Scarborough, North Yorkshire
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Scarborough (
It is located on the North Sea coastline. Historically in the North Riding of Yorkshire, the town lies between 10 and 230 feet (3–70 m) above sea level, from the harbour rising steeply north and west towards limestone cliffs. The older part of the town lies around the harbour and is protected by a rocky headland which extends into the North Sea.
The town has fishing and service industries, including a growing digital and creative economy, as well as being a tourist destination. Residents of the town are known as Scarborians.[4]
Etymology
Scarborough was founded by Danes in the 10th century, when Thorgil (also known as Skarthi, meaning 'hare-lip) built a stronghold here – hence 'Skarthi’s burh'.[5]
History
Origins
The town is claimed to have been founded around 966 AD as Skarðaborg
Roman period
A Roman signal station was built on a cliff-top location overlooking the North Sea. It was one of a chain of signal stations, built to warn of sea-raiders. Coins found at the site show that it was occupied from c. AD 370 until the early fifth century.[10]
In 2021 an excavation at a housing development in Eastfield, Scarborough, revealed a Roman luxury villa, religious sanctuary, or combination of both. The building layout is unique in Britain and extends over an area of about the size of two tennis courts. It included a bathhouse and a cylindrical tower with rooms radiating from it. The buildings were “designed by the highest-quality architects in northern Europe in the era and constructed by the finest craftsmen.” Historic England described the finds as “one of the most important Roman discoveries in the past decade.”[11] There are plans to revise the housing development layout, recover the remains and incorporate them in a public green area. Historic England is to recommend the remains be protected as a scheduled monument.[12][13][11]
Medieval
Scarborough recovered under King Henry II, who built an Angevin stone castle on the headland and granted the town charters in 1155 and 1163,[14] permitting a market on the sands and establishing rule by burgesses.
In 1318, the town was burnt by the
In the
- Are you going to Scarborough Fair?
- —parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme....[17]
Resort development
Scarborough and its castle changed hands seven times between Royalists and Parliamentarians during the English Civil War of the 1640s, enduring two lengthy and violent sieges. Following the civil war, much of the town lay in ruins.
In 1626, Mrs Thomasin Farrer
The coming of the
Maritime events
During the
In 1929, the steam drifter Ascendent caught a 560 lb (250 kg) tunny (Atlantic bluefin tuna) and a Scarborough showman awarded the crew 50 shillings so he could exhibit it as a tourist attraction.[24] Big-game tunny fishing off Scarborough effectively started in 1930 when Lorenzo "Lawrie" Mitchell–Henry, landed a tunny caught on rod and line weighing 560 lb (250 kg).[25] A gentlemen's club, the British Tunny Club, was founded in 1933 and set up its headquarters in the town at the place which is now a restaurant with the same name.[25][26] Scarborough became a resort for high society.[24] A women's world tuna challenge cup was held for many years.[24]
Colonel (and, later, Sir) Edward Peel landed a world-record tunny of 798 lb (362 kg), capturing the record by 40 lb (18.1 kg) from one caught off Nova Scotia by American champion Zane Grey.[27][28][29] The British record which still stands is for a fish weighing 851 lb (386 kg) caught off Scarborough in 1933 by Laurie Mitchell-Henry.[24]
On 5 June 1993, Scarborough made international headlines when a
Scarborough has been affiliated with a number of Royal Navy vessels, including HMS Apollo, HMS Fearless and HMS Duncan.[31]
Landmarks
The town has an
A notable landmark in the town is the
An amount of 20th century architecture exists within the main shopping district and in the form of surrounding suburbs. Buildings from this century include the Futurist Theatre (1914), Stephen Joseph Theatre, Brunswick Shopping Centre (1990), and GCHQ Scarborough, a satellite station on the outskirts of the town.
Geography
North Bay
The North Bay has traditionally been the more peaceful end of the resort and is home to Peasholm Park which, in June 2007, was restored to its Japanese-themed glory, complete with reconstructed pagoda,[35] a new boat house was added in 2018.[36] For many years a mock maritime battle (based on the Battle of the River Plate) has been regularly re-enacted on the boating lake with large model boats and fireworks throughout the summer holiday season.[37]
Northstead Manor Gardens include the
Castle on the scar
The most striking feature of the town's geography is the high rocky promontory pointing eastward into the
The promontory divides the seafront into two bays, north and south.[42] The two bays are linked by Marine Drive, an extensive Victorian promenade, built around the base of the headland. Both bays have popular sandy beaches and numerous rock-pools at low tide.
