Transport in Norway
Transport in Norway is highly influenced by
The main governing body is the
On average each Norwegian transported themselves for 70 minutes each day. In 2008 8% of passenger transport was made by public transport; road transport is the dominant mode of transport.[2] It had risen to 10% in 2017.[3] In 2014 22% of travel was on foot and 4% by bicycle.[4] The transport sector was responsible for 4.1% of the gross national product and 6.6% of employment in 2006.[2] According to the World Economic Forum's Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013,[5] Norway placed 83 out of 140 countries regarding quality of roads, 47 out of 122 regarding quality of railroad infrastructure, 25 out of 140 regarding quality of port infrastructure and 54 out of 140 regarding ground transport networks.
Civil aviation
Aviation has become an important passenger transport mode since the 1960s. Aircraft is the commonly used mode of transport on longer distances, and the routes between Oslo and Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger are all among the largest in Europe.[6] On long distances, such as Oslo-Bodø and longer, air travel is by far the leading travel method. In Western and Northern Norway, with difficult terrain, obstacling fjords and lack of rail transport, regional airline travel provides quick travel within the region or to the capital.[7]
Major airlines based in Norway are Scandinavian Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Widerøe.
Airports
Of the 98 airports in Norway,
The main gateway by air to Norway is Oslo Airport, Gardermoen,[9] located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Oslo with departures to most European countries and some intercontinental destinations.[11][12] It is hub for the three major Norwegian airlines Scandinavian Airlines System,[13] Norwegian Air Shuttle,[14] and Widerøe[15] and for regional aircraft from Western Norway.[16]
Heliports are common at hospitals and oil platforms. The Norwegian Air Ambulance service operates twelve helicopters and nine airplanes.[17]
Regional aviation
The regional airport service was introduced in the 1960s, with 30 airports being served by
Rail transport
The main railway network consists of 4,114 kilometres (2,556 mi) of
The main long-haul network consists of lines from Oslo and westwards along the
Investment in new infrastructure and maintenance is financed through the state budget,[26] and subsidies are provided for passenger train operations.[29] NSB operates long-haul trains, including night trains, regional services and four commuter train systems, around Oslo, Trondheim, