Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict | |||||||
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Part of the Arab Spring, Arab Winter, and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict | |||||||
Qatar (center)
Countries which have cut off diplomatic ties with Qatar during the Qatar diplomatic crisis
Countries which reduced diplomatic ties with or recalled ambassadors from Qatar during Qatar diplomatic crisis
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Main parties post-Arab Spring | |||||||
Qatar
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Saudi Arabia | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani | Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud | ||||||
Notes:
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The Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict refers to the ongoing struggle for regional influence between Qatar and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), both of which are members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). It is sometimes called the New Arab Cold War.[10][11][12] Bilateral relations have been especially strained since the beginning of the Arab Spring,[13] that left a power vacuum both states sought to fill, with Qatar being supportive of the revolutionary wave and Saudi Arabia opposing it. Both states are allies of the United States, and have avoided direct conflict with one another.[14]
Qatar has differences with the Saudi bloc on a number of issues: it broadcasts Al Jazeera, that supports the Arab Spring; it maintains relatively good relations with Iran, Saudi Arabia's key rival; and it has supported the Muslim Brotherhood in the past.[15] Saudi Arabia frames the conflict with Qatar as a subset of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict due to Saudi Arabia's longstanding concern about the country's relationship with Iran and Iranian-backed militant groups.[16] However, Qatar maintains the conflict is an attempt for Saudi Arabia to reassert the hegemony over Qatar it enjoyed during the 20th century.[citation needed]
The
Both Saudi Arabia and Qatar mediated through the GCC during the
In June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, Egypt, the
Background
History
Since he took power in 1995,
Qatar maintains relatively good relations with Iran. Saudi Arabia often frames the issue as a
In April 2017, after a 12-year freeze, Qatar lifted a self-imposed ban on developing the gas field with Iran,[36] that would require cooperation between the two countries.[37] According to David Roberts, a Qatar foreign policy expert at King's College, London, if a conflict erupts between America and Iran, Qatar would literally be caught in the middle. "If you are Qatar, you look across the water and you think, when Iran did have the opportunity to take a few Arab islands, they did it." "Qatar needs to have the ability to peacefully go about their business of sucking all the gas out of that giant field." Iran could make that process very difficult.[38] A senior fellow of Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations concludes that "There's a recognition of the general tendencies of the Gulf states to hedge their bets,"There's always a question in the back of the minds of the leadership--how much faith can they put in the U.S.?"[38]
On 27 May 2017, the newly reelected Iranian President Hassan Rouhani held a phone call with Qatar's Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. Rouhani told Qatar's emir, "The countries of the region need more cooperation and consultations to resolve the crisis in the region and we are ready to cooperate in this field."[39]
Arab Spring and Al Jazeera
The Qatari
Terrorism
Qatar has been
Qatar has hosted officials from the Afghan Taliban[46] and Hamas. Qatar defends this move by saying it is trying to act as an intermediary in regional conflicts by hosting talks between the Taliban and the US-backed Afghan government in 2016.[47]
On 13 July 2017,
Timeline
2002–2008
In 2002, Saudi Arabia removed their ambassador from Qatar over Al Jazeera's alleged critical stance towards Saudi Arabia. Diplomatic relations were re-established in 2008, after assurances that Al Jazeera would limit its coverage of Saudi Arabia.[53]
2014
During a March 2014 meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council, after which the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain announced the recall of their ambassadors to Qatar,[54][55][56] citing interference with their internal affairs. The situation was eventually defused after Qatar forced Brotherhood members to leave the country eight months later.[57][15][58]
Some economists have interpreted the 2014 Saudi–Qatari rift as the tangible political sign of a growing economic rivalry between oil and natural gas producers, which could "have deep and long-lasting consequences" beyond the
2017–2018: Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic crisis
In June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Egypt,
The Saudi coalition withdrawing
The diplomatic crisis came after a speech in May given by Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani in which he was alleged to have declared support for Iran, Hamas, and the Muslim Brotherhood, along with calling Iran an "Islamic power" and criticizing Donald Trump's hostile stance toward it.[67] Qatar denied the allegations and claimed that hackers had posted fabricated statements on the state-run Qatar News Agency's website.[68] US investigators believe the news agency was breached by Russian hackers as part of an ongoing fake news campaign designed to cause diplomatic rifts among the United States and its allies in the region. The Kremlin denied involvement, and the government of Qatar claimed the hack instead originated in the boycotting Gulf states not Russia after tracking suspicious cellphone signals.[69][70][71][72] Qatar is planning to sue countries involved in the blockade.[73] The sudden economic isolation forced Qatar to turn to Turkey and Iran for food and water supplies.[74][75] Iran offered to use three of its ports for delivering supplies to Qatar.[76]
Arab media claimed that Qatar has secretly accepted to become part of an Iranian Shia sphere of influence that Tehran is trying to create in the Middle East, and which would include Lebanon (Hezbollah), Syria (Assad), and Iraq (
The Saudi-led bloc of states issued prerequisites to be met by Qatar before restoring diplomatic relations and lifting the blockade. The thirteen demands stipulated that the country must cut relations, military, and intelligence cooperation with Iran, comply with the US and international trade sanctions on Iran, immediately shut down a Turkish military base, and halt military cooperation with Turkey. It was also demanded that Qatar cut any existing ties with all "terrorist, sectarian and ideological organizations" such as ISIL, the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas, Taliban, Al-Qaeda, Al-Nusra Front, and Hezbollah, and must concur with any group's addition to the list of terrorist organizations as defined by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt.
