Sandringham House
Sandringham House | |
---|---|
Type | Country house |
Location | Near Sandringham, Norfolk, England |
Coordinates | 52°49′47″N 0°30′50″E / 52.82972°N 0.51389°E |
Built | 1870–1892 |
Built for | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |
Architect | A. J. Humbert Robert William Edis |
Architectural style(s) | Jacobethan |
Owner | Charles III (personally) |
National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens | |
Official name | Sandringham House |
Type | Grade II* |
Designated | 18 September 1987 |
Reference no. | 1001017 |
Sandringham House is a
The site has been occupied since Elizabethan times, when a large manor house was constructed. This was replaced in 1771 by a Georgian mansion for the owners, the Hoste Henleys. In 1836 Sandringham was bought by John Motteux, a London merchant, who already owned property in Norfolk and Surrey. Motteux had no direct heir, and on his death in 1843, his entire estate was left to Charles Spencer Cowper, the son of Motteux's close friend Emily Temple, Viscountess Palmerston. Cowper sold the Norfolk and the Surrey estates and embarked on rebuilding at Sandringham. He led an extravagant life, and by the early 1860s, the estate was mortgaged and he and his wife spent most of their time on the Continent.
In 1862 Sandringham and just under 8,000 acres of land were purchased for £220,000 for
On the King's death, Sandringham passed to his daughter
History
Early history
Sandringham is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "sant-Dersingham" (the sandy part of Dersingham) and the land was awarded to a Norman knight, Robert Fitz-Corbun after the Norman Conquest.[3] The local antiquarian Claude Messent, in his study The Architecture on the Royal Estate of Sandringham, records the discovery of evidence of the pavements of a Roman villa near Appleton farm.[4] In the 15th century it was held by Anthony Woodville, Lord Scales, brother-in-law to Edward IV. In the Elizabethan era a manor was built on the site of the present house, which, by the 18th century, came into the possession of the Hoste Henley family, descendants of Dutch refugees.[5] In 1771 Cornish Henley cleared the site to build a Georgian mansion, Sandringham Hall.[6] In 1834, Henry Hoste Henley died without issue, and the estate was bought at auction by John Motteux, a London merchant.[7] Motteux was also without heirs and bequeathed Sandringham, together with another Norfolk estate and a property in Surrey, to the third son of his close friend, Emily Lamb, the wife of Lord Palmerston.[8] At the time of his inheritance in 1843, Charles Spencer Cowper was a bachelor diplomat, resident in Paris. On succeeding to Motteux's estates, he sold the other properties and based himself at Sandringham.[9] He undertook extensions to the hall, employing Samuel Sanders Teulon to add an elaborate porch and conservatory.[10] Cowper's style of living was extravagant – he and his wife spent much of their time on the Continent – and within 10 years the estate was mortgaged for £89,000.[9] The death of their only child, Mary Harriette, from cholera in 1854 led the couple to spend even more time abroad, mainly in Paris, and by the early 1860s Cowper was keen to sell the estate.[11]
Edward VII
In 1861 Queen Victoria's eldest son and heir,
The price paid for Sandringham, £220,000, has been described as "exorbitant".[23][24][c] This is questioned by Helen Walch, author of the estate's recent (2012) history, who shows the detailed analysis undertaken by the Prince Consort's advisers and suggests that the cost was reasonable.[17] However, the house was soon found to be too small to accommodate the Prince of Wales's establishment following his marriage in March 1863 and the many guests he wished to entertain. In 1865, two years after moving in, the prince commissioned A. J. Humbert[26] to raze the original hall and create a much larger building.[d][28] Humbert was an architect favoured by the royal family—"for no good reason", according to the architectural historian Mark Girouard—and had previously undertaken work for Queen Victoria at Osborne House[29] and at Frogmore House.[10] The new red-brick house was complete by late 1870; the only element of the original house of the Henley Hostes and the Cowpers that was retained was the elaborate conservatory designed by Teulon in the 1830s.[30] Edward had this room converted into a billiard room.[30] A plaque in the entrance hall records that "This house was built by Albert Edward Prince of Wales and Alexandra his wife in the year of our Lord 1870".[31] The building was entered through a large porte-cochère straight into the main living room (the saloon), an arrangement that was subsequently found to be inconvenient. The house provided living and sleeping accommodation over three storeys, with attics and a basement.[32] The Norfolk countryside surrounding the house appealed to Alexandra, as it reminded her of her native Denmark.[33]
