolished.[61]

In 1951, a nationwide census was taken after incorporation of predominantly Protestant province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

According to statistics provided by Statistics Canada, Protestants held a slight majority in the country between 1871 and 1961. Despite Canada's large Roman Catholic population, this fact is confirmed by nine consecutive national censuses. By 1961, Roman Catholics overtook Protestants as the most numerous religious group, although—unlike Protestants—they never reached the absolute majority status (>50%).[55]

1960s and after

The most overwhelming change was the Quiet Revolution in Quebec in the 1960s. Up through the 1950s, the province was one of the most traditional Roman Catholic areas in the world. Church attendance rates were high, and the schools were largely controlled by the Church. In the 1960s, the Catholic Church lost most of its influence in Quebec, and religiosity declined sharply.[62] While the majority of Québécois are still professed Latin Church Catholics, rates of church attendance have decreased dramatically.[63] Since then, common-law relationships, abortion, and support for same-sex marriage are much more common in Quebec than previously, exceeding levels in some other areas of Canada.

Inauguration of United Church at Mutual Street Arena, Toronto, on June 10, 1925

English Canada also underwent

Protestant denomination, became one of the most liberal major Protestant churches in the world. Flatt argues that in the 1960s Canada's rapid cultural changes led the United Church to end its evangelical programs and change its identity. It made revolutionary changes in its evangelistic campaigns, educational programs, moral stances, and theological image. However, membership declined sharply as the United Church affirmed a commitment to gay rights including marriage and ordination, and to the ordination of women.[64][65]

In 1971, Canada was 47% Catholic, 41% Protestant, 4% other religion and 4% unaffiliated.[66]

Meanwhile, a strong current of evangelical Protestantism emerged. The largest groups are found in the Atlantic provinces and Western Canada, particularly in Alberta, Southern Manitoba and the Southern interior and Fraser Valley region of British Columbia, also known as the "Canadian Bible Belt", as well as parts of Ontario outside the Greater Toronto Area. The social environment is more conservative, somewhat more in line with that of the Midwestern and Southern United States, and same-sex marriage, abortion, and common-law relationships are less widely accepted. The evangelical movement has grown sharply after 1960, and increasingly influences public policy. Nevertheless, the overall proportion of evangelicals in Canada remains considerably lower than in the United States, and the polarization much less intense. There are very few evangelicals in Quebec and in the largest urban areas, which are generally secular, although there are several congregations above 1000 members in most large cities.[67]

Abrahamic religions

Christianity

Main article: Christianity in Canada
Province/Territory
 Christians
 Newfoundland and Labrador 82.44%[68]
 Nunavut 73.53%[69]
 Prince Edward Island 67.62%[70]
 New Brunswick 67.52%[71]
 Quebec 64.82%[72]
 Nova Scotia 58.18%[73]
 Saskatchewan 56.31%[74]
 Manitoba 54.23%[75]
 Northwest Territories 55.16%[76]
 Canada 53.33%[1]
 Ontario 52.14%[77]
 Alberta 48.11%[78]
 Yukon 35.01%[79]
 British Columbia 34.27%[80]
Percentage of Christians per Canadian province or territory based on 2021 Census data
  80–89.9% Christian
  70–79.9% Christian
  60–69.9% Christian
  50–59.9% Christian
  40–49.9% Christian
  30–39.9% Christian

The majority of Canadian Christians attend church services infrequently. Cross-national surveys of religiosity rates such as the Pew Global Attitudes Project indicate that, on average, Canadian Christians are less observant than those of the United States but are still more overtly religious than their counterparts in Western Europe. In 2002, 30% of Canadians reported to Pew researchers that religion was "very important" to them. A 2005 Gallup poll showed that 28% of Canadians consider religion to be "very important" (55% of Americans and 19% of Britons say the same).[81] Regional differences within Canada exist, however, with British Columbia and Quebec reporting especially low metrics of traditional religious observance, as well as a significant urban-rural divide, while Saskatchewan and rural Alberta saw high rates of religious attendance. The rates for weekly church attendance are contested, with estimates running as low as 11% as per the latest Ipsos-Reid poll and as high as 25% as per Christianity Today magazine. This American magazine reported that three polls conducted by Focus on the Family, Time Canada and the Vanier Institute of the Family showed church attendance increasing for the first time in a generation, with weekly attendance at 25 per cent. This number is similar to the statistics reported by premier Canadian sociologist of religion, Prof. Reginald Bibby of the University of Lethbridge, who has been studying Canadian religious patterns since 1975. Although lower than in the US, which has reported weekly church attendance at about 40% since the Second World War, weekly church attendance rates are higher than those in Northern Europe.

As well as the large churches—Roman Catholic, United, and Anglican, which together count more than half of the Canadian population as nominal adherents—Canada also has many smaller Christian groups, including Eastern Orthodoxy. The Egyptian population in

Mormon minority in that province. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claimed to have 178,102 members (74,377 of whom in Alberta) at the end of 2007.[82] And according to the Jehovah's Witnesses
year report there are 111,963 active members (members who actively preach) in Canada.

