Tennessee marble

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Quarried block of pink Tennessee marble

Tennessee marble is a type of crystalline

Grand Central Terminal in New York,[2] and Union Station in Toronto.[3] Tennessee marble achieved such popularity in the late-19th century that Knoxville, the stone's primary finishing and distribution center, became known as "The Marble City."[4]

While Tennessee marble is not true marble, its crystalline nature lends it a strong resemblance to marble, especially when polished.[5] The stone occurs in belts of Ordovician-period rocks known as the Holston Formation[5] and is quarried primarily in Knox, Blount, Loudon, Union, and Hawkins counties.[6] While pink is the most well-known color, the stone also occurs in gray, dark brown ("cedar"), and variegated shades.[6]

The use of Tennessee marble declined after World War II, when cheaper building materials became widely available. There are currently only six active quarries, all operated by the Tennessee Marble Company.[7] The stone has most recently been used in the floor of the United States Capitol Visitor Center and for the 170-ton "First Amendment" tablet that initially adorned the facade of Washington's Newseum,[8] as well as the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[9]

Geology

Occurrence

Tennessee marble is found in the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley Province, a series of alternating elongate ridges and valleys that lie between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. The Holston Formation, in which Tennessee marble is found, occurs in a series of belts that follow the natural folds and faults of the ridges and valleys. While these belts can be up to 75 miles (121 km) long, they are rarely more than a few miles wide. In 1911, the Tennessee State Geological Survey identified six primary Holston Formation belts containing Tennessee marble: the Luttrell, Black Oak, Concord, Knoxville, Bays Mountain, and French Broad belts. A seventh belt, the Galbraith in Hawkins County, is considered an extension of the Black Oak.[6]

The Luttrell belt, the westernmost of the Holston Formation belts, stretches along Copper Ridge from Beaver Creek in

Fountain City northeast to Galbraith Springs (about 10 miles (16 km) west of Rogersville) in Hawkins County. The Black Oak belt stretches along Black Oak Ridge from Monroe County to the Corryton area in north Knox County. The Concord belt, one of the most heavily quarried, stretches from Sweetwater through Knox County to Strawberry Plains. The Knoxville belt, also heavily quarried, stretches from southeast of Sweetwater to Ruggles Ferry (east of Knoxville) in Knox. The Bays Mountain belt is found along the southwestern end of Bays Mountain in south Knox County and stretches into northern Blount County. The French Broad belt is a u-shaped belt found at the confluence of the French Broad and Holston rivers ("Forks-of-the-River").[6]

Polished pink Tennessee marble surface

Lithology

While true marble is

bryozoan and other primordial marine lifeforms 460 million years ago, during the Ordovician period. Even when polished, the stone retains a fossiliferous texture, with bryozoan and crinoid fossils being among the most commonly found.[5] A noticeable feature is the presence of jagged horizontal gray or black lines, or "stylolites." Known as "crowfeet" by quarrymen, these form from residual insoluble materials left over from the natural limestone dissolution processes.[5]

The most well-known shades are pink, gray, and cedar, but it also is found in blue, yellow, and cream shades.[6] Along with its aesthetic colors, builders preferred the stone for its durability, the ease with which it is polished, and the fact that the stone is virtually impervious to stains.[6] Tennessee marble is also easily converted into lime, and mid-20th century lime companies occasionally erected kilns near defunct quarries for this purpose.[10]

History

The 18th-century "Old Stone House" near Friendsville, Tennessee, built of brown Tennessee marble

As early as the late 18th century, Tennessee marble was being harvested for construction purposes, most notably for the Ramsey House on the outskirts of Knoxville and the "Old Stone House" near modern Friendsville. Visitors to East Tennessee were reporting the existence of marble beds in the region as early as the 1810s, and state geologist Gerard Troost provided an extensive description of Tennessee marble deposits in an 1831 report to the Tennessee General Assembly. The Rogersville Marble Company, founded in 1838, produced monuments and furniture stone extracted from a quarry in Hawkins County. Marble Hall, a house built by the company's director, Orville Rice, contained numerous Tennessee marble interior elements and acted as a showplace for the company.[11]

In 1850, Tennessee Governor William Trousdale chose the Rogersville Marble Company's marble as the state's representative stone for the construction of the Washington Monument. During this same period, marble from Hawkins County, either from Rice's quarry or a rival quarry south of Rogersville, was used in U.S. Capitol extension projects (William Dougherty, the construction superintendent for the Washington Monument, was instrumental in obtaining the marble). Transporting the quarried blocks out of the region presented a major challenge for these early companies. Mule teams, often led by local African American entrepreneurs, carried the blocks to the Holston River, where they were loaded onto flatboats and transported downstream.[11]