Within a decade, the house was again found to be too small,[2] and in 1883 a new extension, the Bachelors' Wing,[2] was constructed to the designs of a Norfolk architect, Colonel R. W. Edis.[28] Edis also built a new billiard room and converted the old conservatory into a bowling alley.[28] The Prince of Wales had been impressed by one he had seen at Trentham Hall in Staffordshire,[18] and the alley at Sandringham was modelled on an example from Rumpenheim Castle, Germany.[34] In 1891, during preparations for Edward's fiftieth birthday,[35] a serious fire broke out when maids lit all the fires in the second-floor bedrooms to warm them in advance of the prince's arrival.[36][e] Edis was recalled to undertake rebuilding and further construction. As he had with the Bachelors' Wing, Edis tried to harmonise these additions with Humbert's house by following the original Jacobethan style, and by using matching brickwork and Ketton stone.[28]
The house was up to date in its facilities, the modern kitchens and lighting running on gas from the estate's own plant[38] and water being supplied from the Appleton Water Tower, constructed at the highest point on the estate.[39] The tower was designed in an Italianate style by Robert Rawlinson, and Alexandra laid the foundation stone in 1877.[40][f] The Prince's efforts as a country gentleman were approved by the press of the day; a contemporary newspaper expressed a wish to "Sandringhamize Marlborough House – as a landlord, agriculturist and country gentleman, the Prince sets an example which might be followed with advantage".[43]
The royal couple's developments at Sandringham were not confined to the house; over the course of their occupation, the wider estate was also transformed. Ornamental and kitchen gardens were established, employing over 100 gardeners at their peak.
Guests for Sandringham house parties generally arrived at
On 14 January 1892, Edward's eldest son and heir, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, died of pneumonia at the house.[58] He is commemorated in the clock tower, which bears an inscription in Latin that translates as "the hours perish and will be charged to our account".[59]
George V
In his will Edward VII left his widow £200,000 and a lifetime interest in the Sandringham estate.[60] Queen Alexandra's continued occupancy of the "big house" compelled George V, his wife, Queen Mary, and their expanding family to remain at York Cottage in the grounds, in rather "cramped" conditions.[61] Suggestions from courtiers that Queen Alexandra might move out were firmly rebuffed by the King; "It is my mother's house, my father built it for her".[62] The King also lacked the sociability of his father, and the shortage of space at York Cottage enabled him to limit the entertaining he undertook, with the small rooms reportedly reminding him of the onboard cabins of his naval career.[63]
The new King's primary interests, aside from his constitutional duties, were shooting and stamp collecting.
Following
Edward VIII
On the night of his father's death, Edward VIII summarily ordered that the clocks at Sandringham be returned to Greenwich Mean Time, ending the tradition of Sandringham time begun by his grandfather over 50 years earlier.[78] Edward had rarely enjoyed his visits to Sandringham, either in his father's time or that of his grandfather. He described a typical dinner at the house in a letter to his then mistress Freda Dudley Ward, dated 26 December 1919; "it's too dull and boring for words. Christ how any human beings can ever have got themselves into this pompous secluded and monotonous groove I just can't imagine". In another letter, evenings at the "big house"—Edward stayed at York Cottage with his father—were recorded as "sordidly dull and boring".[l][80] His antipathy to the house was unlikely to have been lessened by his late father's will, which was read to the family in the saloon at the house. His brothers were each left £750,000 while Edward was bequeathed no monetary assets beyond the revenues from the Duchy of Cornwall. A codicil also prevented him from selling the late King's personal possessions; Lascelles described the inheritance as "the Kingship without the cash".[81][m]
Edward's concerns regarding his income led him immediately to focus on the expense associated with running his late father's private homes. Sandringham he described as a "voracious white elephant",[83] and he asked his brother, the Duke of York to undertake a review of the management of the estate,[84] which had been costing his father £50,000 annually in subsidies at the time of his death.[85] The review recommended significant retrenchments, and its partial implementation caused considerable resentment among the dismissed staff. After the night of his father's death at Sandringham, Edward spent only one further night of his reign at the house, bringing Wallis Simpson for a shooting party in October 1936.[86] The party was interrupted by a request to meet with prime minister Stanley Baldwin, and having arrived on a Sunday, the King returned to Fort Belvedere the next day.[87] He never returned to Sandringham; and, his attention diverted by the impending crisis arising from his attachment to Simpson, within two months of his only visit to the house as king, he had abdicated.[88] On his abdication, as Sandringham and Balmoral Castle were the private property of the monarch, it was necessary for King George VI to purchase both properties. The price paid, £300,000, was a cause of friction between the new King and his brother.[89][90]
George VI
George VI had been born at Sandringham on 14 December 1895.