Canada as a nation is becoming increasingly religiously diverse, especially in large urban centres such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal, where minority groups and new immigrants who make up the growth in most religious groups congregate. Two significant trends become clear when the current religious landscape is examined closely. One is the loss of ‘secularized' Canadians as active and regular participants in the churches and denominations they grew up in, which were overwhelmingly Christian, while these churches remain a part of Canadians' cultural identity. The other is the increasing presence of ethnically diverse immigration within the religious makeup of the country.

As Mainline

Lutheran focus on providing much needed services to immigrants new to the Canadian context and English language, immigration is making changes.[84] Much as many Roman Catholics in Quebec ignore the Church's stance on birth control, abortion, or premarital sex, the churches do not dictate much of the daily lives of regular Canadians.[85]

For some Protestant

Anglican church level.[87]

As well a

parishioners
' lives but not the commitment of time and energy necessary to support an aging institution.

Beaman notes neatly "...[forming] the backdrop for social process"[91]
explicit religiosity appears to have not effectively moved the government towards legal discrimination against gay marriage.

There was a major religious revival in Toronto in the nineties known as the

Vineyard Church near the Toronto Pearson International Airport. This religious event was the largest tourist attraction to Toronto[92] in 1994. This event was characterized by unusual religious ecstasy such as being slain in the Spirit, laughing uncontrollably, and other odd behaviour.[93][94][95][96]

A 2015 study estimates some 43,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background in Canada, most of whom belong to the evangelical tradition.[97]

Anglican Church of Canada

dioceses, each led by a bishop. The national church office is known as the General Synod. The Primate is the Archbishop Linda Nicholls, national pastoral leader.[99]

Evangelicalism

The

Christian denominations.[103]

The Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada were founded in 1914.[104]

The Canadian Baptist Ministries were founded in 1944.[105]

Anabaptism

Main article:
Anabaptists
Hutterites
A Hutterite colony in Manitoba
Main article:
Hutterite

In the mid-1870s Hutterites moved from Europe to the Dakota Territory in the United States to avoid military service and other persecutions.[106] During World War I Hutterites suffered from persecutions in the United States because they are pacifist and refused military service.[107][108] They then moved almost all of their communities to Canada in the Western provinces of Alberta and Manitoba in 1918.[108] In the 1940s, there were 52 Hutterite colonies in Canada.[108]

Today, more than 75% of the world's Hutterite colonies are located in Canada, mainly in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the rest being almost exclusively in the United States.[109] The Hutterite population in North America is about 45,000 people.[110]

Mennonites
Main article: Mennonite Church Canada

First Mennonites arrived in Canada in 1786 from Pennsylvania, but following Mennonites arrived directly from Europe.[111] The Mennonite Church Canada had about 35,000 members in 1998.[112]

Catholicism

Main article: Catholic Church in Canada
Newfoundland

The Catholic Church in Canada, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the

Newfoundland and raised the Venetian and Papal banners, claiming the land for his sponsor King Henry VII of England, while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church.[114]

The entire Catholic Church in Canada is placed under the

Apostolic Nunciature in Canada (Ottawa).[117]

Eastern Orthodoxy

Main article: Eastern Orthodoxy in North America

Adherents of

autocephalous
Eastern Orthodox Churches, each of them having its own hierarchy with dioceses and parishes.

According to 2011 census data, there were 550,690 Orthodox Christians. The

Macedonian Orthodox (4,945), Bulgarian Orthodox (1,765), Antiochian Orthodox (1,220) and several other minor communities within Eastern Orthodoxy. A number of 207,480 adherents reported only as Christian Orthodox.[118]

Oriental Orthodoxy

Main article: Oriental Orthodoxy in North America

Adherents of

Oriental Orthodox Christianity in Canada also belong to several ethnic communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. According to 2011 census data, Coptic Orthodox community constitutes the largest Oriental Orthodox community in Canada, with 16,255 adherents. It is followed by other communities: Armenian Orthodox (13,730), Ethiopian Orthodox (3,025), Syriac Orthodox (3,060) and several other minor communities within Oriental Orthodoxy.[118]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Main article: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada
The Cardston Alberta Temple, the oldest LDS temple outside the United States

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has had a presence in Canada since its organization in New York State in 1830.[119] Canada has been used as a refuge territory by members of the LDS Church to avoid enforcement of anti-polygamy laws by the United States government.[120] The first LDS Church in Canada was established in 1895 in what would become Alberta; it was the first stake of the Church to be established outside the United States.[121] The LDS Church has founded several communities in Alberta.

