Leeds
Leeds | ||
---|---|---|
Metropolitan county | ||
Region | ||
Country | England | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom | |
Areas of the city | ||
West Yorkshire | ||
Ambulance | Yorkshire | |
UK Parliament | ||
Website | leeds | |
Leeds is a city[a] in West Yorkshire, England. It is the largest settlement in Yorkshire and the administrative centre of the City of Leeds Metropolitan Borough, which is the second most populous district in the United Kingdom. It is built around the River Aire and is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. The city was a small manorial borough in the 13th century and a market town in the 16th century. It expanded by becoming a major production centre, including of carbonated water where it was invented in the 1760s, and trading centre (mainly with wool) for the 17th and 18th centuries.[2]
Leeds developed as a mill town during the Industrial Revolution alongside other surrounding villages and towns in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It was also known for its flax industry, iron foundries, engineering and printing, as well as shopping, with several surviving Victorian era arcades, such as Kirkgate Market.[3][4] City status was awarded in 1893, and a populous urban centre formed in the following century which absorbed surrounding villages and overtook the population of nearby York.[3][5]
Leeds economy is the most diverse of all the UK's main employment centres, and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city and has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs.
Leeds is also served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country's fourth largest urban economy.[12] The student population has stimulated growth of the nightlife in the city and there are ample facilities for sporting and cultural activities, including classical and popular music festivals, and a varied collection of museums.[13]
Leeds has multiple
History
Toponymy
The name derives from the old Brittonic *Lātēnses (via Late Brittonic Lādēses), composed of the Celtic root *lāt- "violent, boiling" and the borrowed Latin plural derivational suffix -ēnses meaning "people of the fast-flowing river", in reference to the River Aire that flows through the city.[20][21] This name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century.[22]
Bede states in the fourteenth chapter of his Ecclesiastical History, in a discussion of an altar surviving from a church erected by Edwin of Northumbria, that it is located in ...regione quae vocatur Loidis (Latin, "the region which is called Loidis"). An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin.[23] The term Leodensian is also used, from the city's Latin name.
Economic development
Leeds developed as a market town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy.
Before the
Mechanical engineering, initially to supply tools and machinery for the textile sector, rapidly became a diverse industry.[29]
The railway network constructed around Leeds, starting with the Leeds and Selby Railway in 1834, provided improved communications with national markets and, significantly for its development, an east–west connection with Manchester and the ports of Liverpool and Hull giving improved access to international markets.[30] Alongside technological advances and industrial expansion, Leeds retained an interest in trading in agricultural commodities, with the Corn Exchange opening in 1864.[31]
Marshall's Mill was one of the first of many factories constructed in Leeds from around 1790 when the most significant were woollen finishing and flax mills.[32] Manufacturing diversified by 1914 to printing, engineering, chemicals and clothing manufacture.[33] Decline in manufacturing during the 1930s was temporarily reversed by a switch to producing military uniforms and munitions during the Second World War. However, by the 1970s, the clothing industry was in irreversible decline, facing cheap foreign competition.[34] The contemporary economy has been shaped by Leeds City Council's vision of building a '24-hour European city' and 'capital of the north'.[35] The city has developed from the decay of the post-industrial era to become a telephone banking centre, connected to the electronic infrastructure of the modern global economy.[35] There has been growth in the corporate and legal sectors,[36] and increased local affluence has led to an expanding retail sector, including the luxury goods market.[37]
Leeds City Region Enterprise Zone was launched in April 2012 to promote development in four sites along the A63 East Leeds Link Road.[38]
Local government
1881 | 160,109 |
---|---|
1891 | 177,523 |
1901 | 177,920 |
1911 | 259,394 |
1921 | 269,665 |
1931 | 482,809 |
1941 | war* |
1951 | 505,219 |
1961 | 510,676 |
*no census was held due to war | |
source: UK census[39] |
Leeds was a manor and township in the large ancient parish of Leeds St Peter, in the
The inhabitants petitioned
The borough corporation was reformed under the provisions of
The county borough was abolished on 1 April 1974, and its former area was combined with that of the municipal boroughs of Morley and Pudsey; the urban districts of Aireborough, Horsforth, Otley, Garforth and Rothwell; and parts of the rural districts of Tadcaster, Wetherby, and Wharfedale.[45] This area formed a metropolitan district in the county of West Yorkshire. It gained both borough and city status and is known as the City of Leeds. Initially, local government services were provided by Leeds City Council and West Yorkshire County Council. When the county council was abolished in 1986, the city council absorbed its functions, and some powers passed to organisations such as the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Authority. From 1988 two run-down and derelict areas close to the city centre were designated for regeneration and became the responsibility of Leeds Development Corporation, outside the planning remit of the city council.[46] Planning powers were restored to the local authority in 1995 when the development corporation was wound up.