George was a heavy smoker throughout his life and had an operation to remove part of his lung in September 1951.[98] He was never fully well again and died at Sandringham during the early morning of 6 February 1952. He had gone out after hares on 5 February, "shooting conspicuously well",[99] and had planned the next day's shoot before retiring at 10.30 p.m. He was discovered at 7.30 a.m. in his bedroom by his valet, having died of a coronary thrombosis at the age of 56.[100] His body was placed in the Church of St Mary Magdalene, before being taken to Wolferton Station and transported by train to London, to lie in state at Westminster Hall.[101]
Elizabeth II
As with her predecessors, the house remained one of the two homes owned by the Sovereign in her private capacity, rather than as
In January 1957 the Queen received the resignation of the Prime Minister
Sandringham continued to operate as a sporting estate.
From his retirement from official duties in August 2017 until his death in April 2021, the Duke of Edinburgh spent much of his time at Wood Farm, a large farmhouse on the Sandringham Estate used by the Duke and the Queen when not hosting guests at the main house.[116] In February 2022 the Queen celebrated the 70th anniversary of her accession at Sandringham.[117] The Queen made her last visit to Sandringham in early July 2022, for five days after completing her Platinum Jubilee celebrations.[118]
Charles III
On the death of his mother, the Sandringham estate passed to King Charles. In 2022, the King spent Christmas at Sandringham, continuing the tradition followed by Elizabeth II until 2020.[119][120][121] The King has stayed at Sandringham since he began treatment for cancer in February 2024.[122]
Architecture and description
The house is mainly constructed of red brick with limestone dressings; Norfolk Carrstone is also prevalent, particularly in Edis's additions.[123] The tiled roof contains nine separate clusters of chimneystacks.[124] The style is Jacobethan, with inspiration drawn principally from nearby Blickling Hall.[34][o] Construction was undertaken by Goggs Brothers of Swaffham.[92] The principal rooms of the house are the saloon, the drawing room, the dining room and the ballroom, together with rooms devoted to sports, such as the gun room, or leisure, such as the bowling alley, now a library, and the billiard room.[126] The walls of the corridors connecting the principal rooms display a collection of Oriental and Indian arms and armour,[127] gathered by Edward VII on his tour of the East in 1875–1876.[128] Decoration of the house and the provision of furniture and fittings was undertaken by Holland and Sons in the 1870 rebuilding.[92]
Saloon
The largest room in the house, the saloon is used as the main reception room.
Drawing room
The drawing room is described by Jenkins as "the nearest Sandringham gets to pomp".