In the 2021 census sampling, about 0.2% of the population (equal to about 87,725 people) claimed to be members of the LDS Church.[1] In 2021, the LDS Church claimed around 200,000 members in Canada;[122] It has congregations in all Canadian provinces and territories and possesses at least one temple in six of the ten provinces, including the oldest LDS temple outside the United States. Alberta is the province with the most members of the LDS Church in Canada, having approximately 40% of the total of Canadian LDS Church members and representing 2% of the total population of the province (the National Household survey of 2011 has Alberta with over 50% of the Canadian Mormons and 1.6% of the province's population[123]), followed by Ontario and British Columbia.[124]

Islam

Main article: Islam in Canada
Islam in Canada
YearPop.±%
1854 3—    
1871 13+333.3%
1901 47+261.5%
1911 797+1595.7%
1921 478−40.0%
1931 645+34.9%
1971 33,430+5082.9%
1981 98,160+193.6%
1991 253,260+158.0%
2001 579,645+128.9%
2011 1,053,945+81.8%
2021 1,775,715+68.5%
Source: Statistics Canada
[125] [126]: 571  [127] [128]{[129] [130][131]

Four years after Canada's founding in 1867, the 1871 Canadian Census found 13 Muslims among the population.[132] The first Canadian mosque was constructed in Edmonton in 1938, when there were approximately 700 Muslims in the country.[133] This building is now part of the museum at Fort Edmonton Park. The years after World War II saw a small increase in the Muslim population. However, Muslims were still a distinct minority. It was only with the removal of European immigration preferences in the late 1960s that Muslims began to arrive in significant numbers.

According to

non-denominational Muslims.[140] As of the 2021 census, the percentage of Muslims in Canada is 4.9%.[141]

In 2007, the

Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.[143]

Judaism

Main article:
Judaism in Canada
Province or territory Jews Percentage
 Canada 391,665 1.2%
 Ontario 226,610 1.8%
 Quebec 93,625 1.2%
 British Columbia 35,005 0.8%
 Alberta 15,795 0.4%
 Manitoba 14,345 1.2%
 Nova Scotia 2,910 0.3%
 Saskatchewan 1,905 0.2%
 New Brunswick 860 0.1%
 Newfoundland and Labrador 220 0.0%
 Prince Edward Island 185 0.1%
 Yukon 145 0.4%
 Northwest Territories 40 0.1%
 Nunavut 15 0.1%
Aaron Hart is considered to be the father of Canadian Jewry.

The

Christian Bible.[145][146] The next day an objection was raised that Hart had not taken the oath in the manner required for sitting in the assembly – an oath of abjuration, which would have required Hart to swear "on the true faith of a Christian".[147] Hart was expelled from the assembly, only to be re-elected two more times. In 1768, the first synagogue in Canada was built in Montreal, the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal
. In 1832, partly because of the work of Ezekiel Hart, a law was passed that guaranteed Jews the same political rights and freedoms as Christians.

The Jewish population saw a growth during the 1880s due to the

Holocaust
survivors moved to Canada in the late 1940s to rebuild their lives.

In 2010, the Canadian Jewish community was the fourth largest in the world

Hebrew, other than for religious ceremonies, while there is a decline in the Yiddish language. Most of Canada's Jews live in Ontario and Quebec, with Toronto being the largest Jewish population centre. In 2009, anti-Semitic incidents jumped fivefold.[150]

Baháʼí Faith

The Montreal Baháʼí Shrine
Main article:
Bahá'í Faith in North America § Canada

The Canadian community is one of the earliest western communities of

`Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan. The first North American woman to declare herself a Baháʼí was Kate C. Ives, of Canadian ancestry, though not living in Canada at the time. Moojan Momen, in reviewing "The Origins of the Baháʼí Community of Canada, 1898–1948" notes that "the Magee family... are credited with bringing the Baháʼí Faith to Canada. Edith Magee became a Baháʼí in 1898 in Chicago and returned to her home in London, Ontario, where four other female members of her family became Baháʼís. This predominance of women converts became a feature of the Canadian Baháʼí community..."[151]

Druze Faith

In 2018, there were 25,000

monotheistic religion encompasses aspects of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism and Greek philosophy, among influences.[152]

Indian religions

Hinduism

Main article: Hinduism in Canada
Hinduism populations
YearPop.±%
1961 460—    
1971 9,790+2028.3%
1981 69,505+610.0%
1991 157,015+125.9%
2001 297,200+89.3%
2011 497,200+67.3%
2021828,195+66.6%
1961 and 1971 are partial and based on immigration data, real figures are substantially higher.[153][128]

Hinduism is a minority religion followed by 2.3% of the population of the Canada. According to the

2021 census, there are 828,195 Hindus in Canada.[154]

Hindus in Canada are generally Indian

Gurus
during the last 50 years, and other organizations.

The vast majority of Hindus reside in

Scarborough, Brampton, Hamilton, Windsor and Ottawa), Quebec (primarily around the Montreal area) and British Columbia, (primarily around the Vancouver area).[155]

Buddhism

Main article: Buddhism in Canada
Buddhism populations
YearPop.±%
1981 51,955—    
1991 163,415+214.5%
2001 300,345+83.8%
2011 366,830+22.1%
2021356,975−2.7%

According to the 2011 Census, Buddhism is followed by 1.1% of the population of the Canada.[156]

Buddhism has been practised in Canada for more than a century and in recent years has grown dramatically. Buddhism arrived in Canada with the arrival of Chinese labourers in the territories during the 19th century.