1856 newspaper ad for a Knoxville-based Tennessee marble company

By the early 1850s, at least two marble quarries were in operation in Knox County, one of which supplied marble for the

Civil War.[11]

In 1873, federal architect Alfred B. Mullett used Tennessee marble for Knoxville's Post Office and Customs House, sparking a nationwide curiosity in the stone. Mullett acquired the marble from a quarry at Forks-of-the-River. After the building's completion, businessman George Ross and several associates organized the Knoxville Marble Company to assume control of this quarry and provided marble for the construction of the Mullett-designed Customs House in St. Louis in the 1870s.[11]

By 1882, 11 quarries were in operation in Knox County.[12] This number had doubled within a decade,[13] as the rising popularity of Neoclassical architecture brought about a rapid increase in demand for marble.[11] Knoxville, the industry's chief financial and production center, became known as "The Marble City" during this period and even included a marble mining derrick on the Knoxville flag. The community of Concord, located west of Knoxville, became a key marble transloading center, where blocks were transferred from boats to rail cars for transport out of the region. By 1885, Concord was home to ten marble-related companies.[11]

Marble blocks being loaded onto train cars at what is now Mead's Quarry in 1895

The Ross Quarry supplied marble for the J.P. Morgan Library in New York in the 1900s.[11] The Candoro Marble Works, a large finishing mill, was founded in South Knoxville in 1914.

Marble quarry near Knoxville, circa 1911

By 1908, Tennessee ranked third in the nation in marble production, behind

St. Paul Public Library in Minnesota, the Richard C. Lee U.S. Courthouse in New Haven, Connecticut, and the Firemen's Memorial in Manhattan.[11]

The rise of modern architecture and a preference for the use of concrete, coupled with the onset of the Great Depression, led to a decline in the Tennessee marble industry by the end of the 1920s. The stone experienced a brief resurgence in the 1930s as New Deal federal construction projects encouraged the use of locally quarried building materials. Buildings completed during this period include the National Gallery of Art (West Building), the Knoxville Post Office, and the Tennessee Supreme Court Building in Nashville.[11]

By the 1950s, only five Tennessee marble companies remained in operation. Some companies had turned to secondary products such as lime, which was often produced in kilns located near the quarries. The rise in foreign competition and changes in demand for building materials led to further decline, and most Tennessee marble companies had closed by the 1980s.[11] The stone was still produced on a smaller scale, however. It was used in the Edward Larrabee Barnes-designed Knoxville Museum of Art,[14] completed in 1990, and the BarberMcMurry-designed Gay Street addition of Knoxville's East Tennessee History Center, completed in 2005.[15] The Tennessee Marble Company, founded in 1993, is currently the only major producer of Tennessee marble. The company was operating six quarries as of 2007.[16]

Notable producers

Abandoned quarry near Friendsville
Walls of the Ross Marble Quarry in South Knoxville (now part of the Ijams Nature Center)
Sullivan channeler used to cut stone blocks

Use in art

Sculptor Jack Rich described Tennessee marble as an "excellent sculptural stone," though difficult to work with due to its hardness.[21] Two of the best known Tennessee marble sculptures, E.C. Potter's lions, "Patience" and "Fortitude," stand outside the entrance of the New York Public Library Main Branch.[22] The Piccirilli Brothers also worked with the stone, most notably creating the entrance tripods at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington,[23] and several statues at the base of the USS Maine National Monument in New York.[24] The Italian-born sculptor Albert Milani (1892–1977), who worked at the Candoro Marble Works in Knoxville, created numerous works using Tennessee marble, including the four eagles atop the Knoxville Post Office and the "History of the World" relief at the Pennsylvania State Capitol.[1]

Other notable Tennessee marble works include Frances Rich's nurses' memorial ("Spirit of Nursing") at Arlington National Cemetery;[25] Bruno Louis Zimm's Slocum Memorial Fountain in New York's Tompkins Square Park;[26] Joseph Emile Renier's Pomona at Brookgreen Gardens in South Carolina;[27] and Cliff Fragua's statue of the Pueblo leader Po'pay in the National Statuary Hall.[28] One of the best-known paintings by Knoxville artist Lloyd Branson, Hauling Marble, was inspired by the Tennessee marble industry.[29]

