Substrate in Romanian

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Moesia Inferior: according to one of the theories about the origin of the Romanians
, the Romanians' ancestors included Roman provincials who preferred to remain in Dacia after the withdrawal of Roman troops and administration in the early 270s AD

The proposed substratal elements in

substratum involves comparison to Latin, languages with which Romanian came into contact, or determining if it is an internal construct. If there are no matching results, a comparison to Albanian vocabulary, Thracian remnants or Proto-Indo-European reconstructed words is made.[1]

In addition to vocabulary, some other features of Eastern Romance, such as phonological features and elements of grammar (see Balkan sprachbund) may also be from Paleo-Balkan languages.

Balkan Peninsula, strictly south of the Danube.[4][5][6] The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages, published in 2013, came to the conclusion that the "historical, archaeological and linguistic data available do not seem adequate" to determine the territory where the development of the Romanian language began.[7]

Lexical items

The study of the substrate involves comparative methods applied to:[1]

  1. Albanian and its reconstructed ancient precursor – Proto-Albanian – an Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid branch, belonging to the Paleo-Balkan group of antiquity.[8][9] Albanian varieties are today spoken by approximately 6 million people in the Balkans, primarily in Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece.[10] Albanian, especially the Tosk dialect, also represents one of the core languages of the Balkan Sprachbund.[11]
  2. Thraco-Dacian or Thracian, a language that although almost unattested has left traces in toponomy and inscriptions.[12]
  3. Proto-Indo-European, if none of the other languages yielded any results.[1]

Comparative methods applied to Albanian

In general, words assumed to belong to substratum can be placed into two categories:[13]

those related to nature and natural world

  • terrain: ciucă, groapă, mal, măgură, noian;
  • bodies of water: bâlc, pârâu;
  • flora: brusture, bung(et), ciump, coacăză, copac, curpen, druete, leurdă, ghimpe, mazăre, mărar, mugure, sâmbure, spânz, strugure, ţeapă;
  • fauna: balaur, bală, baligă, barză, brad, călbează, căpușă, cioară, cioc, ciut, ghionoaie, măgar, mânz(at), murg, mușcoi, năpârcă, pupăză, raţă, strepede, şopârlă, ştiră, ţap, viezure, vizuină;

and those used in pastoral life for:

  • food: abur, brânză, fărâmă, grunz, sarbăd, scrum, urdă, zară;
  • clothing: bască, brâu, căciulă, sarică;
  • housing: argea, cătun, gard, vatră;
  • body (some initially used for livestock): buză, ceafă, ciuf, grumaz, guşă, rânză;
  • related activities: baci, bâr, buc, grapă, gresie, lete, strungă, ţarc, zgardă.

Other words from substratum are: bucur(ie), ciupi, copil, cursă, fluier, droaie, gata, ghiuj, jumătate, mare (adj), moş, scăpăra.

Words possibly of substratum but not generally agreed among linguists are: arichiță, băiat, băl, brâncă, orbalţ, borţ, bulz, burduf, burtă, codru, Crăciun, creţ, cruţa, curma, daltă, dărâma, fluture, lai, mătură, mire, negură, păstaie, scorbură, spuză, stăpân, sterp, stână, traistă[13]

Comparative methods applied to Thraco-Dacian and/or other Indo-European languages

The comparative method can be extended to other languages of the Indo-European family, including ones from which Romanian could not have borrowed directly or indirectly, in order to reconstruct Thraco-Dacian substratum words. This yields results with varying degrees of probability. Between 80 and 100 words belong to this category.[14]

Substratum words like mal (1. shore, bank; 2. ravine, reg. a raised portion of land smaller than a hill and with abrupt sides) have almost identical correspondents in Albanian mal (mountain), but they can also be related to toponyms like Dacia Maluensis later renamed by Romans to Dacia Ripensis (rīpa - meaning bank, shore - has been inherited in Romanian as râpă - the abrupt side of a hill).[15]

All river names over 500 km and half of those between 200 and 500 km derive from pre-Latin substratum, according to linguist and philologist Oliviu Felecan.[16] Similarly, linguist Grigore Brâncuș states that almost the entire major hydronymy has been transmitted from Dacian to Romanian.[15] Other linguists have pointed out that the present Romanian forms of these hydronyms indicate that they were borrowed from Slavs or Hungarians.[17][6][18][19][20]