Vancouver in 1905.[158] Over time, the Japanese Jōdo Shinshū branch of Buddhism became the prevalent form of Buddhism in Canada[157] and established the largest Buddhist organization in Canada.[157]

Sikhism

Main article: Sikhism in Canada
Sikh Population[nb 1]
YearPop.±%
1901 95—    
1931 1,330+1300.0%
1961 5,000+275.9%
1981 67,715+1254.3%
2011 454,965+571.9%
2021 771,790+69.6%
Source: Statistics Canada
[163][164][129][130][165][131]

Sikhism has nearly 800,000 adherents who account for 2.1% of Canada's population

Surrey (154,415),[167] Calgary (49,465),[168] and Edmonton (41,385).[169]

Canada is home to the

administrative divisions in the world with Sikhism as the second most followed religion among the population.[b]

Jainism

Main article: Jainism in Canada

The first official Jain temple was established in Toronto in 1988.

Svetambara communities.[173]

Other religions

Modern Paganism

See also: Heathenry in Canada

Census data showed

Modern Paganism grew by 281 per cent between 1991 and 2001, making it the fastest growing religion in Canada during that decade.[174]

Neo-Druidism

In

Neo-Druid history a notable community was the Reformed Druids of North America, one of whose four founders was Canadian, which served both the US Druid community and the Canadian Druid community. Neo-Druidism largely spread in Canada through the Ancient Order of the Druids during the 19th century.[175]

Irreligion

Main article: Irreligion in Canada

Irreligious Canadians include

Toronto Secular Alliance or the Centre for Inquiry Canada
, as well as a number of University Campus Groups.

Age and religion

According to the 2001 census, the major religions in Canada have the following median age. Canada has a median age of 37.3.[179]

  • Presbyterian 46.1
  • United Church 44.1
  • Anglican 43.8
  • Lutheran 43.3
  • Jewish 41.5
  • Greek Orthodox 40.7
  • Baptist 39.3
  • Buddhist 38.0
  • Roman Catholic 37.8
  • Pentecostal 33.5
  • No religion 31.9
  • Hindu 30.2
  • Sikh 29.7
  • Muslim 28.1

Census results

Historical trends since 1900

Raw data

In the

Roman Catholic Church in Canada is by far the country's largest single denomination. Secularization has been growing since the 1960s.[185][186] In 2011, 23.9% declared no religious affiliation, compared to 16.5% in 2001.[187]

In recent years there have been substantial rises in non-Christian religions in Canada. From the 1991 to 2011, Islam grew by 316%, Hinduism 217%, Sikhism 209%, and Buddhism 124%. The growth of non-Christian religions expressed as a percentage of Canada's population rose from 4% in 1991 to 8% in 2011. In terms of the ratio of non-Christians to Christians, it rose from 19 Christians (95% of religious population) to 1 non-Christian (5% of religious population) in 1991 to 8 Christians (89%) to 1 non-Christian (11%) in 2011, a rise of 135% of the ratio of non-Christians to Christians, or a decline of 6.5% of Christians to non-Christians, in 20 years.

Religious denominations in Canada
19911 20012 20113 2021
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Total population 26,944,040 29,639,035 32,852,320 36,328,480
Christian 22,503,360 83 22,851,825 77 22,102,700 67.3 19,373,330 53.3
– Roman Catholic 12,203,625 45.3 12,793,125 43.2 12,810,705 39.0 10,799,070 29.9
– Total Protestant 9,427,675 35.0 8,654,845 29.2 c. 7,910,000 24.1[188][66] 4,456,925 12.3
– United Church of Canada 3,093,120 11.5 2,839,125 9.6 2,007,610 6.1 1,214,185 3.3
– Anglican 2,188,110 8.1 2,035,495 6.9 1,631,845 5.0 1,134,310 3.1
– Baptist 663,360 2.5 729,470 2.5 635,840 1.9 436,940 1.2
– Lutheran 636,205 2.4 606,590 2.0 478,185 1.5 328,045 0.9
– Presbyterian 636,295 2.4 409,830 1.4 472,385 1.4 301,400 0.8
– Protestant, not included elsewhere3 628,945 2.3 549,205 1.9 c. 2,000,000 c. 6 1,042,045 2.9
– Eastern Orthodox 387,395 1.4 495,245 1.7 550,690 1.7 623,005 1.7
– Christian, not included elsewhere4 353,040 1.3 780,450 2.6 c. 960,000 c. 3 3,333,170 9.2
No religious affiliation 3,397,000 12.6 4,900,095 16.5 7,850,605 23.9 12,577,475 34.6
Other 1,093,690 4.1 1,887,115 6.4 2,703,200 8.8 4,377,675 12.1
– Muslim 253,265 0.9 579,645 2.0 1,053,945 3.2 1,775,715 4.9
– Hindu 157,010 0.6 297,200 1.0 497,960 1.5 828,195 2.3
– Sikh 147,440 0.5 278,415 0.9 454,965 1.4 771,790 2.1
– Buddhist 163,415 0.6 300,345 1.0 366,830 1.1 356,975 1.0
– Jewish 318,185 1.2 329,990 1.1 329,495 1.0 335,295 0.9
– Traditional (Indigenous) Spirituality N/A N/A 29,820 0.1 64,940 0.2 80,690 0.2
– Personal faith or spiritual beliefs, n.o.s. 60,190 0.2
– Pagan beliefs5 21,080 0.1 25,490 0.1 41,785 0.1
– Other religion6 50,620 0.2 105,340 0.3 123,500 0.3
1 For comparability purposes, 1991 data are presented according to 2001 boundaries.
2 The 2011 data is from the National Household Survey
Baha'i, Druze, Taoism, Universalism, Theism, Zoroastrianism and Spiritualist