Structures

Structures with Tennessee marble exteriors

Name City State Completed Other information Image Reference
Ramsey House Knoxville Tennessee 1797 [11]
Old Customs House Knoxville Tennessee 1874 [11]
James Blackstone Memorial Library Branford Connecticut 1896
[11]
Morgan Library & Museum
(McKim Building)
New York City New York 1903 [11]
Chilhowee Park bandstand Knoxville Tennessee 1910 [30]
Firemen's Memorial New York City New York 1913 [11]
St. Paul Public Library
St. Paul
Minnesota 1917 [11]
Illinois Centennial Monument Chicago Illinois 1918 [31]
Richard C. Lee U.S. Courthouse New Haven Connecticut 1919 Same marble used in main interior staircase, elevator lobbies, and columns in second-floor lobby [11]
Knoxville Post Office Knoxville Tennessee 1934 Various shades of Tennessee marble used throughout the building [11]
Tennessee Supreme Court Building Nashville Tennessee 1937 [11]
National Gallery of Art Washington
District of Columbia
1941/1978 [32]
Robert A. Taft Memorial Washington
District of Columbia
1959
[33]
National Air and Space Museum Washington
District of Columbia
1975 [34]
Knoxville Museum of Art Knoxville Tennessee 1990 [14]
East Tennessee History Center addition Knoxville Tennessee 2005 Addition to the 1874 Old Customs House [15]