Romance language) has preserved the substrate form of their names instead of the Latin form. Other linguist say that the Romanian form of the names of these rivers indicate, that they are loanwords in Romanian mainly from Slavic and Hungarian
.
Romanian river names with the etymons found in Indo-European languages as per Felecan&Felecan.
Name in Romanian Proposed etymon Language of the etymon
Dunăre Donaris Thracian
Mureș morisjo Dacian
Olt *ol- Proto-Indo-European
Prut *pltus Proto-Indo-European
Siret *ser- Proto-Indo-European
Tisa Tibisio Dacian
Argeș *arg- Thracian
Buzău *bhuǧ- Thracian
Crișul kres- Thracian
Jiu Gilpil Dacian
Someș çam- Sanskrit
Timiș
 *ti- Proto-Indo-European
Ampoi Ampee
Daco-moesian
Bârzava berzava Thracian
Gilort sil-arta Dacian
Ibru *eybhro Proto-Indo-European
Vedea *ued- Proto-Indo-European
Nera *ner- Proto-Indo-European
Năruia *ner- Dacian
Săsar *ser- Proto-Indo-European
Strei *s(e)reu Proto-Indo-European

Phonetic, morphological and syntactic features

A couple of phonetic changes have been agreed on as substratum influence:[21]

  • the fricative post-alveolar consonant ș - /ʃ/ - comes from the voiceless fricative s in a soft position for example Lat. serpens> Rom. șarpe.
  • rhotacism of n consonant, seen only marginally in Romanian, is a general rule for lexical items of Istro-Romanian and Tosk Albanian prior to the contact with Slavic languages (before c. 600 CE).

Several other have been attributed to the influence of substratum by some researchers, but there is no general consensus among scholars. For example, the development of "ă" vowel: linguists Al. Phillipide and

paradigm, comparable to the development of similar central vowels in Portuguese or Neapolitan.[22]

Likewise, the morphological and syntactical features attributed to substratum, identified by comparison to

Thraco-Dacian is unattested.[23]

A difficult research topic

Numerous language studies and research papers discuss the problems of the Substrate in Romanian, considered by some to be the most controversial and difficult part of Romanian language since its nature and development could explain the evolution of Latin to Romanian.[24]

Some linguists (including Sorin Olteanu,

loanwords
from Albanian, it indicates that the substrate language of Romanian may have been on the same Indo-European branch as Albanian.

Other languages

The Bulgarian Thracologist

Daco-Moesian" language as its substrate, a hypothecised language that accordig to him had a number of features which distinguished it from the Thracian language spoken further south, across the Haemus
range.

There are also some Romanian substratum words in languages other than Romanian, these examples having entered via Romanian dialects. For example, Bryndza is a type of cheese made in Eastern Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic (Moravian Wallachia), Slovakia and Ukraine, the name being derived from the Romanian word for cheese (brânză).

See also


References

  1. ^
    ISBN 973-725-219-5
    .
  2. ISBN 1-889441-06-6
    .
  3. ^ Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, The Grammar of Romanian, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, page 2.
  4. ^ Malcolm, Noel. Kosovo, a short history.
  5. ^ Izzo, Herbert J. On the history of Romanian (Marino, Mary C.; Pérez, Luis A. ed.). Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States.
  6. ^ a b Schramm, Gottfried. Ein Damm bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter [=A Dam Breaks: The Roman Danube frontier and the Invasions of the 5th-7th Centuries in the Light of Names and Words] (in German). R. Oldenbourg Verlag.
  7. ISBN 978-0-521-80073-0
    .
  8. JSTOR jj.3508401.16
    .
  9. ^ Fine, JA. The Early medieval Balkans. University of Michigan Press, 1991. pp. 10–11. Google Books
  10. ISBN 9781317391531
    .
  11. ISBN 978-90-272-6090-1
    .
  12. ^ Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, The Grammar of Romanian, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-606-647-435-1
    .
  14. ISBN 978-606-647-435-1
    .
  15. ^
    ISBN 973-725-219-5
    .
  16. ISSN 1135-416X
    .
  17. ^ Petrovici, Emil. Istoria și geografia României. There is not a single river name of Romanian origin, the old river names have been transmitted into Romanian through Slavic transmission.
  18. ^ Nandris, Grigore (December 1951). "The Development and Structure of Rumanian". The Slavonic and East European Review. 30 (74): 7–39.
  19. ISBN 0-88033-479-7
    .
  20. ^ Miskolczy, Ambrus (2018). "A román nép születése – avagy egy rejtély filológiája" (PDF). Aetas - Történettudományi Folyóirat (in Hungarian). 33 (4). Nemzeti Kulturális Alap, Szegedi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kara, Szegedért Alapítvány, Szeged Megyei Jogú Város Önkormányzata, Nemzeti Együttműködési Alap: 146.
  21. ^
    ISBN 973-725-219-5
    .
  22. ISBN 978-606-647-435-1
    .
  23. ISBN 973-725-219-5
    .
  24. ISBN 973-725-219-5
    .
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