Suburban growth
In 1801, 42% of the population of Leeds lived outside the township, in the wider borough. Cholera outbreaks in 1832 and 1849 caused the authorities to address the problems of drainage, sanitation, and water supply. Water was pumped from the River Wharfe, but by 1860 it was too heavily polluted to be usable. Following the Leeds Waterworks Act of 1867 three reservoirs were built at Lindley Wood, Swinsty, and Fewston in the Washburn Valley north of Leeds.[47]
Residential growth occurred in Holbeck and Hunslet from 1801 to 1851, but, as these townships became industrialised new areas were favoured for middle class housing.[48] Land south of the river was developed primarily for industry and secondarily for back-to-back workers' dwellings. The Leeds Improvement Act 1866 sought to improve the quality of working class housing by restricting the number of homes that could be built in a single terrace.[49]
Holbeck and Leeds formed a continuous built-up area by 1858, with Hunslet nearly meeting them.
Two private gas supply companies were taken over by the corporation in 1870, and the municipal supply provided street lighting and cheaper gas to homes. From the early 1880s, the Yorkshire House-to-House Electricity Company supplied electricity to Leeds until it was purchased by Leeds Corporation and became a municipal supply.[52]
Slum clearance and rebuilding began in Leeds during the interwar period when over 18,000 houses were built by the council on 24 estates in Cross Gates, Middleton, Gipton, Belle Isle and Halton Moor. The slums of Quarry Hill were replaced by the innovative Quarry Hill flats, which were demolished in 1975. Another 36,000 houses were built by private sector builders, creating suburbs in Gledhow, Moortown, Alwoodley, Roundhay, Colton, Whitkirk, Oakwood, Weetwood, and Adel. After 1949 a further 30,000 sub-standard houses were demolished by the council and replaced by 151 medium-rise and high-rise blocks of council flats in estates at Seacroft, Armley Heights, Tinshill, and Brackenwood.[53] Leeds has seen great expenditure on regenerating the city, attracting in investments and flagship projects,[54] as found in Leeds city centre. Many developments boasting luxurious penthouse apartments have been built close to the city centre.
Geography
At 53°47′59″N 1°32′57″W / 53.79972°N 1.54917°W (53.799°, −1.549°), and 190 miles (310 km) north-northwest of
Leeds has the second
Attempts to define the exact geographic meaning of Leeds lead to a variety of concepts of its extent, varying by context include the area of the
Leeds is much more a generalised concept place name in inverted commas, it is the city, but it is also the commuter villages and the region as well.
— Brian Thompson, A History of Modern Leeds[61]
Leeds has a varying extent by context such as the
Inner and southern areas of Leeds lie on a layer of coal measure sandstones forming the Yorkshire Coalfield. To the north parts are built on older sandstone and gritstones and to the east it extends into the magnesian limestone belt.[32][65][66] Outside Leeds centre, there are a number of suburbs and exurbs within the district. Some of Leeds suburbs include Headingley, Harehills and Hunslet. while exurbs of Leeds include Pudsey, Horsforth and Morley.[62]
Lying in the eastern foothills of the
Green belt
Leeds is within a green belt region that extends into the wider surrounding counties and is in place to reduce urban sprawl, prevent the settlements in the West Yorkshire conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encourage brownfield reuse, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.[69]
Over 60% of the Leeds district is green belt land and it surrounds the settlement, preventing further sprawl towards nearby communities. Larger outlying towns and villages are exempt from the green belt area. However, smaller villages, hamlets and rural areas are 'washed over' by the designation. The green belt was first adopted in 1960,[69] and the size in the borough in 2017 amounted to some 33,970 hectares (339.7 km2; 131.2 sq mi).[70] A subsidiary aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests,[69] with rural landscape features, greenfield areas and facilities including Temple Newsam Park and House with golf course, Rothwell Country Park, Middleton Park, Kirkstall Abbey ruins and surrounding park, Bedquilts recreation grounds, Waterloo lake, Roundhay castle and park, and Morwick, Cobble and Elmete Halls.