By province/territory

Province/territory[189] Christians %
Non-religious
 % Muslims % Jews %
Buddhists
 % Hindus % Sikhs % Traditional (Aboriginal) spirituality % Other religions1 %
 Alberta 2,009,820 48.1 1,676,045 40.1 202,535 4.8 11,390 0.3 42,830 1.0 78,520 1.9 103,600 2.5 19,755 0.5 33,220 0.8
 British Columbia 1,684,870 34.3 2,559,250 52.1 125,915 2.6 26,850 0.5 83,860 1.7 81,320 1.7 290,870 5.9 11,570 0.2 51,440 1.0
 Manitoba 708,850 54.2 480,315 36.7 26,430 2.0 11,565 0.9 7,440 0.6 18,355 1.6 35,470 2.7 10,190 0.8 8,570 0.7
 New Brunswick 512,645 67.5 225,125 29.7 9,190 1.2 1,000 0.1 1,120 0.1 3,340 0.4 1,780 0.2 1,005 0.1 3,990 0.5
 Newfoundland and Labrador 413,915 82.4 80,330 16.0 3,995 0.8 240 0.0 490 0.1 1,200 0.2 855 0.2 105 0.0 965 0.2
 Northwest Territories 22,275 55.2 16,065 39.8 730 1.8 50 0.1 250 0.6 200 0.5 110 0.3 330 0.8 370 0.9
 Nova Scotia 556,115 58.2 359,395 37.6 14,715 1.5 2,195 0.2 2,955 0.2 8,460 0.9 4,735 0.5 1,090 0.1 6,195 0.6
 Nunavut 26,915 73.5 9,115 24.9 140 0.4 35 0.5 15 0.0 55 0.2 10 0.0 180 0.5 135 0.4
 Ontario 7,315,810 52.1 4,433,675 31.6 942,990 6.7 196,100 1.4 164,215 1.2 573,700 4.1 300,435 2.1 15,985 0.1 88,845 0.6
 Prince Edward Island 101,755 67.6 42,830 28.5 1,720 1.1 165 0.1 755 0.6 1,245 0.8 1,165 0.8 75 0.0 765 0.5
 Quebec 5,385,240 64.8 2,267,720 27.3 421,710 5.1 84,530 1.0 48,365 0.6 47,390 0.6 23,345 0.3 3,790 0.0 26,385 0.3
 Saskatchewan 621,250 56.3 403,960 36.6 25,455 2.3 1,105 0.1 4,410 0.4 14,150 1.3 9,040 0.8 16,300 1.5 7,540 0.7
 Yukon 13,860 35.0 23,640 59.7 185 0.5 70 0.2 260 0.7 265 0.7 380 1.0 325 0.8 600 1.5

1Includes Pagan, Wicca, Unity – New Thought – Pantheist, Scientology, Rastafarian, New Age, Gnostic, Satanist, etc.[190]

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    Catholic Church (29.9%), United Church (3.3%), Anglican Church (3.1%), Eastern Orthodoxy (1.7%), Baptist (1.2%), Pentecostalism and other Charismatic (1.1%) Anabaptist (0.4), Jehovah's Witness (0.4), Latter Day Saints (0.2), Lutheran (0.9), Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness) (0.3), Presbyterian (0.8), Reformed (0.2)[2] (7.6%) simply identified as “Christians".[3]
  2. 2011 Indian census, Sikhism is the largest religion in Punjab and second in Chandigarh. These are the only two Indian states/UTs where Sikhism is one of the two most common religions.[170][171]
  1. ^ 1901-1951 populations are 95% of the total South Asian Canadian population enumerated in each decadal census during the timeframe, based on the quote "From 1904 to the 1940s, 95% of all South Asian immigrants to Canada were Sikhs from the Punjab region of India.", taken from page 4 of the book "A Social History of South Asians in British Columbia".[159]: 4 