Ballroom
The ballroom was added by Edis in 1884, to overcome the inconvenience of having only the saloon as the major room for entertaining. As this was also the main family living room, it had previously been necessary to remove the furniture when the saloon was required for dances and large entertainments. Alexandra recorded her delight at the result, "Our new ballroom is beautiful I think & a great success & avoids pulling the hall to pieces each time there is a ball or anything".[131] At the time of Queen Victoria's visit in 1889, the room was used for a theatrical performance given by Sir Henry Irving and Ellen Terry.[132] Queen Elizabeth II used the room for entertainments and as a cinema.[131]
Dining room
The walls of the dining room are decorated with Spanish tapestries including some by
Appreciation
Sandringham House has not been admired by critics. Its chief fault is the lack of harmony between Humbert's original building and Edis's extensions, "a contrast between the northern and southern halves of the house (that) has been much criticised ever since".[37] The architectural historian John Martin Robinson wrote in 1982, "Sandringham, the latest in date of the houses of the British monarchy, is the least distinguished architecturally".[34] In his biography of Queen Mary, James Pope-Hennessy compared the house unfavourably to "a golf-hotel at St Andrews or a station-hotel at Strathpeffer".[46] Simon Jenkins considered Sandringham "unattractive", with a "grim, institutional appearance".[2] Nikolaus Pevsner described the architectural style as "frenetic";[28] Girouard expressed himself perplexed as to the preference shown by the royal family for A. J. Humbert,[29] a patronage the writer Adrian Tinniswood described as "the Victorian Royal Family's knack for choosing second-rate architects".[135] An article on the house in the June 1902 edition of Country Life opined, "of mere splendour there is not much, but of substantial comfort a good deal".[19] The writer Clive Aslet suggests that the sporting opportunities offered by the estate were the main attraction for its royal owners, rather than "the house itself, which even after rebuilding was never beguiling".[q][61]
The fittings and furnishings were also criticised; the biographer of George V, Kenneth Rose, wrote that, "except for some tapestries given by Alfonso XII,[r] Sandringham had not a single good picture, piece of furniture or other work of art".[137] Neither Edward VII nor his heir were noted for their artistic appreciation; writing of the redevelopments at Buckingham Palace undertaken by George V, and previously by Edward VII, John Martin Robinson wrote that, "the King had no more aesthetic sensibility than his father and expressed impatience with his wife's keen interest in furniture and decoration".[138] In the series of articles on the house and estate published in 1902 by Country Life to celebrate Edward VII's accession, the author noted the royal family's "set policy of preferring those pictures that have associations to those which have merely artistic merit".[46] Exceptions came to include works from the collection of mainly 20th-century English art assembled by the Queen Mother, including pieces by Edward Seago and John Piper, who produced a view of Sandringham.[139][140] John Piper's sombre palette did not always find favour with Queen Elizabeth or her husband, George VI remarking, "You seem to have very bad luck with your weather, Mr Piper".[140] The house also has an extensive holding of works by Fabergé, the world's largest, assembled by Queen Alexandra and later members of the family,[141] which includes representations of farm animals from the Sandringham estate commissioned by Edward VII as presents for his wife.[141]
Although not highly regarded as architecture, Sandringham is a rare extant example of a full-scale Victorian country house, described in the magazine Country Life as "lived in and beautifully maintained, complete with its original contents, gardens and dependent estate buildings".
Gardens
The gardens and country park comprise 600 acres (240 ha) of the estate
Wider estate
The 20,000 acre (8,100 ha)[142] Sandringham estate has some of the finest shoots in England, and is used for royal shooting parties.[61] Covering seven villages, the estate's other main activities, aside from tourism, are arable crops and forestry.[157] The grounds provided room for Queen Alexandra's menagerie of horses, dogs, cats, and other animals.[158] In 1886 a racing pigeon loft was constructed for birds given to the Duke of York by King Leopold II of Belgium and one or more lofts for pigeons have been maintained ever since. The Norwich Gates, designed by Thomas Jeckyll[159] and made by the local firm of Barnard, Bishop and Barnard, were a wedding present for Edward and Alexandra from "the gentry of Norfolk".[29]
In 2007 Sandringham House and its grounds were designated a protected site under Section 128 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. This makes it a criminal offence to trespass in the house or its grounds.[160] The Sandringham estate has a museum in the former coach house with displays of royal life and estate history.[142] The museum also houses an extensive collection of royal motor vehicles including a 1900 Daimler owned by Edward VII and a 1939 Merryweather & Sons fire engine, made for the Sandringham fire brigade which was founded in 1865 and operated independently on the estate until 1968.[161] The coach house stables and garaging were designed by A. J. Humbert at the same time as his construction of the main house.[124] The estate contains several houses with close links to the royal family.