Climate
Leeds has a climate that is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb), and influenced by the Pennines. Summers are usually mild, with moderate rainfall, while winters are chilly, cloudy with occasional snow and frost. The nearest official weather recording station is at Bingley, some twelve miles (20 km) away at a higher altitude.[71]
July is the warmest month, with a mean temperature of 16 °C (61 °F), while the coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 3 °C (37 °F). Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) and below −10 °C (14 °F) are not very common but can happen occasionally. Temperatures at Leeds Bradford Airport fell to −12.6 °C (9.3 °F) in December 2010[72] and reached 31.8 °C (89 °F) at Leeds city centre in August 2003.[73]
The record temperature for Leeds is 34.4 °C (94 °F) during the early August 1990 heatwave. It is likely this was exceeded during the heatwaves of July 2019 and July 2022 where many other areas broke their all time records. However Leeds weather centre closed in the 2000s.
As is typical for many sprawling cities in areas of varying topography, temperatures can change depending on location. Average July and August daytime highs exceed 22 °C (72 °F) (a value comparable to South East England) in a small area just to the south east of the city centre,[74][75] where the elevation declines to under 20 metres (66 feet). This is 2 °C (3.6 °F) milder than the typical summer temperature at Leeds Bradford airport weather station (shown in the chart below), at an elevation of 208 metres (682 feet). Situated on the eastern side of the Pennines, Leeds is among the driest cities in the United Kingdom, with an annual rainfall of 660 mm (25.98 in). Though extreme weather in Leeds is relatively rare, thunderstorms, blizzards, gale-force winds and even tornadoes have struck the city. The last reported tornado occurred on 14 September 2006, causing trees to uproot and signal failures at Leeds City railway station.[76]
Climate data for Leeds Bradford, extremes 1985–2003 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.2 (70.2) |
26.1 (79.0) |
28.5 (83.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
34.4 (93.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) |
5.9 (42.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
15 (59) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
6.7 (44.1) |
12.6 (54.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
3.1 (37.6) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
5.9 (42.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
8.8 (47.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
0.2 (32.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.1 (37.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
6.3 (43.3) |
2.9 (37.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
4.9 (40.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
0.3 (32.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
5.5 (41.9) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61 (2.4) |
45 (1.8) |
52 (2.0) |
48 (1.9) |
54 (2.1) |
54 (2.1) |
51 (2.0) |
65 (2.6) |
57 (2.2) |
55 (2.2) |
57 (2.2) |
61 (2.4) |
660 (25.9) |
Average precipitation days | 17.5 | 14.2 | 14.8 | 13.5 | 13.7 | 12.2 | 11.7 | 13.2 | 12.9 | 15.1 | 16.5 | 17.0 | 172.3 |
Source: [77][78][79] |
Demographics
Leeds forms the main area of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire. This district includes Leeds itself as well as surrounding towns of Horsforth, Morley, Otley, Pudsey, Rothwell and Wetherby,[80] Leeds is the central city of the Leeds City Region, a classification for the city region's metropolitan area. The city region has a population of over 3 million, making it the second most populated metropolitan city region in the United Kingdom, behind Greater London.[81]
In January 2011, Leeds was named as one of five "cities to watch" in a report published by Centre for Cities.[82] The report shows that the average resident in Leeds earns £471 per week,[83] seventeenth nationally and 30.9% of Leeds residents had NVQ4+ high-level qualifications,[84] fifteenth nationally. Employment in Leeds was 68.8% in the period June 2012 to June 2013, which was lower than the national average, whilst unemployment was higher than the national average at 9.6% over the same time period.[85] It also shows that Leeds will be the least affected major city by welfare cuts in 2014–2015, with welfare cuts of £125 per capita predicted, compared to £192 in Liverpool and £175 in Glasgow.[86] Leeds is overall less deprived than other large UK cities and average income is above regional averages.[87]
