Shendao shejiao

The Chinese idea of "Shendao" arose in the early Western Zhou and later became a strategy and method of character education in the Confucianism ideological system, for strengthening integrity or virtue (德, dé) and other socially desirable traits. As it developed, concepts of gods, ghosts and demons were used as a means of character, or moral, education; such training included theories about the effect of fate or fortune, heaven or hell.^[3]

Shendao is considered instrumental in the later adoption of the Western concept of religion in China.^[1]

Shang dynasty

In the

In contrast to the primitive polytheism of the Yin (Shang), the Zhou strengthened the divinity of the Shangdi and weakened the many ancestral and nature gods. The King Wu of Zhou established a special "imperial registry" to worship God.^[7] The god of the land was built with chestnut wood to "make the people tremble".^[8] The Zhou also created the "imperial court" as the "office" of the Emperor. King Li of Zhou believed that the emperor could send down "a great Lu order to protect my house, my position, and the body of Hu". (Hu Gui, Zhonggui 4317). There are also Yi inscriptions that say, "The emperor is weary of the death of the wrecked emperor, and the pro-insurance of my (there is) Zhou, the summer of the people of the four directions, the death of not Kang Jing (Shi Xiang Gui, Zhonggui 4342), meaning that the glorious emperor was always looking down on and blessing our Zhou dynasty and the common people in the four directions, so that everything under the sky was safe and stable. The emperor of the Zhou dynasty not only "sends down virtue", but also monitors the words and deeds of his subjects.^[9]

The world of the gods, mainly "emperor" and "heaven", became a strong backing for the kingship of the Zhou Dynasty, and established the concept of rule with "Mandate of Heaven" as the core, while the king of the Zhou was analogous to "heaven" as a father-son relationship, thus the term "Son of Heaven" began to appear.^[5] This practice of the Zhou was Shendao's establishment of religion, which became a tool for political rule and adapted to the needs of patriarchal kingship.^[10][11][5] Confucianism, on the other hand, asserts that "a gentleman has three fears: fear of heaven, fear of adults, and fear of the words of the saints. When the words of saint are taken as the precepts of God, Shendao becomes a special religion that is godless and man-made."^{[This quote needs a citation]}

Belief, worship and ritual

Shendao is a religion based on the way of ghosts and gods, which is from the Tuan Chuan of the Zhou Yi (I Ching).^[12][13][14] The common term for witchcraft and divination is "Shendao", which is different from the original meaning of the Zhou Yi. The ancient Chinese ruler's policy towards religious beliefs was to strengthen his rule by the divine right of "Heaven and Man", also known as Shendao. The use of Jesa (sacrifice), divination, and other mystical practices to convince people was slightly different from the original meaning of the Zhou Yi. However, there are some thinkers who do not believe in ghosts and gods: Fan Zhen completely denied the existence of ghosts and gods but affirmed the role of Shendao teaching. It is said that Shendao "can govern the country, compel the people, and change the customs",^{[This quote needs a citation]} and is thus able to eliminate the less desirable behaviours in a society, and encourage beneficial ones.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Noble lie – Untruth propagated to strengthen social harmony
• Sacrifice to Heaven – East Asian noble religious ritual
• Sacrifice to Taishan
   – Chinese festivalPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• State Shinto – Imperial Japan's use of the Shinto religion
• Syntheism – New religious movement
• American civil religion – Sociological theory
• Battle of Qianmu [zh] and Battle of Mount Li [zh]

Notes

References