South Bay
The South Bay was the site of the original medieval settlement and harbour, which form the old town.[43] This remains the main tourist area, with a sandy beach, cafés, amusements, arcades, theatres and entertainment facilities. The modern commercial town centre has migrated 440 yd (400 m) north-west of the harbour area and 100 ft (30 m) above it and contains the transport hubs, main services, shopping and nightlife. The harbour has undergone major regeneration including the new Albert Strange Pontoons,[44] a more pedestrian-friendly promenade, street lighting and seating.
The town was badly damaged in a 98 plane bombing raid by the
The South Cliff Promenade above the
Mere and mount
To the south-west of the town, beside the
Surrounding the River Derwent as it flows into the sea are high hills with tall, dense grasses and fertile soil, due to the stream 'Sea Cut' leading from the River Derwent to the estuary at the North Sea.[47] The area has flourishing and vibrant flora and crop growth.[citation needed]
Nearby places
Place | Distance | Direction | Relation |
---|---|---|---|
London | 192 mi (309 km)[48] | South | Capital city |
Northallerton | 42 mi (68 km)[49] | North-west | County town |
Middlesbrough | 39 mi (63 km)[50] | North-west | Most populated place in North Yorkshire |
Kingston upon Hull | 37 mi (60 km)[51] | South | Nearby city |
York | 35 mi (56 km)[52] | South-west | Historic county town |
Climate
The climate is temperate with mild summers and cool, windy, winters. The hottest months of the year are July and August, with temperatures reaching an average high of 17 °C and falling to 11 °C at night. The average daytime temperatures in January are 4 °C, falling to 1 °C at night. The station's elevation of 110 m (360 ft) is far above sea level compared to the immediate coastline, where the climate is likely slightly milder year round.
Climate data for Scarborough | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
29.1 (84.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
31.4 (88.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
16.5 (61.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
6.7 (44.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.7 (35.1) |
1.5 (34.7) |
2.9 (37.2) |
4.6 (40.3) |
7.1 (44.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
10.3 (50.5) |
7.6 (45.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
2.2 (36.0) |
6.4 (43.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −8.0 (17.6) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
3.2 (37.8) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 57.3 (2.26) |
46.2 (1.82) |
49.8 (1.96) |
52.1 (2.05) |
43.8 (1.72) |
63.0 (2.48) |
54.4 (2.14) |
64.4 (2.54) |
60.7 (2.39) |
64.8 (2.55) |
69.6 (2.74) |
66.3 (2.61) |
692.4 (27.26) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.2 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 10.1 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 11.0 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 125.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 54.7 | 80.5 | 111.9 | 156.1 | 205.6 | 190.6 | 204.2 | 188.2 | 142.6 | 103.9 | 64.5 | 50.2 | 1,553 |
Source 1: Met Office[53] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Voodoo Skies (extreme temperatures)[54] |
Economy
Scarborough's
The tourism trade continues to be a major part of the local economy with Scarborough being the second most-visited destination in England by British holidaymakers.[56] While weekend and mid-week-break trade are tending to replace the traditional week-long family holiday, the beaches and attractions are busy throughout summer, a contrast to quieter winter months.
Scarborough's town centre has a multiple boutique shops (such as on Bar Street and St Thomas Street) with a main pedestrianised shopping street and
Industries
Manufacturers based in Scarborough include the Plaxton Company (a division of Alexander Dennis) which has been building coaches and buses since 1907.[58] Sirius Minerals, which is developing a potash mine near Whitby, has its headquarters in Scarborough.[59] McCain Foods has a factory in the town for over 50 years, and sponsored the previous football stadium.[60] Scarborough power station supplied electricity to the town and the surrounding area from 1893 to 1958. It was owned and operated by the Scarborough Electric Supply Company Limited from 1893 to 1925, then by Scarborough Corporation until the nationalisation of utilities by the Attlee ministry in 1948. The coal-fired power station had an electricity generating capacity of 7 MW prior to its closure in October 1958.[61]
Creative industries
Creative industries have been cited as playing a vital role in the regeneration of Scarborough; a report in 2005 estimated that they comprised 19% of the town's economy. They were also a major focus of Scarborough's winning entry in the 2008 Enterprising Britain competition, with representatives from Woodend Creative Workspace and Scarborough-based Electric Angel Design representing the town in the Yorkshire and Humber regional heats. In the finals in London on 16 October 2008, Scarborough won the title of Britain's Most Enterprising Town,[62] and subsequently went on to win the European Enterprise Awards as Great Britain's representative, on 13 May 2009 in Prague.[63]
In 2010 the town was the winner of the 'Great Town Award', as nominated by the Academy of Urbanism, beating Chester and Cambridge respectively.[64]
Healthcare
Scarborough Hospital is the local district general NHS hospital. It is run by the York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and is the largest employer in the area employing over 2,400 staff. A review of acute healthcare in the town in 2019 identified problems recruiting staff at the hospital but promised to maintain the site's Accident and Emergency department.[65]
A new £47 million Emergency Department is under construction and is due to open in early 2024.[66]
Demography
The town's
The borough as a whole has a population of around 108,000; during the peak season, tourism can double these figures. 7.5% of the population are aged over 60, compared with an average of 20.9% nationally. Only 21.9% of the population are aged between 20 and 39, compared to 28.1% nationally.