Urban subdivision
Leeds urban subdivision within the West Yorkshire urban area | ||||
2021 UK Census |
Leeds USD |
Leeds district |
West Yorks UA |
England |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 515,947 | 811,953 | 2,351,582 | 56,489,840 |
White | 71.2% | 79.0% | 76.6% | 81.0% |
Asian | 13.1% | 9.7% | 15.9% | 9.6% |
Black | 8.3% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 4.2% |
Source: Office for National Statistics[88][89][90][91][92] |
At the time of the
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1801 | 94,421 | — |
1811 | 108,459 | +14.9% |
1821 | 137,476 | +26.8% |
1831 | 183,015 | +33.1% |
1841 | 222,189 | +21.4% |
1851 | 249,992 | +12.5% |
1861 | 311,197 | +24.5% |
1871 | 372,402 | +19.7% |
1881 | 433,607 | +16.4% |
1891 | 503,493 | +16.1% |
1901 | 552,479 | +9.7% |
1911 | 606,250 | +9.7% |
1921 | 625,854 | +3.2% |
1931 | 646,119 | +3.2% |
1941 | 668,667 | +3.5% |
1951 | 692,003 | +3.5% |
1961 | 715,260 | +3.4% |
1971 | 739,401 | +3.4% |
1981 | 696,732 | −5.8% |
1991 | 716,760 | +2.9% |
2001 | 715,404 | −0.2% |
2011 | 751,500 | +5.0% |
Source: Vision of Britain[95] |
In 2011, the Leeds USD had a population of 474,632 and had an area of 112 square kilometres (43 sq mi) with a population density of 4,238 inhabitants per square kilometre (10,980/sq mi).[96] It is bounded by, and physically attached to, the other towns of Garforth to the east, Morley to the southwest and Pudsey to the west, all being within the wider borough. 63% of the borough's population of 751,485 live in the USD, while it takes up only 21% of its total area of 552 km2.
Metropolitan district
At the time of the
Leeds is a diverse city with over 75 ethnic groups, and with ethnic minorities representing just under 11.6% of the total population.
The majority of people in Leeds identify themselves as Christian.[99] The proportion of Muslims (3.0% of the population) is average for the country.[99] Leeds has the third-largest community of Jews in the United Kingdom, after those of London and Manchester. The areas of Alwoodley and Moortown contain sizeable Jewish communities.[100] 16.8% of Leeds residents in the 2001 census declared themselves as having "No Religion", which is broadly in line with the figure for the whole of the UK (also 8.1% "religion not stated"). The crime rate in Leeds is well above the national average, like many other English major cities.[101][102] In July 2006, the think tank Reform calculated rates of crime for different offences and has related this to populations of major urban areas (defined as towns over 100,000 population). Leeds was 11th in this rating (excluding London boroughs, 23rd including London boroughs).[103] Total recorded crime in Leeds fell by 45% between 2002–03 and 2011–12.[87]
Governance
The
Most of the district is an
The district is represented by eight
Economy
Leeds has the most diverse economy of all the UK's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private sector jobs growth of any UK city and has the highest ratio of public to private sector jobs of all the UK's
In 2011, the financial and services industry in Leeds was worth £2.1 billion, the fifth-largest in the UK, behind London, Edinburgh, Manchester and Birmingham.[109] Tertiary industries such as retail, call centres, offices and media have contributed to a high rate of economic growth. The city also hosts the only subsidiary office of the Bank of England in the UK. In 2012 GVA for the city was recorded at £18.8 billion,[110] with the entire Leeds City Region generating a £56 billion economy.[111]
Key sectors include finance, retail, leisure and the visitor economy, construction, manufacturing and the creative and digital industries.[111] It has one of the most diverse economies of all the UK's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city. It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK's Core Cities, with 77% of its workforce working in the private sector. Leeds has the third-largest jobs total by local authority area, with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015.[111] Leeds is ranked as a "High Sufficiency" level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[112] Today, Leeds has become the largest legal and financial centre outside London,[111][113] with the financial and insurance services industry worth £13 billion to the city's economy.