Structures containing Tennessee marble

Name City State or Country Completed Parts containing Tennessee marble Image Reference
Mabry-Hazen House Knoxville Tennessee 1858 Main Floor Fireplace Mantles
[35]
United States Capitol Washington
District of Columbia
1850s Columns and balustrades of House and Senate gallery staircases; Marble Room walls [36]
Folsom Powerhouse Folsom California 1895 Switchboard [37]
Adriance Memorial Library Poughkeepsie New York 1896 Hallway [38]
Little Rock U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
Little Rock Arkansas 1897 Courtroom interior [39]
McKinley National Memorial Canton Ohio 1907 Interior walls and pedestal [40]
Mechanics National Bank Building Knoxville Tennessee 1907 Facade [41]
Grand Central Terminal New York City New York 1913 Main concourse floor [5]
The Holston Knoxville Tennessee 1913 Lower Gay Street and Clinch Avenue facades [42]
Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec (French) Quebec City Quebec 1910-1915 Library floor
[43]
James A. Redden Federal Courthouse Medford Oregon 1916 Lobby floor [44]
Manitoba Legislative Building Winnipeg Canada 1920 Rotunda floor [45]
Union Station Toronto Canada 1920 Great Hall floor [46]
Wilkin County Courthouse Breckenridge Minnesota 1929 Interior wainscoting [47]
Cochise County Courthouse Bisbee Arizona 1930 Main lobby [48]
Eldon B. Mahon U.S. Courthouse Fort Worth Texas 1933 Courtroom walls [49]
Indiana War Memorial Museum
Indianapolis
Indiana 1933 North Vestibule and Grand Foyer floors [50]
Newseum Washington
District of Columbia
2008 Massive exterior First Amendment tablet [51]
United States Capitol Visitor Center Washington
District of Columbia
2008 First floor [52]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Ann Bennett, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Candoro Marble Works, April 1996.
  2. ^ The Grand Central Self-Guided Tour Archived 2010-11-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: 24 November 2010.
  3. ^ Union Station - History. Retrieved: 24 November 2010.
  4. ^ "Ask Doc Knox," "What's With All This 'Marble City' Business?" Metro Pulse 10 May 2010. Accessed at the Internet Archive, 5 October 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Powell, Wayne G. "Tennessee Marble". Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Charles Gordon, The Marbles of Tennessee (State of Tennessee Geological Survey, 1911), pp. 5-33.
  7. ^ a b About Tennessee Marble Company Archived 2011-02-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: 19 November 2010.
  8. ^ Blount's Royal Pink Marble Featured in Washington, D.C.. The Daily Times, 6 April 2008. Retrieved: 24 November 2010.
  9. ^ "50-ton tablet engraved with First Amendment now on display at National Constitution Center". 19 January 2022.
  10. ^ Information obtained from interpretive markers at the Mead's Quarry section of Ijams Nature Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 2010.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Carroll Van West and Susan W. Knowles, Marble Industry of East Tennessee, ca. 1838-1963, National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, 2 December 2013.
  12. ^ C.P. White, Mary Rothrock (ed.), "Commercial and Industrial Trends Since 1865," The French Broad-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1972), p. 223.
  13. ^ a b c d e John Wooldridge, George Mellen, William Rule (ed.), Standard History of Knoxville, Tennessee (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1900; reprinted by Kessinger Books, 2010), pp. 204-206.
  14. ^ a b "About the Knoxville Museum of Art," Knoxville Museum of Art official website. Retrieved: 30 October 2014.
  15. ^ a b "Excellence Awards 2005: East Tennessee History Center," Knoxville-Knox County Metropolitan Planning Commission website, 2005. Retrieved: 9 November 2014.
  16. ^ a b Tennessee Marble Co. Acquires Tennessee Valley Marble. Stoneworld.com, 7 May 2007. Retrieved: 24 November 2010.
  17. ^ a b c Tony VanWinkle, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for Candoro Marble Works Showroom and Garage, 13 July 2004.
  18. ^ Susan W. Knowles, Lydia Simpson, and Angela Sirna, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Mead Marble Quarry, 27 August 2013.
  19. ^ Susan W. Knowles, Lydia Simpson, and Angela Sirna, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Ross Marble Quarry, 27 August 2013.
  20. ^ One Hundred and Fourteen Per Cent, Knoxville, Tennessee," Traveler's Protective Association Magazine, Vol. XIV, No. 7 (May 1920), p. 17.
  21. ^ Jack C. Rich, The Materials and Methods of Sculpture (Courier Dover, 1988), p. 226.
  22. ^ "The Library Lions," New York Public Library website. Retrieved: 7 November 2014.
  23. ^ Donald Pfanz, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Lincoln Memorial, 24 March 1981, p. 2.
  24. ^ "U.S.S. Maine National Monument," NYC Parks website. Accessed 24 October 2014.
  25. ^ Rob McIlvaine, "Army Nurse Corps Marks 110 Years of Touching Lives," U.S. Army website, 10 February 2011.
  26. ^ "Tompkins Square Park: Slocum Memorial Fountain," NYC Parks website. Retrieved: 18 November 2014.
  27. ^ Robin R. Salmon, Sculpture of Brookgreen Gardens (Arcadia Publishing, 2009), p. 72.
  28. ^ "Po'pay," United States Architect of the Capitol official website. Retrieved: 18 November 2014.
  29. ^ Angela Wibking, "Painters' Progress," Nashville Scene, 1 August 2002. Retrieved: 18 November 2014.
  30. ^ Plaque at the Chilhowee Park Bandstand, Knoxville, Tennessee.
  31. ^ David Stone, Chicago's Classical Architecture: The Legacy of the White City (Arcadia Publishing, 2005), p. 95.
  32. ^ "About the Gallery," National Gallery of Art official website. Retrieved: 31 October 2014.
  33. ^ "Robert A. Taft Memorial and Carillon," Architect of the Capitol official website. Retrieved: 31 October 2014.
  34. ^ "National Air and Space Museum and Udvar-Hazy Center," Smithsonian Institution Archives (online). Retrieved: 31 October 2014.
  35. ^ Frank Sparkman, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Joseph Alexander Mabry, Jr. House, June 1989
  36. ^ United States Geological Survey, Building Stones of Our Nation's Capital: Walking Tour Stops 17-22. Retrieved: 24 November 2010.
  37. ^ American Society of Mechanical Engineers, "The Folsom Powerhouse No. 1 Archived 2014-11-11 at the Wayback Machine," National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark report, 12 September 1976. Retrieved: 7 November 2014.
  38. ^ "Adriance Memorial Library," Hudson River Valley Institute, Issue 50 (Summer 2008), pp. 4-5.
  39. ^ U.S. General Services Administration, "Old Post Office and Courthouse, Little Rock, AR," GSA.gov. Retrieved: 7 November 2014.
  40. ^ Christopher Kenney, The McKinley Monument (The History Press, 2006), p. 54.
  41. ^ Ronald Childress, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for Mechanics' Bank and Trust Company Building, 18 September 1982.
  42. ^ Ronald Childress, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for Holston National Bank, May 10, 1979.
  43. ^ "Immeuble - Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec". www.bibliotheque.assnat.qc.ca (in French). Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  44. ^ U.S. General Services Administration, "James A. Redden U.S. Courthouse, Medford, OR, GSA.gov. Retrieved: 11 November 2014.
  45. ^ "The Rotunda", Legislative Tour, Province of Manitoba official website. Accessed at the Internet Archive, 7 November 2014.
  46. ^ Kevin J. Holland, Classic American Railroad Terminals (MBI Publishing, 2001), p. 151.
  47. ^ "Wilkin County Courthouse Archived 2014-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Minnesota Judicial Branch website. Retrieved: 11 November 2014.
  48. ^ K.G. Donahue, "Historic Courthouse Reaches 68th Year of Service to County," Sierra Vista Herald, 1 August 2000. Retrieved: 30 October 2014.
  49. ^ U.S. General Services Administration, "Eldon B. Mahon U.S. Courthouse, Fort Worth, TX, GSA.gov. Retrieved: 7 November 2014.
  50. ^ Indiana War Memorial Commission, "Indiana War Memorial Museum, IN.gov. Retrieved: 7 November 2014.
  51. ^ Michael Collins, "Newseum Showcases Tennessee Pink Marble," Knoxville News Sentinel, 12 April 2008. Retrieved: 7 November 2014.
  52. ^ Tracy Samantha Schmidt, "A Costly Welcome for Capitol Visitors," Time, 25 May 2007.

Further reading

External links