Anmer Hall
Anmer Hall is a Georgian house on the grounds, purchased by the Prince of Wales in 1896.[162] Formerly occupied by the Duke of Kent,[163] it was the main country home of the Prince and Princess of Wales,[164] until their move to Adelaide Cottage at Windsor.[165]
Appleton House
When Prince Carl of Denmark (later
Park House
Constructed by Edward VII,[169] Park House has been owned by the royal family for many years.[170] The birthplace of Diana, Princess of Wales,[171] when the house was let to her father, it was subsequently run as a hotel managed by the Leonard Cheshire charity.[172] In 2019, the charity developed plans for a £2.3m refurbishment programme, which were deferred because of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The charity has since decided to discontinue the redevelopment and work with the Sandringham Estate to exit the lease.[173]
Wood Farm
Wood Farm has been part of the Sandringham Estate since the time of Edward VII. In the early 20th century, it was home to Prince John, the youngest of the six children of King George V and Queen Mary. Born in 1905, the Prince was epileptic, and spent much of his short life in relative seclusion at Sandringham.[174] He died at Wood Farm, his home for the last two years of his life, on 18 January 1919.[175] Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, lived at Wood Farm after retiring from royal duties.[176][177]
York Cottage
York Cottage, originally known as Bachelors' Cottage, was built by Edward, Prince of Wales, soon after he acquired Sandringham to provide further accommodation for guests.[178] It was home to George V from 1893 until his mother's death enabled him to move into the main house in 1925.[147] Edward VIII, by then Duke of Windsor, told his father's biographer Harold Nicolson, "Until you have seen York Cottage you will never understand my father".[179] The cottage was no more highly regarded architecturally than the main house; James Pope-Hennessy, the official biographer of Queen Mary, called it, "tremendously vulgar and emphatically, almost defiantly hideous".[v][181] Nicolson described it as a "glum little villa (with) rooms indistinguishable from those of any Surbiton or Upper Norwood home".[182] He was particularly dismissive of the royal bathing arrangements: "Oh my God! what a place. The King's and Queen's baths had lids that shut down so that when not in use they could be used as tables".[65] "It is almost incredible that the heir to so vast a heritage lived in this horrible little house."[179] Nicolson's strictures did not appear in his official biography of the King. York Cottage as of 2000[update] is the estate office for the Sandringham Estate.[183]
Public access
The country park and the visitors' centre are normally open throughout the year. The house, gardens and museum were usually opened annually from the end of March until the end of October,[184] but COVID-19 led to the closure of much of the estate. Staged re-opening took place from February 2022.[185] Following the death of Elizabeth II, Sandringham was closed for a period of official mourning.[186] The country park subsequently reopened, but the house and garden remained closed to the public until April 2023.[187]
See also
Notes
- ^ The Marlborough House set consisted of a group of Edward's friends, many of whose backgrounds or Jewish religion made them socially unacceptable in mid-Victorian England. The Countess of Warwick, a mistress of Edward, recalled her class's dislike of the Prince's many Jewish friends: "We resented the introduction of the Jews into the social circle of the Prince of Wales ... because they had brains. As a class, we did not like brains."[12]
- ^ The architectural historian John Cornforth suggests that the purchase was funded by the Prince himself, "out of the capital skilfully built up for him during his minority by his father".[19][20] A. N. Wilson, in his biography of Queen Victoria, is clear that the Queen paid the bill.[21]
- ^ While exact comparisons are difficult, the Bank of England's inflation calculator suggests a 2017 equivalent value in the order of £25M.[25]
- ^ Humbert's involvement may have begun somewhat earlier. A pencil study dated circa 1862, shows a design with a massive new extension, in a Jacobethan style, standing at a right angle to the 18th-century hall.[27]
- ^ The damage, through the collapse of the roof and by smoke and water, was considerable, but Humbert's efforts during construction to make the house fire-proof, combined with the actions of the estate fire brigade, averted greater loss.[37]
- ^ Both Pevsner[35] and Messent[41] record the Appleton Water Tower as being designed by Martin ffolkes, a civil engineer and friend of the prince who lived at Hillington near Sandringham. The tower, now restored, is managed by the Landmark Trust.[42]