    Figures for 1961 and 1971 use a falling decadal average of the Sikh proportion of the total South Asian Canadian between 95% in 1951,[159] compared with 31.5% in 1981.[160]: 40  This results in Sikhs forming 73.8% of the total South Asian Canadian population in 1961 and forming 52.6% of the total South Asian Canadian population in 1971. The total South Asian Canadian population in the 1961 census was 6,774 persons,[161]: 5  and 67,925 persons in the 1971 census.[162]: 2  Immigration data collected on the 2001 and 2011 census indicate there were 1,290 Sikh immigrants in Canada in 1961,[153] and 9,655 Sikh immigrants in Canada in 1971,[128] an undercount as this did not include the native-born population.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Religions in Canada—Census 2021". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022.
  3. ^ "Christianity". The Canadian Encyclopedia. October 27, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  4. ISBN 978-0-17-650009-2
    .
  5. ^ a b Cornelissen, Louis (October 28, 2021). "Religiosity in Canada and its evolution from 1985 to 2019". Statistics Canada.
  6. ISBN 978-0-7735-2955-7
    .
  7. ISBN 978-1-4426-1018-7
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-7735-7194-5
    .
  9. ISBN 978-1-4443-1056-6
    .
  10. ISBN 978-1-317-46745-8
    .
  11. ISBN 978-1-894667-92-0
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-134-72229-7
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0-7748-1497-3
    .
  14. ^ a b "Religion and Spirituality of Indigenous Peoples in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. April 19, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  15. ISBN 978-1-4962-2908-3
    . Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  16. ISBN 978-0-7766-1847-0
    . Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  17. ^ "Orthodox Church". The Canadian Encyclopedia. December 16, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  18. ISBN 978-1-4426-0517-6
    .
  19. ISBN 978-1-4426-0516-9
    .
  20. ^ "Religions in Canada—Census 2011". Statistics Canada. May 8, 2013.
  21. ^ "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022.
  22. ^ "Sikh Heritage Month Act". laws.justice.gc.ca. January 14, 2020.
  23. ^ "Sikh Community Profile Infographic – English" (PPT). birmingham.gov.uk. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  24. ^ "Freedom of Religion – by Marlene Hilton Moore". McMurtry Gardens of Justice. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  25. ISBN 978-0-7748-1497-3
    .
  26. ISBN 978-90-04-29059-4
    .
  27. ISBN 978-1-4426-0552-7
    .
  28. ISBN 978-0-7735-2955-7
    .
  29. ISBN 978-0-8020-8245-9
    .
  30. ISBN 978-90-04-14980-9
    .
  31. ^ "U.K. Royal Succession Rules To Change". Huffington Post. October 28, 2011.
  32. ISBN 978-1-4269-8062-6
    .
  33. ISBN 978-0-415-15978-4
    .
  34. ISBN 978-90-04-11695-5
    .
  35. ^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
  36. ISBN 978-0-8020-8153-7
    .
  37. ISBN 978-0-8091-2256-1
    .
  38. ISBN 978-1-59377-530-8.[permanent dead link
    ]
  39. ISBN 978-0-7735-7183-9
    .
  40. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8
    .
  41. ISBN 978-0-19-540758-7
    .
  42. ISBN 978-0-470-99848-9
    .
  43. ^ Beverley, James and Barry Moody, Editors. The Journal of Henry Alline. Lancelot Press for the Acadia Divinity School and the Baptist Historical Committee. 1982.
  44. ^ Bumsted, J. M. Henry Alline. Lancelot Press, Hantsport, 1984.
  45. ^ Rawlyk, George. The Sermons of Henry Alline. Lancelot Press for Acadia Divinity College and The Baptist Historical Committee of the United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces. 1986.
  46. ISBN 978-0-87289-580-5.[permanent dead link
    ]
  47. ISBN 978-0-19-980853-3
    .
  48. ^ Peter Bush, "The Reverend James Caughey and Wesleyan Methodist Revivalism in Canada West, 1851–1856," Ontario History, Sept 1987, Vol. 79 Issue 3, pp 231–250
  49. ISBN 978-0-7735-1600-7
    .
  50. ^ "Canada". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011. See drop-down essay on "Early European Settlement and the Formation of the Modern State"
  51. ISBN 978-2-89507-235-5
    .
  52. ISSN 1201-4710
    .
  53. ^ "Religions" (PDF). www66.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  54. ISBN 9780802054937
    .
  55. ^ a b c "Table A164-184, Principal religious denominations of the population, census dates 1871 to 1971". Statistics Canada. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  56. ^ Daryl Baswick, "Social Evangelism, the Canadian Churches, and the Forward Movement, 1919–1920," Ontario History vol 12#1 1997, pp 303–319
  57. ^ Sharon Anne Cook, "'Earnest Christian Women, Bent on Saving our Canadian Youth': The Ontario Woman's Christian Temperance Union and Scientific Temperance Instruction, 1881–1930," Ontario History, Sept 1994, Vol. 86 Issue 3, pp 249–267
  58. ^ Canada, Statistics (March 31, 2008). "Canada Year Book (CYB) Historical Collection". www65.statcan.gc.ca.
  59. ISBN 978-0-310-86250-5
    .
  60. ISBN 978-0-7735-2311-1
    .
  61. ISBN 978-0-7748-5853-3
    .
  62. ^ "Canada". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011. See drop-down essay on "History Since 1960"
  63. ISBN 978-0-7546-3463-8
    .
  64. ISBN 978-0-310-20812-9
    .
  65. ^ Kevin N. Flatt, After Evangelicalism: The Sixties and the United Church of Canada (2013)
  66. ^ a b c "Canada's Changing Religious Landscape". June 27, 2013.
  67. ISBN 978-0-7735-1547-5
    .
  68. ^ "Religions in Newfoundland and Labrador—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  69. ^ "Religions in Nunavut—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  70. ^ "Religions in Prince Edward Island—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  71. ^ "Religions in New Brunswick—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  72. ^ "Religions in Quebec—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  73. ^ "Religions in Nova Scotia—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  74. ^ "Religions in Saskatchewan—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  75. ^ "Religions in Manitoba—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  76. ^ "Religions in the Northwest Territories—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  77. ^ "Religions in Ontario—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  78. ^ "Religions in Alberta—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  79. ^ "Religions in Yukon—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  80. ^ "Religions in British Columbia—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  81. ^ "Can a "Reagan Revolution" Happen in Canada?". Gallup.com. January 20, 2006. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
  82. ^ Alberta Archived December 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. LDS Newsroom.
  83. Lori Beaman
    , ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 18.
  84. ISBN 978-0-8020-9584-8