The bloc sought a guarantee that Qatar will in the future align in all matters with other Gulf states, discuss all its decisions with them, and provide regular reports on its activity (monthly for the first year, quarterly for the second and annual for the following ten years). They also demanded deportation of all political refugees who live in Qatar to their countries of origin, freezing their assets, providing any desired information about their residency, movements and finances, revoking their Qatari citizenship if naturalized, and forbade Qatar from granting citizenship to any more fugitives.[84][85]
Upon rejection of demands by Qatar, the countries involved announced that the blockade would remain in place until Qatar changes its policies.[86][87]
2021: Gulf Reconciliation
On 5 January 2021, the
Initially, only Saudi agreed to reopen its airspace and maritime borders with Qatar, commencing the process of reconciliation.[89] However, the UAE joined in later and announced to open all of its land, sea and air borders, allowing travel and trade with Qatar.[90]
On 16 January 2021, the Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia Faisal bin Farhan announced that his country will be re-opening their embassy in Qatar, as part of the Al-Ula deal of reconciliation.[91]
On 8 December 2021, Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman arrived in Doha on his first visit since Saudi Arabia and several other Arab allies imposed an embargo on Qatar in mid-2017. Prince Mohammed was received on arrival by emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamed al-Thani.[92]
Countries of contention
Egypt
Qatar has supported the Muslim Brotherhood in the past.[58]
Qatar supported the successful ouster of President
Since the coup, Saudi Arabia sees the Muslim Brotherhood as a threat, as it ideologically opposes the
In February 2015,
Syria
Qatar was initially the main backer of
During
Saudi Arabia later joined the UAE in supporting the Syrian Democratic Forces, which has clashed with Qatar's ally Turkey in northern Syria.[102][103]
On 9 November 2018, After Qatari Prime Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani visited Iraq and Iraqi government officials and proposed the creation of a new coalition to counter the GCC's influence in the region consisting of Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey as well as Qatar.[104]
Since November 2018, Saudi Arabia and Syria were negotiating a political reaprochement, with the
Libya
Palestine
Qatar has generally supported Hamas, while Saudi Arabia used to support many Palestinian political organizations, including Hamas and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)/Fatah. However, after Hamas won the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, the level of funding from Saudi Arabia dropped, while the level of funding from Iran increased. Turkey and Qatar are now Hamas's biggest supporters. Up until 2011, the beginning of the Arab Spring, Iran and Syria were Hamas's biggest supporters.[citation needed]
From 2016 onwards, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas has courted Qatar and Turkey in order to ward off a potential challenge to his leadership by Mohammed Dahlan, who is supported by Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt.[112][113]
Yemen
In 2015,
In 2007, Qatar assumed a mediating position with the aim of facilitating dialogue and potentially orchestrating a peace agreement between the government of Yemen and the Houthi insurgents, a group adhering to Zaidi Shia Islam and based in the Saada Governorate in the north. This intervention by Qatar was notable for being among the earliest significant external endeavors to mediate the ongoing conflict.[120]
Other involved parties
Israel
Although Israel is antagonistic to Al Jazeera's pro-Palestinian coverage, Israel however has both secret relationships with Qatar and Saudi Arabia, thus refrained from criticizing either.[121][122][123] Israel's main goal is to cozy up its relations with both nations, seeing them as valuable allies together. This has affected Israel's political stance on its secret relations with both countries, though it is still improving.[124]
Turkey
Turkey has emerged as a major supporter for Qatar in the conflict. The Turkish government under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had deployed troops to assist Qatar deterring Saudi Arabia, as well as food aid.[125] There has been skepticism about the relations between two countries, in particular.[126]
Jordan
While Jordan has some sporadic tensions with Qatar with regard to Al Jazeera, Jordan refused to cut ties completely with Qatar, as the country is dependent on aid from the Gulf nations to function the economy.[127] Public pressure inside also forced Jordan to decide its decision carefully. In 2019, Jordan restored relations with Qatar.[128][129] Both Qatar and Saudi Arabia are major financiers for Jordan, and the Jordanian authorities have long been afraid such tensions could provide more opportunities for Iran to destabilize the region.[130]
Egypt
Egypt supports Saudi Arabia and has cut off official ties with Qatar since 2017, in light of Qatar's accused support for Muslim Brotherhood, and has remained unchanged over the issues.[131]
Iran
Iran has been one of the major supporters for Qatar, though its support is limited. Iran has unofficially supported some of Qatar's policies while Qatar restored ties with Iran.[132]
Kuwait
Kuwait, a similar Gulf country with Qatar and Saudi Arabia, offered to be a mediator in the conflict. However, there has been skepticism over Kuwait's role on mediating the disputes, mainly due to Saudi pressure to cut ties with Qatar.[133]
See also
- Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)
- Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
- Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
- Iran–Israel proxy conflict
- The New Great Game
- Qatar diplomatic crisis
- Qatar–Saudi Arabia border
- Qatar–Saudi Arabia relations
- 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute
- International Maritime Security Construct
- Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
- Shia–Sunni relations
- Middle Eastern Cold War (disambiguation)
- Arab Cold War
- Axis of Resistance
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