Transport
Road
Scarborough has four major roads serving the town; these also link it to other major towns and cities:
- dual carriageway standard for some of its route, between the A1(M) and Malton.
- A165 – coastal route south to Hull, through Bridlington. In 2008, an Osgodby bypass was created re-routing the assigned name.
- A170 – starts at Scarborough and heads west to Pickering, the A19 and Thirsk.
- .
Bus
Scarborough has 25 main bus routes, operated by
The town is also served by two
Railway
The town used to be connected to Whitby, via the Scarborough and Whitby Railway along the Yorkshire coast; this closed in 1965, as part of the Beeching cuts.
Seamer railway station, in the suburb of Crossgates, is a stop on both lines.
There are two operational funicular railways, both situated on South Bay. An additional funicular exists on the South Bay but no longer operates and two funiculars on North Bay have been demolished.
An electric tramway service with six routes was provided by the Scarborough Tramways Company between 1904 and 1931, after which it was bought by the council and replaced by omnibuses.[71]
Waters
Although the town has no ferry services, there are transport links to Hull which runs frequent services to northern Europe.
Culture
Media
Scarborough receives its news and television programmes from BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire via the Oliver's Mount TV transmitter.
Local radio stations are BBC Radio York on 95.5 FM and community radio stations Coast & County Radio which broadcasts to Scarborough on 97.4 FM.[72] and Radio Scarborough which broadcasts on 107.6 FM.[73]
Scarborough was home to local commercial radio station, Yorkshire Coast Radio, in August 2018 the station achieved the highest weekly reach of any radio station in England with a 53% weekly reach.[74] However, in August 2020 YCR ceased broadcasting as it was bought out by
The Scarborough News, is the weekly newspaper for the town and local district. It was first published on 31 May 2012, as a relaunch of the former daily publication, The Scarborough Evening News. The first newspaper recorded as printed in the town, was in 1876
Live theatre
Dramatist Alan Ayckbourn has lived in Scarborough for many years. He has produced seventy-five plays in Scarborough and was formerly the artistic director of the Stephen Joseph Theatre, where almost all his plays receive their first performance. Chris Monks took over as artistic director in 2009,[77] followed by Paul Robinson in 2016.
The Open Air Theatre, at the Northstead Manor Gardens, originally had a seating capacity of 6,500 (now 8,000). The Lord Mayor of London opened the theatre in 1932 and audiences flocked to see Merrie England, the opera was the first work to be staged at the outdoor venue.[78] Productions were performed during the summer seasons until musicals ceased in 1968 after West Side Story, apart from a YMCA production in 1982. In 1997, the dressing rooms and stage set building on the island were demolished and the seating removed. The last concert to be held at the open-air theatre before it closed in 1986 was James Last and his orchestra. The venue was restored and officially opened by The Queen on 20 May 2010.[79] The venue is now a prime concert locality. Many British and international acts perform there.
The YMCA Theatre is an amateur theatre seating 290. It hosts some 35 productions a year, including musicals and dance shows.[80]
Cinema
As of 2019[update], Scarborough has two cinemas, the Hollywood Plaza and the Stephen Joseph Theatre.
A third, the Futurist Theatre, closed in January 2014 when the operator's lease expired.[81] The building was later demolished.[82] A new multi-complex cinema development is planned for the town at The Brunswick Centre site, but full approval is yet to be confirmed.[83]
Creative arts and museums
Scarborough has a long-established museum and visual-arts facilities. Wood End, the former home of The Sitwells, was converted into the Woodend museum,[note 1] a creative centre including workspace for artists and the digital cluster, plus an exhibition space.[84] The Rotunda Museum underwent a multimillion-pound redevelopment to become a national centre for geology.[85] 2006 also saw the formation of a creative industries network called 'Creative Coast' comprising artists, designers, writers and other creatives.[86]
The Rotunda Museum nowadays forms part of the Scarborough Museums Trust. The other part is the Scarborough Art Gallery, which houses the collections of fine arts since 1947. This gallery is based in a Grade II*Italianate villa, Crescent Villa, that was built in the 1840s.[87]
For a short time, a walkthrough attraction called 'Millennium' operated at the end of Sandside near the Harbour. Created by local amusement owner Henry Marshall in a former sail loft, the attraction depicted 1000 years of Scarborough's history. It opened in 1993 but closed in 2002.[88][89][90]
Scarborough has a considerable graffiti culture, with as many as 20 artists currently active. There are two areas where graffiti art is legal in Scarborough: Sainsbury's basketball courts / all-weather pitch and Falsgrave Park wall. Both have seen many collaborations and murals.
Music
The Grade II listed Scarborough Spa complex is home to the Scarborough Spa Orchestra, the last remaining seaside orchestra in the UK.[91]
The globally successful pop / soul singer
During the late 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, Scarborough band
Acoustic Gathering, a free one-day music festival, has been held annually in Peasholm Park, since September 2005. This features over 20 bands and singer/songwriters from all parts of the UK including a number of local groups and musicians, all performing from the bandstand in the centre of the lake.[94]
Scarborough is home to one of the longest running jazz clubs in the country, established in 1974:[95] Scarborough Jazz regularly plays host to tours by nationally known musicians as well as supporting regional and local music. Scarborough Jazz Festival was established in 2003 and takes place annually at The Spa.
Location for filming
The films
Notable events
- Sci-Fi Scarborough – Since 2014, Scarborough has hosted its own "Unconventional Convention" at The Spa Complex. It is usually held in March or April each year. Sci-Fi Scarborough is a mix of Sci-Fi Convention, Comicon, and gaming convention.[citation needed]
- Seafest – Seafest is an annual festival which takes place at West Pier and around the harbour area in July.[103] It celebrates the region's fishing history and hosts a large gathering of folk singers, shantymen and musicians, drawing artists from all over the U.K. and from other nations including Senegal, Sicily, Canada, Éire, Luxembourg, Germany, the Netherlands, Brittany, and the USA. In addition, there are children's entertainments and a 'Sea Fish Cookery' marquee where visiting chefs demonstrate seafood preparation. The event celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2018.[104]
- Heroes Welcome UK – Heroes Welcome is a movement which originated in and is administered from Scarborough to encourage communities to demonstrate support to members of the armed forces.[105] In 2008, a hand-drawn poster stating "Heroes Welcome Here" was displayed in a Scarborough seafront restaurant.[106] From this gesture has evolved a national network of towns, cities and counties.[107] Businesses are invited to display a sticker extending a special welcome to service personnel. Member communities are located as far north as the Oykel Valley in the Scottish Highlands to as far south as the Falkland Islands. The Rock of Gibraltar joined in February 2013.[108] The Heroes Welcome event in Scarborough has become a regular part of Armed Forces Day and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2018.[109]
- Armed Forces Day – Since 2009, Scarborough has hosted the armed forces day event on the last Saturday of June which includes a display of army vehicles and weapons along the South Bay. The event also includes air displays from various aircraft and ends with a parade along the road. In 2020, Scarborough was due to be the host town, for the national Armed Forces Day event, which was subsequently postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[110] The town successfully hosted the occasion on 25 June 2022.[111]
- Tour de Yorkshire – Scarborough is the only town to have hosted either a start or finish event in every edition of the Tour de Yorkshire.[112]
- North Marine Road.
- Big Ideas By The Sea. In its third year, this festival is organised by a local historian and artist. It includes a wide range events across venues relating to archaeology (most famously the 'Big Dig'), music, science, visual arts and literature.
Twinning
Scarborough is twinned with:
- Cahir, Ireland
Scarborough is affiliated with HMS Duncan.[113]
Education
The four main state secondary schools in Scarborough are
Scarborough is also home to one private school, Scarborough College (for ages 3 to 18 years). Scarborough College abolished A-levels and has been an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School since June 2006.[115] Ranked within Top 50 independent schools by The Times based on post-16 results, 2017.
Scarborough International School of English,[116] established in 1968 is accredited by the British Council and members of English UK and English UK North. The school offers English Language courses to students from around the world.
There is also a private international language school called Anglolang,[117] established in 1985, which teaches the English language to overseas students, companies, educational institutions, organised groups and individuals.
Education in Scarborough has been notable for its commitment to the digital economy, particularly with the formation of the University of Hull's School of Arts and New Media, at the Scarborough Campus in 2006. This made Scarborough one of the UK mainland's first wireless campuses.[118]
In 2015,
Sport
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2015) |
The Scarborough Amateur
The Blue Riband event for Scarborough Yacht Club, is the annual 210 nautical mile race, from the town, to IJmuiden in the Netherlands.[121] The Yacht Club is based in the old keepers' accommodation adjoining Scarborough Pier Lighthouse in the harbour.[122]
Scarborough is home to the
The former
In 2007, the town hosted the World Thundercat Championships (for inflatable powerboats), and similar events in 2008 and 2015.[125] Scarborough Rugby Union Football Club moved to a new £4-million ground development, on the outskirts of town in January 2009 (Silver Royd), the club is very ambitious and reached the semi-finals of the RFU Intermediate Cup, in 2015. The venue is also home to various sports facilities and partly the home of Scarborough AC (Athletic Club, formerly Harriers),who also utilize the Bramcote Athletics track, opened in September 2023. The nationally achieving Scarborough Gymnastics Academy, has a highly developed specialist facility in the west of the town. The former Scarborough Sports Centre was a past venue for the Slazenger Pro Championships, attracting such stars as Fred Perry, Rod Laver and Pancho Gonzales. Scarborough Bowls Centre, on the site of the former Floral Hall, is utilized for a variety of events throughout the year.
The town has two principal golf courses, North Cliff and South Cliff, plus some smaller ventures. Ganton Golf Club, which has hosted tournaments such as the Ryder Cup and Walker Cup, is situated approximately 8 mi (13 km) to the west of Scarborough.
A national martial arts organisation, The Empire Martial Arts Association, is based in Scarborough.[citation needed]
The former Tourist Information Centre (now an ice cream parlour) in the South Bay is the finishing point of The White Rose Way, a long-distance walk from Leeds.[126]
Scarborough was the finishing point, for Stage 1 of the inaugural 2015 Tour de Yorkshire, hosted on 1 May, and has hosted a stage finish every year since.[127]
A sports village based in Weaponness Valley, that is now the home stadium of Scarborough Athletic, was opened in July 2017.[128][129]
In recent decades, due to frequent low pressure systems in the North Atlantic, Scarborough has also become home to a thriving cold water surfing scene with numerous surf shops and competitions taking place including the King of The Point, a big wave contest designed to show off the quality of surf the North Yorkshire coast can receive.[130]
Notable people
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2020) |
- Sir Alan Ayckbourn (born 1939), playwright.[131]
- Florence Balgarnie (1856–1928), suffragette, speaker, pacifist, feminist, temperance activist.
- Frederick Barkham (1905–1992), cricketer
- Anne Brontë – (1820–1849) novelist and poet, died at Scarborough and buried in St Mary's churchyard.[132]
- Richard Dunn, boxer, British, European & Commonwealth Heavyweight Champion (1975–1976).[133]
- Harland and Wolff.[134]
- Dick Hewitt (1943–2017), Moorthorpe-born footballer.[135]
- Susan Hill (born 1942), novelist.[136]
- Florence Hooton (1912–1988), cellist, was born in Scarborough.
- IBF featherweight champion.[137]
- Sir Ben Kingsley (born 1943), (b. Snainton, 1943), Oscar-winning actor.[138]
- Charles Laughton (1899–1962), actor, screenwriter, film producer and director.[139]
- Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton (1830–1896), painter and sculptor.[140]
- John Hick (1922–2012), philosopher of religion.[141]
- James Paul Moody, (1887–1912), sixth officer of the ill-fated RMS Titanic.
- Bill Nicholson, (1919–2004), footballer and manager.
- Mikey North (born 1986), Coronation Street actor.
- Jake Pratt (born 1996), actor.[142]
- Benjamin Pulleyne, Oxford don and headmaster of Gresham's School[143]
- Jimmy Savile (1926–2011), media personality and prolific sex offender. Resided in Scarborough and is buried there in an unmarked grave.[144]
- Robert de Scardeburgh (died c. 1351), Lord Chief Justice of Ireland.[145]
- Lakonia disaster and founder of Heroes Welcome UK.[146]
- The Sitwells, (born late 1800s), artistic, musical and literary family.[147]
- William Smith, known as "The Father of English Geology", lived in Scarborough where he suggested the design for the Rotunda.[148]
- Dame Penelope Wilton (born 1946), actress.[149]
- Robert Palmer (singer)(1949-2003), went to school in Scarborough.
Notes
- ^ The museum is listed as being Wood End, but is shown on the same page as Woodend since its revamp
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