    .
  85. ^ Roger O'Toole, "Religion in Canada: Its Development and Contemporary Situation" In Lori Beaman, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 12.
  86. ^ Roger O'Toole, "Religion in Canada: Its Development and Contemporary Situation" In Lori Beaman, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 13–14.
  87. ^ Wendy Fletcher, "Canadian Anglicanism and Ethnicity" In P. Bramadat & D. Seljak, Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. (Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2005.), 156.
  88. ^ Greer Anne Wenh-In Ng, "The United Church of Canada: A Church Fittingly National" In P. Bramadat & D. Seljak, Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. (Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2005), 232.
  89. ^ "96F0030XIE2001015 – Religions in Canada". 2.statcan.ca. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
  90. ^ Roger O'Toole, "Religion in Canada: Its Development and Contemporary Situation" In Lori Beaman, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 17.
  91. ^ Lori Beaman, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 3.
  92. ^ "Christianity Today- The Enduring Revival". www.google.com. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  93. ^ Bowker, John. Toronto Blessing. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, 1997.
  94. ^ Burgess, Stanley. The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements. Zondervan, 2002
  95. ^ Ostling, Richard. Laughing for the Lord: Revivalist fervor has invaded the Church of England. Time Magazine, 1994, p.38
  96. ^ Maxwell, Joe. "Is Laughing for the Lord Holy?". ChristianityToday.com. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  97. ^ Miller, Duane; Johnstone, Patrick (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11 (10). Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  98. ^ "Welcome to the Anglican Church of Canada". The Anglican Church of Canada. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  99. ^ "How we are organized – The Anglican Church of Canada". Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  100. ^ John Gordon Stackhouse, Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century: An Introduction to Its Character, Regent College Publishing, Canada, 1998, p. 166
  101. ^ Randall Herbert Balmer, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 240
  102. ^ Robert Choquette, Canada's Religions: An Historical Introduction, University of Ottawa Press, Canada, 2004, p. 372
  103. ^ EFC, Who is the EFC?, evangelicalfellowship.ca, Canada, retrieved December 05, 2021
  104. ^ Michael Wilkinson, Peter Althouse, Winds from the North: Canadian Contributions to the Pentecostal Movement, BRILL, Leiden, 2010, p. 208
  105. ^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 121
  106. ^ Journey to America, Hutterian Brethren. Retrieved April 25, 2014
  107. ISBN 0-87303-069-9
    .
  108. ^ a b c World War 1, Hutterian Brethren. Retrieved April 25, 2014
  109. ^ A directory of Hutterite colonies. Retrieved on April 25, 2014
  110. ^ WW1 & Beyond, Hutterian Brethren. Retrieved April 25, 2014
  111. ISBN 978-1-4267-5610-8
    .
  112. ISBN 978-0-8018-9911-9
    .
  113. ^ "CECC / CCCB". www.cccb.ca. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  114. ^ P D'Epiro, M.D. Pinkowish, "Sprezzatura: 50 ways Italian genius shaped the world" pp. 179–180
  115. ^ "Homily by Cardinal Gérald Cyprien Lacroix Archbishop of Quebec Primate of Canada". www.catholicanada.com. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  116. ^ "Conférence des évêques catholiques du Canada – Nouvelles des délégués de la CECC qui participent au Synode des évêques sur les jeunes, la foi et le discernement vocationnel". www.cccb.ca. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  117. ^ "Apostolic Nunciature in Canada – Nonciature Apostolique au Canada". www.nuntiatura.ca. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  118. ^ a b Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (May 8, 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  119. ISBN 978-0-88864-212-7
    .
  120. ISBN 978-1-135-94705-7
    .
  121. ISBN 978-1-926613-02-4
    .
  122. ^ "Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  123. ^ "2011 National Household Survey". Statistics Canada. May 8, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
  124. ^ Deseret News Church Almanac, 2011
  125. ^ "Some Cool History about Muslims in Canada". A New Life in a New Land: The Muslim Experience in Canada. 2015. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023.
  126. ^ Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). "Sixth Census of Canada, 1921, vol. 1. Population: Number, sex and distribution, racial origins, religions". Government of Canada. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  127. ^ Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). "Seventh Census of Canada, 1931". Government of Canada. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  128. ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (May 8, 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  129. ^ a b Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). "1981 Census of Canada, Volume 1 - National series: population = Recensement du Canada de 1981, Volume 1 - Série nationale: Population". Government of Canada. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  130. ^ a b Statistics Canada (March 29, 2019). "R9101 - Population by Religion (29), Showing Age Groups (13) Education (20% Data) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". Government of Canada. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  131. ^ a b Statistics Canada (January 23, 2019). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". Government of Canada. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  132. ^ 1871 Census of Canada
  133. ^ Saudi Aramco World: Canada's Pioneer Mosque: http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199804/canada.s.pioneer.mosque.htm Archived May 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  134. ^ "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)". 0.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  135. ^ "World Muslim Population Data Tables – Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life". Features.pewforum.org. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  136. ^ http://www.environicsinstitute.org/PDF-MuslimsandMulticulturalisminCanada-LiftingtheVeil.pdf – Muslims and Multiculturalism in Canada. March 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2011. Archived January 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  137. ^ "The Daily – 2011 National Household Survey: Immigration, place of birth, citizenship, ethnic origin, visible minorities, language and religion". Statcan.gc.ca. May 9, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  138. ^ "Survey shows Muslim population is fastest growing religion in Canada". National Post. May 8, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  139. ISBN 9780774859424
    . Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  140. ^ Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. August 9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2013
  141. ^ Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". Government of Canada. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
  142. ^ "CBC Television – Little Mosque on the Prairie". Cbc.ca. Archived from the original on January 13, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
  143. ^ Morton, Graeme (July 5, 2008). "Politicians and faithful open Canada's largest mosque". Canada.com. Canwest News Service. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
  144. ^ "Hart, Aaron". Exposition Shalom Québec. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  145. ^ Brown, Michael (1986). The Beginning of Jewish Emancipation in Canada: The Hart Affair. Michael, vol. 10.
  146. ISBN 0-88125-108-9
    .
  147. ISBN 0-471-79929-7
    .
  148. ^ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour – Canada". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
  149. ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Jewish Population in the World and in Israel (PDF), Division of Jewish Demography and Statistics, the A. Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, CBS, Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2011, retrieved November 22, 2011
  150. ^ Keung, Nicholas (April 11, 2010). "Anti-semitism incidents jump five-fold in Canada". thestar.com. Toronto. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
  151. ^ "Origins of the Baháʼí Community of Canada 1898–1948, The, by Will C. van den Hoonaard". Bahai-Library.com. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  152. ^ Bessonov, Ania (November 18, 2018). "Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  153. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. "Topic-based tabulation: Selected Demographic and Cultural Characteristics (104), Selected Religions (35A), Age Groups (6) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 2001 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  154. ^ "2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. May 8, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  155. ^ "Selected Religions, for Canada, Provinces and Territories – 20% Sample Data". Religions in Canada: Highlight Tables, 2001 Census. Statistics Canada. 2004. Retrieved May 23, 2006.
  156. ^ a b "Religions in Canada—Census 2011". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. May 8, 2013.
  157. ^ a b c d A.W. Barber. "Buddhism". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  158. ^ "A Journalist's Guide to Buddhism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  159. ^ a b "A Social History of South Asians in British Columbia". www.saclp.southasiancanadianheritage.ca. April 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022. From 1904 to the 1940s, 95% of all South Asian immigrants to Canada were Sikhs from the Punjab region of India.
  160. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). "A user's guide to 1981 census data on ethnic origin / by Walton O. Boxhill = Guide de l'utilisateur des données du recensement de 1981 sur l'origine ethnique / par Walton O. Boxhill". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  161. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). "1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  162. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). "1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic Groups". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  163. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). "Sixth census of Canada,1921. v. 1. Population: number, sex and distribution, racial origins, religions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  164. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013). "Seventh census of Canada, 1931. Vol. 2. Population by areas". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  165. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (December 23, 2013). "Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  166. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision] Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  167. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  168. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Calgary, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision] Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  169. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Edmonton, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision] Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  170. ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015.
  171. ^ "Census of India 2011 - Chandigarh" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  172. ^ McAteer, Michael (April 22, 1989). "Non-violence to any living thing". Toronto Star. p. M.23. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  173. ^ Lambek 2002, p. 557
  174. ^ Todd, Douglas. "University of Victoria chaplain marks solstice with pagan rituals | Vancouver Sun". Blogs.vancouversun.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  175. ^ Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia – Volumes 1–5 – Page 1353, John T. Koch – 2006
  176. ^ "Non-Christian religious data in Canada". Religioustolerance.org. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  177. ^ "The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
  178. ^ "Religions in Canada—Census 2011". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. May 8, 2013.
  179. ^ "Religions in Canada". 2.statcan.ca. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
  180. ^ Lipka, Michael. "5 facts about religion in Canada".
  181. ^ "Religion | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
  182. ^ "Summary Tables". 0.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  183. ^ "96F0030XIE2001015 – Religions in Canada". 2.statcan.ca. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  184. ^ "Christian religious data from Canada". Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  185. ^ Hans Mol, "The secularization of Canada." Research in the social scientific study of religion (1989) 1:197–215.
  186. ISBN 9780802806512
    .
  187. ^ "'No Religion' Is Increasingly Popular For Canadians: Report". Huffington Post. May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
  188. ^ "Tabulation: Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". Statistics Canada. January 7, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  189. ^ "Ethnocultural and religious diversity – 2021 Census promotional material". Statistics Canada. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  190. ^ Other religions, Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 24, 2014

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religion in Canada.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&oldid=1215586370"