- ^ The clocks were reset to Greenwich Mean Time during the two visits to the house made by Queen Victoria who considered the practice "a wicked lie".[49]
- ^ Edward’s addiction to shooting led to friction with the tenant farmers on the Sandringham estate. They were forbidden from shooting rabbits and hares, a privilege reserved for the prince’s guests. The consequent damage caused to the farmers’ crops was compensated for by the estate paying “game damages”.[52] One tenant, Louisa Mary Cresswell, who farmed at Appleton, recorded her fifteen-year feud with estate staff in a memoir Eighteen Years on Sandringham Estate, published under the pseudonym ‘The Lady Farmer’ in 1877.[53]
- ^ James Lees-Milne, biographer of Harold Nicolson, who was in turn the biographer of George V, recorded Nicolson's despair at how he would cover the period in the King's life between his retirement from the Navy and his accession: "How was he to deal with the long blank of the King's life..? During this time the Prince, as he then was, merely shot partridges and stuck stamps into albums. For seventeen years ...he did absolutely nothing worthwhile at all".[65]
- ^ John Betjeman referenced both, and Sandringham House, in the first stanza of his poem, The Death of King George V:
- Spirit of well-shot woodcock, partridge, snipe
- Flutter and bear him up the Norfolk sky:
- In that red house in a red mahogany bookcase
- The stamp collection waits with mounts long dry.[66]
- ^ The Kaiser's visit, in November 1902, was neither a social nor a political success, King Edward commenting on his guest's departure, "Thank God he's gone".[70]
- ^ Edward described Christmases at Sandringham as “Dickens in a Cartier setting”.[79]
- ^ Lascelles's final verdict on the man he had served as Prince of Wales and King was damning, "I wasted the best years of my life in (his) service".[82]
- ^ The COVID-19 pandemic led to the Queen’s cancellation of her Christmas at Sandringham in both 2020 and 2021.[103]
- ^ There are also similarities with Somerleyton Hall, built some 30 years before in neighbouring Suffolk. That house was used as the stand-in for Sandringham House in the 2003 television drama The Lost Prince, about the life of Prince John.[125]
- ^ A 2008 article in the magazine Country Life suggests that the decoration was undertaken for Queen Elizabeth in 1938, following a visit to Braemar Castle.[92]
- ^ Queen Elizabeth II had a more ambivalent attitude to the house's merits than either her father or her grandfather. James Pope-Hennessy recorded a conversation with the Queen's aunt, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, in May 1957. "[We] discussed Sandringham and how ugly it is. Princess Alice said that she had 'once asked Lilibet shall I burn the house down for you? I'm quite ready to. Would you mind?' To which the Queen had answered 'I am not sure whether I should mind'."[136]
- Goya tapestries hung in the dining room.[133]
- ^ Sir Dighton was devoted to Queen Alexandra and the summerhouse bears an inscribed plaque: "The Queen's Nest – A small offering to The Blessed Lady from Her Beloved Majesty's very devoted old servant General Probyn 1913 – Today, tomorrow and every day, God bless her and guard her I fervently pray".[147]
- ^ Sir Robin Mackworth-Young's 1993 guide suggests the statue was purchased by Queen Mary.[151] George Plumptre follows Mackworth-Young,[152] but both Walch and Titchmarsh disagree.[153]
- ^ The Prince of Wales liked to claim that the development of the kitchen gardens was entirely funded from his racing winnings. When showing guests around, the Prince would murmur, "Persimmon, all Persimmon".[155]
- ^ Pope-Hennessy was often no more impressed by the courtiers and staff he encountered during his research visits to Sandringham. Of Lady Willans, widow of one of the royal doctors, he wrote: "She told me several totally pointless anecdotes ...[she] is one of those numerous and obeisant throng of royal snobs which flourish like fungi in the shadow of royalty."[180]
References
- ^ a b Plumptre 1995, p. 90.
- ^ a b c d e f Jenkins 2003, p. 530.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 145.
- ^ Messent 1974, p. 19.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 146.
- ^ a b "The History of Sandringham". The Sandringham Estate. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 147.
- ^ Titchmarsh 2014, p. 192.
- ^ a b Titchmarsh 2014, p. 193.
- ^ a b Mackworth-Young & Ransom 1993, p. 31.
- ^ Titchmarsh 2014, p. 194.
- ^ King 2007, p. 240.
- ^ a b Matson 2011, p. 17.
- ^ Walch 2012, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Matson 2011, p. 18.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 17.
- ^ a b Walch 2012, p. 18.
- ^ a b Mackworth-Young & Ransom 1993, p. 32.
- ^ a b Cornforth 1988, pp. 103–105.
- ^ Gliddon 2002, p. 264.