Office developments, also traditionally located in the inner area, have expanded south of the River Aire and total 11,000,000 square feet (1,000,000 m2) of space.
Major companies based in the city include
Leeds is the UK's third-largest manufacturing centre and 50% of the UK's manufacturing base is within a two-hour drive of Leeds. With around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, Leeds manufacturing firms account for 8.8% of total employment in the city. The largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology.[116] Manufacturing and distribution accounted for £26 million of new property development in the period. There is an established creative industry in the city, particularly in the digital gaming sector. A number of large developers have studios in and around the city, including Activision, developers of the mobile versions of the Call of Duty series,[117] and Rockstar Leeds, developers of the Grand Theft Auto series. In 2009 Leeds was the first city outside London to host the Eurogamer Expo.
Finance
Leeds is the largest centre outside London for financial and business services. Over the next ten years, the economy is forecast to grow by 25% with financial and business services set to generate over half of GVA growth over that period with Finance and business services accounting for 38% of total output.
The finance and business service sector account for 38% of total output[111][118][109] with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city, including an office of the Bank of England.[113] Leeds is also the UK's third-largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees; Leeds manufacturing firms account for 8.8% of total employment in the city and is worth over £7 billion to the local economy.[118] The largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology.[116]
Leeds has over 30 national and international banks, many of whose northern or regional offices are based in the city. It is the headquarters for First Direct and Yorkshire Bank, and has large Barclays, HSBC, Lloyds Banking Group, NatWest Group and Santander operations.[115] The city is also an important centre for equity, venture, infrastructure and risk finance. The venture capital provider, YFM Equity Partners, founded in Leeds, is now the UK's largest provider of risk capital to small and medium-sized enterprises.[115] The UK Infrastructure Bank, founded in 2021 to support economic growth in regional and local sectors across the United Kingdom, is also based in Leeds.[119]
Law
There are around 150 law firms operating in Leeds, employing over 6,700 people. According to The UK Legal 500, "Leeds has a sophisticated and highly competitive legal market, second only to London."[120] Specialist legal expertise to be found in Leeds includes corporate finance, corporate restructuring and insolvency, global project financing, trade and investment, commercial litigation, competition, construction, Private Finance Initiatives and Public Private Partnerships, tax, derivatives, IT, employment, pensions, intellectual property, sport and entertainment.[120] The establishment of an Administrative Court in Leeds in April 2009 reinforced Leeds's position as one of the UK's key legal centres. The court previously sat only in London.[120]
Leisure and tourism
Tourism is important to the Leeds economy, in 2009 Leeds was the eighth-most visited city in England by UK visitors.[121] and the 13th-most visited city by overseas visitors.[122] Research by VisitEngland reported that the day visitor market to Leeds attracts 24.9 million people each year, worth over £654 million to the local economy.[123] In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveler survey of readers, Leeds rated 6th among the 15 best cities in the UK for visitors.[124]
In 2016, Leeds received 27.29 million leisure tourist visits generating over £1.6 billion for the city, according to data from a STEAM survey. That was a 15.9% increase in revenue over 2015. A 9.7% increase in visits had been recorded since 2013.[125] The industry supported over 19,000 full-time equivalent jobs in 2016.[126]
Public sector
In Leeds, 108,000 people work in the public sector—24% of the workforce. The largest employers are Leeds City Council, with 33,000 staff, and the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, with 14,000 staff.[127]
Leeds has become a hub of public-sector health bodies. The Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), NHS England, the Care Quality Commission, NHS Digital, and Public Health England all have large offices in Leeds. Europe's largest teaching hospital is also based in Leeds, and is home to the Yorkshire Cancer Centre, the largest of its kind in Europe.[128]
Key government departments and organisations in Leeds include the Department for Work and Pensions, with over 3,000 staff, the DHSC, with over 800 staff, HM Revenue and Customs with over 1,200 staff and the British Library with 1,100 staff.[127]
Trade
The city centre has a large pedestrian zone. Briggate is the main shopping street where one can find many well-known British High Street stores, including Marks & Spencer, Costa Coffee, and Harvey Nichols. Many companies have several stores within Central Leeds and the wider city.
Leeds is home to one of the largest indoor markets in Europe,[129] Leeds Kirkgate Market. The district also has various regular local markets in Otley, Pudsey, and Yeadon.[130] Between 1987 – 1995 Leeds, Kirkgate market was renovated. The changes have maximised the retail provision in the market without compromising the historical features of the building, so much so that the renovated Kirkgate Market Hall structure was promoted from Grade II to Grade I listing status, and was subsequently nominated for a Civic Trust Award.
There is an annual German Christmas Market ("Christkindelmarkt") based in
The
On 21 March 2013, a large shopping and leisure complex called Trinity Leeds opened in the city centre. The modern and interactive retail space covers the old Burton Arcades and the former Leeds Shopping Plaza with its main entrance from Briggate.[137]
On 20 October 2016,
Landmarks
Leeds displays a variety of natural and built landmarks. Natural landmarks include such diverse sites as the gritstone outcrop of
The built environment embraces edifices of civic pride like Morley Town Hall and the trio of buildings in Leeds, Leeds Town Hall, Corn Exchange, and Leeds City Museum, by the architect Cuthbert Brodrick. The two white buildings on the Leeds skyline are the Parkinson building of Leeds University and the Civic Hall, with golden owls adorning the tops of the latter's twin spires.[142]
Leeds is one of only a few UK cities outside of London to have a significant number of
Transport
Leeds has extensive road, bus and rail networks. Public transport in the Leeds area is coordinated and developed by West Yorkshire Metro.[146]
Road
Leeds is the starting point of the
Transport in Leeds is dominated by car usage: in 2018 it was the 9th most congested UK city, costing £1,057 per driver.[150]
Air quality in Leeds was declared "unsafe" by the
Buses
Cycling
An electric bicycle rental scheme, Leeds City Bikes, operated by Beryl, opened in September 2023.[155] The bikes are collected from bays around the city centre, and hirers are penalised if they do not return the bike to one of the bays.[156]
Rail
In 2017 Leeds had the third busiest
The borough, governed from Leeds, has 16 railway stations. A parkway station serving Leeds Bradford Airport and two other new stations in the area, planned for within the next 20 years, were announced in 2016.[159]
Air
Lack of mass transit
Plans for a public transport network in Leeds have been suggested:
- In the 1940s plans to build an extensive underground system were not proceded with because of the Second World War.[162]
- The Leeds Supertram in the 1990s at a cost of £500 million was cancelled by the Transport Minister Alistair Darling in 2005 after £40 million had been spent on the project due to unforeseen added costs.
- A proposed £250 million re-introduction of trolleybus in 2007; the plans were cancelled in May 2016 citing little value for money, after millions of pounds spent on inquiries.[163]
In June 2019, in his bid to become Prime Minister,
Walking
The
Education
Museums
Leeds has 16 museums and galleries including nine that are council-run. Smaller museums in Leeds include Otley Museum; Horsforth Village Museum;[172] ULITA, an Archive of International Textiles;[173] and the museum at Fulneck Moravian Settlement. Leeds City Museum opened in 2008[174] at Millennium Square. It is a major museum for the city, showcasing its designated collections of local history; world cultures; natural history; archaeology and fine and decorative arts plus a diverse programme of special exhibitions.[175]
Popular musical acts originating from Leeds include
On Valentine's Day 1970, the Who performed and recorded their album Live at Leeds at the University of Leeds Refectory. Since its initial reception, Live at Leeds has been cited by several music critics as the best live rock recording of all time.[250][251][252]
Pink Floyd's popular second single "See Emily Play" was written in Leeds in 1967 after a gig in the old Leeds City College Technology Campus, then known as Kitson College.[253] Leeds is the only city outside of London to have its own repertory theatre, ballet, and opera companies.[254]
Nightlife
Leeds is Purple Flag accredited to indicate an entertaining, diverse, safe and enjoyable night.[255] Leeds has the fourth largest student population in the country (over 200,000[256]), and is therefore one of the UK's hotspots for night-life. There are a large number of pubs, bars, nightclubs and restaurants, as well as a multitude of venues for live music. The full range of music tastes is catered for in Leeds. It includes the original home of the famous club nights Back 2 Basics, Speedqueen and Vague.[257] Morley was the location of techno club The Orbit.[258]
The
Leeds has a well established LGBT+ nightlife scene, predominantly located in the Freedom Quarter on Lower Briggate.[264] The New Penny is one of the UK's longest running LGBT+ venues, and Leeds oldest gay bar. Towards Millennium Square is a growing entertainment district providing for both students and weekend visitors. The square has many bars and restaurants and a large outdoor screen. Millennium Square is a venue for large seasonal events such as a Christmas market, gigs and concerts, and citywide parties. It is adjacent to the Mandela Gardens, which were opened by Nelson Mandela in 2001. A number of public art features, fountains, and greenery can be found here. Yorkshire has a great history of real ale,[265] but several bars near the railway station are fusing traditional beers with a modern bar Leeds also hosts an annual Leeds International Beer Festival, held at Leeds Town Hall every September.
Media
Leeds has a diverse media landscape and is considered a media hub.
Leeds has a local television station called
Sport
The city has teams representing all the major national sports.
Guiseley was formed in 1909 and plays at the 4,000 capacity
Leeds Rhinos are the most successful rugby league team in Leeds. In 2009, they became first club to be Super League champions three seasons running, giving them their fourth Super League title.[273] They play their home games at the
Headingley Cricket Stadium is home to Yorkshire County Cricket Club which is the most successful cricket team in England, with 33 County Championship wins (including one shared). Their main rivals are Lancashire. Leeds City Athletic Club competes in the British Athletics League and UK Women's League as well as the Northern Athletics League.
Leeds is home to a number of field hockey clubs that compete in the North Hockey League, Yorkshire Hockey Association League, and BUCS leagues. These include Leeds Hockey Club, Leeds Adel Carnegie Hockey Club, the University of LeedsHockey Club, and Leeds Beckett University Hockey Club.[274][275] Leeds Hockey Club Men's 1s gained promotion at the end of the 2016–17 season to become Leeds's first hockey team competing in a National League.[276] The City of Leeds Synchronised Swimming Club train at the John Charles Centre for Sport and are represented by swimmers throughout the whole of the North East. The club was founded in 2008 and only compete in National and International Competition.[277]
The city has a wealth of sports facilities including the Elland Road football stadium, a host stadium during the 1996 European Football Championship; the Headingley Carnegie Stadiums, adjacent stadia world-famous for both cricket and rugby league and the John Charles Centre for Sport with an Olympic-sized pool in its Aquatics Centre[278] and includes a multi-use stadium. Other facilities include the Leeds Wall (climbing) and Yeadon Tarn sailing centre. In 1929 the first Ryder Cup of Golf to be held on British soil was competed for at Moortown Golf Club in Alwoodley, and Wetherby has a National Hunt racecourse.[279] In the period 1928 to 1939 speedway racing was staged in Leeds on a track at the greyhound stadium known as Fullerton Park, adjacent to Elland Road. The track entered a team in the 1931 Northern league.
The 2014 Tour de France Grand Départ took place from the Headrow in Leeds city centre on 5 July 2014. Leeds is well known for its divers and features some of the best diving facilities in the UK. City of Leeds Diving Club, who train at the John Charles Centre for Sport, has trained many athletes who have competed at international and Olympic level, with Jack Laugher and Chris Mears making history by becoming the first ever divers from Great Britain to win an Olympic gold medal, a feat they accomplished at the 2016 Rio Olympics. Leeds has an ice hockey team, the Leeds Knights (formerly named Leeds Chiefs); they play at the Planet Ice Arena in Beeston, Leeds, in the National Ice Hockey League.
Teams
Club | Sport | League | Venue | Location | Formed | Top flight championships |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yorkshire CCC
|
Cricket | County Championship | Headingley Stadium | Headingley | 1863 | 33 |
Leeds Rhinos | Rugby league | Super League | Headingley Stadium | Headingley | 1870 | 11 |
Leeds United | Football | EFL Championship | Elland Road Stadium | Beeston | 1919 | 3 |
Hunslet | Rugby league | League 1
|
John Charles Centre for Sport | Hunslet | 1883 | 2 |
Guiseley | Football | Northern Premier League | Nethermoor Park | Guiseley | 1909 | 0 |
Farsley Celtic | Football | National League North | Throstle Nest Stadium
|
Farsley | 1908 | 0 |
Leeds Knights | Ice hockey | National Ice Hockey League | Planet Ice Leeds | Beeston | 2019 | 0 |
Religion
The majority of people in Leeds identify themselves as
Leeds has a Roman Catholic
The proportion of
The Sikh community is represented by gurdwaras (temples) spread across the city, the largest being in Chapeltown. There is also a colourful religious annual procession, called the Nagar Kirtan, into Millennium Square in the city centre on 13–14 April to celebrate Vaisakhi—the Sikh New Year and the birth of the religion. It is estimated that around 3,000 Sikhs in Leeds take part in this annual event.
Leeds's
Various
Public services
Water supply and sewerage services in Leeds are provided by Yorkshire Water, part of the Kelda Group. Prior to 1973 water and sewerage services had been provided by the Leeds Corporation. Leeds City Council has a target of 11MW of renewable energy from onshore wind by 2010 and an aspirational target of 75MW by 2020. There are currently no operational wind farms in Leeds, but a planning application by Banks Renewables Ltd for five turbines at Hook Moor, near Micklefield, was approved in 2011.[290]
The area is policed by the
NHS health services are provided by the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds Primary Care Trust,[291] and Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust,[292][293] which provides mental health services. Leeds General Infirmary ("LGI") is a listed building with more recent additions and is in the city centre. St James's University Hospital, known locally as "Jimmy's",[294][295] is to the north east of the city centre and is the largest teaching hospital in Europe. Other NHS hospitals are Chapel Allerton Hospital, Seacroft Hospital, Wharfedale Hospital in Otley, and Leeds Dental Institute.[296]
West Yorkshire Joint Services provides analytical, archaeological, archives, ecology, materials testing, and trading standards services in Leeds and the other four districts of West Yorkshire. It was created following the abolition of the county council in 1986 and expanded in 1997, and is funded by the five district councils, pro rata to their population. The Leeds site of the archives service is in the former public library at Sheepscar, Leeds.[297] Leeds City Council is responsible for over 50 public libraries across the whole city, including 5 mobile libraries. The main Central Library is located on the Headrow, in the city centre.
Freedom of the City
The following people, military units and organisations and groups have received the Freedom of the City of Leeds.
Individuals
- Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig: 23 January 1920.[298]
- Admiral of the Fleet David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty: 18 October 1922.[299]
- David Lloyd George: 21 October 1922.[300]
- Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax: 5 March 1923.[301]
- Stanley Baldwin: 13 March 1925.
- H. H. Asquith: 13 March 1925.
- Berkeley Moynihan, 1st Baron Moynihan: 6 October 1926.
- Sir William Middlebrook: 6 October 1926.
- Sir Edward Brotherton: 6 October 1926.[301]
- Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden: 11 September 1930.
- Arthur Greenwood: 11 September 1930.[301][302]
- Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood: 7 July 1932.[303]
- H. V. Evatt: 7 July 1943.[304]
- Sir Winston Churchill: 28 October 1958.[305]
- Major James Milner, 1st Baron Milner of Leeds: 1967.
- Nelson Mandela: 30 April 2001.[306]
- Dame Fanny Waterman: April 2004.
- Jane Tomlinson : 20 May 2005.[307]
- Alan Bennett: 12 March 2006.
- James Heselden: 26 January 2011.[308] (Awarded Posthumously)
- Beryl Burton: 12 September 2014.[309] (Awarded Posthumously)
- Rob Burrow: 20 December 2022[310]
- Kevin Sinfield: 20 December 2022[310]
Military units
- HMS Ark Royal, RN: 4 November 1941.[311]
- RAF Church Fenton: 1971.
- HMS Ark Royal, RN: 25 October 1973.[312][313]
- 5th Battalion The Rifles: 1 August 2009.[314]
- 4th Battalion The Parachute Regiment: 9 December 2020.[315]
- Leeds Rifles
- Leeds Pals
- 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot
Organisations and Groups
- Leeds United FC 1967–74: 4 December 2019.[316]
See also
Notes and references
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{{cite web}}
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