Social neuroscience
Social neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding the relationship between social experiences and
Overview
Traditional
Throughout most of the 20th century, social and biological explanations were widely viewed as incompatible. But advances in recent years have led to the development of a new approach synthesized from the social and biological sciences. The new field of social neuroscience emphasizes the complementary relationship between the different levels of organization, spanning the social and biological domains (e.g.,
Contemporary insights into the origins of social interactions raise interest in hyperscanning or interbrain research.[9][10][11][12] Studying the correlation of neuronal activities of two or more brains in shared cognitive tasks can contribute to understanding the relationship between social experiences and neurophysiological processes.[13]
Methods
A number of methods are used in social neuroscience to investigate the confluence of
Note: Most of these methods can only provide correlations between brain mapping and social events (apart from TMS), a con of Social Neuroscience is that the research must be interpreted through correlations which can cause a decreased content validity. For example, during an experiment when a participant is doing a task to test for a social theory and a part of the brain is activated, it is impossible to form causality because anything else in the room or the thoughts of the person could have triggered that response. It is very hard to isolate these variables during these experiments. That is why self-reports are very important. This will also help decrease the chances of VooDoo correlations (correlations that are too high and over 0.8 which look like a correlation exists between two factors but actually is just an error in design and statistical measures). Another way to avoid this con, is to use tests with hormones that can infer causality. For example, when people are given oxytocin and placebos and we can test their differences in social behavior between other people. Using SCRs will also help isolate unconscious thoughts and conscious thoughts because it is the body's natural parasympathetic response to the outside world. All of these tests and devices will help social neuroscientists discover the connections in the brain that are used to carry out our everyday social activities.[citation needed]
Primarily
Neurobiological methods can be grouped together into ones that measure more external bodily responses, electrophysiological methods, hemodynamic measures, and lesion methods. Bodily response methods include GSR (also known as skin conductance response (SCR)), facial EMG, and the eyeblink startle response. Electrophysiological methods include single-cell recordings, EEG, and ERPs. Hemodynamic measures, which, instead of directly measuring neural activity, measure changes in blood flow, include PET and fMRI. Lesion methods traditionally study brains that have been damaged via natural causes, such as strokes, traumatic injuries, tumors, neurosurgery, infection, or neurodegenerative disorders. In its ability to create a type of 'virtual lesion' that is temporary, TMS may also be included in this category. More specifically, TMS methods involve stimulating one area of the brain to isolate it from the rest of the brain, imitating a brain lesion. This is particularly helpful in brain mapping, a key approach in social neuroscience designed to determine which areas of the brain are activated during certain activities.[17]
Society for Social Neuroscience
A dinner to discuss the challenges and opportunities in the interdisciplinary field of social neuroscience at the
See also
- Behavioral economics
- Biocultural evolution
- Cognitive neuropsychology
- Emotion
- Evolutionary psychology
- Motor cognition
- Neural synchrony
- Neuroeconomics
- Personality neuroscience
- Social cognition
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Social cognitive neuroscience
- Social Neuroscience
- Social psychology
- Sociobiology
References
- PMID 21233358.
- S2CID 211262159.
- PMID 28552293.
- PMID 1510329.
- PMID 24409007.
- ^ Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., & Decety, J. (2011). A history of social neuroscience. In A. W. Kruglanski and W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of the History of Social Psychology. New York: Psychology Press.
- S2CID 15362167.
- PMID 21251011.
- PMID 37563301.
- PMID 34188170.
- S2CID 46859640.
- S2CID 3807834.
- ^ Fishburn, F. A.; Murty, V. P.; Hlutkowsky, C. O.; MacGillivray, C. E.; Bemis, L. M.; Murphy, M. E.; Huppert, T. J.; Perlman, S. B. "Putting our heads together: Interpersonal neural synchronization as a biological mechanism for shared intentionality". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2018 Aug; 13(8):841-9.
- S2CID 26203531.
- ^ Cacioppo, J.T., & Berntson, G.G. (2009), Handbook of Neuroscience for the Behavioral Science. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- ^ Harmon-Jones, E., & Beer, J.S. (2009). Methods in Social Neuroscience. New York: The Guilford Press
- ^ a b c Ward, J. (2012). The Student's Guide to Social Neuroscience. New York: Psychology Press
- S2CID 4306986.
- ^ de Haan, M., & Gunnar, M.R. (2009). Handbook of Developmental Social Neuroscience. The Guilford Press.
- PMID 24482667.
- S2CID 7840819.
Further reading
- Brune, M.; Ribbert, H. & Schiefenhovel, W. (2003). The social brain: evolution and pathology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Cacioppo J.T. (2002). "Social neuroscience: Understanding the pieces fosters understanding the whole and vice versa". American Psychologist. 57 (11): 819–831. PMID 12564179.
- Cacioppo J. T.; Berntson G. G. (1992). "Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain: Doctrine of multilevel analysis". American Psychologist. 47 (8): 1019–1028. PMID 1510329.
- Cacioppo J.T.; Berntson G.G.; Sheridan J.F.; McClintock M.K. (2000). "Multilevel integrative analyses of human behavior: social neuroscience and the complementing nature of social and biological approaches". Psychological Bulletin. 126 (6): 829–843. PMID 11107878.
- Cacioppo, John T.; Gary G. Berntson (2004). Social Neuroscience: Key Readings. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-099-5. Archived from the originalon 2012-02-08..
- Cacioppo, John T.; Penny S. Visser; Cynthia L. Pickett, eds. (2005). Social Neuroscience: People Thinking about Thinking People. ISBN 978-0-262-03335-0.
- Cozolino, L. (2006). The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment And the Developing Social Brain. W. W. Norton & Company.
- de Haan, M. & Gunnar, M.R. (2009). Handbook of Developmental Social Neuroscience. The Guilford Press.
- Decety, J. & Cacioppo, J.T. (2011). Handbook of Social Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Decety, J. & Ickes, W. (2009). The Social Neuroscience of Empathy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Emery, N.J. (2007). Cognitive Neuroscience of Social Behavior. Taylor & Francis.
- Harmon-Jones, E.; P. Winkielman (2007). Social Neuroscience: Integrating Biological and Psychological Explanations of Social Behavior. ISBN 978-1-59385-404-1..
- van Lange, P.A.M. (2006). Bridging social psychology: benefits of transdisciplinary approaches. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Ward, J. (2012). The Student's Guide to Social Neuroscience. Vol. New York. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-184872-005-3. Archived from the originalon 2014-07-19.
- Wolpert, D. & Frith, C. (2004). The Neuroscience of Social Interactions: Decoding, Influencing, and Imitating the Actions of Others. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
External links
- Society for Social Neuroscience.
- New Society for Social Neuroscience to help guide emerging field from the University of Chicago News Office.
- University of Chicago Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience.
- "What is social neuroscience?" Introduction from the first issue (March 2006) of the journal Social Neuroscience defining social neuroscience, listing the tools of social neuroscience, and addressing the impact of social neuroscience.