- ^ Wilson 2016, p. 340.
- ^ Martin, Joshua (23 February 2012). "Queen's Diamond Jubilee: The Queen's houses". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
- ^ Matson 2011, p. 24.
- ^ Rose 2000, p. 38.
- ^ "Inflation Calculator". Bank of England. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ Dixon & Muthesius 1993, p. 260.
- ^ Physick & Darby 1973, p. 64.
- ^ a b c d e Pevsner & Wilson 2002, p. 627.
- ^ a b c Girouard 1979, p. 419.
- ^ a b Titchmarsh 2014, p. 196.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 30.
- ^ a b c d Walch 2012, p. 29.
- ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 56.
- ^ a b c Robinson 1982, p. 187.
- ^ a b c d Pevsner & Wilson 2002, p. 628.
- ^ Matson 2011, p. 83.
- ^ a b Walch 2012, p. 53.
- ^ Banerjee, Jacqueline. "Sandringham House by A. J. Humbert (1821–1877)". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Messent 1974, p. 67.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 40.
- ^ Messent 1974, p. 93.
- ^ "Appleton Water Tower". The Landmark Trust. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
- ^ Girouard 1979b, p. 35.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 45.
- ^ Messent 1974, p. 68.
- ^ a b c Hall 1994, p. 168.
- ^ "Quarry Species Shooting Seasons". The British Association for Shooting and Conservation. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "Sandringham House". The Royal Household. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ a b Titchmarsh 2014, p. 197.
- ^ Matson 2011, p. 55.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 64.
- ^ Walch 2012, pp. 63–64.
- ^ "Eighteen Years on Sandringham Estate". Royal Collections Trust. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- ^ "Wolferton Station, Norfolk". Wolferton Royal Station. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Blackmore, David (20 December 2012). "Queen takes train from London to King's Lynn, to get Sandringham House ready for Royal Family's Christmas break in Norfolk". Eastern Daily Press.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 71.
- ^ Bishop, Chris (9 September 2016). "One of Queen's favourite horses immortalised on her Norfolk estate at Sandringham". Fakenham & Wells Times.
- ^ Mackworth-Young & Ransom 1993, p. 33.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 79.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 57.
- ^ a b c Aslet 2005, pp. 284–285.
- ^ Jones 2005, p. 251.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 83.
- ^ Titchmarsh 2014, p. 211.
- ^ a b Lees-Milne 1981, p. 237.
- ^ Heffer, Simon (4 January 2020). "Hinterland: John Betjeman". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ Titchmarsh 2014, p. 199.
- ^ Palmer 1997, p. 107.
- ^ "Monarchs' Line – Wolferton Station". Wolferton Royal Station. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ Feuchtwanger 2006, p. 248.
- ^ Matson 2011, pp. 125–126.
- ^ "All the King's Men (2000)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
- ^ "Sandringham Estate". War Memorials Online. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
- ^ Matson 2011, p. 146.
- ^ Oram, Kirsty (21 December 2016). "History of the Christmas Broadcast". The Royal Household.
- ^ Pett, Craig (4 October 2017). "The Death of George V – As Reported First in The Times". The Gale Review.
- ^ a b Lascelles 2006, p. 5.
- ^ Windsor 1998, p. 241.
- ^ Plumptre 1981, p. 32.
- ^ Windsor 1998, p. 231.
- ^ Titchmarsh 2014, p. 216.
- ^ Rose, Kenneth (17 December 2006). "A most devoted subject and a most exacting critic". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
- ^ Windsor 1951, p. 292.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 94.
- ^ a b Walch 2012, p. 89.
- ^ Walch 2012, p. 91.
- ^ Windsor 1951, pp. 315–316.
- ^ "Edward VIII: Abdication timeline". BBC News. 29 January 2003.
- ^ Wyatt 1999, p. 546.
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (11 May 2002). "The bitter row that blighted the Queen Mother's fortune". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
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External links
- Sandringham Estate website
- Sandringham House entry from The DiCamillo Companion to British & Irish Country Houses
- Sandringham House entry from the English Monarchs website
- Recording of King George V giving the first Royal Christmas Message from Sandringham in 1932
- Pathé News footage of the transportation of the coffin of George V to Wolferton Station at the start of its journey to London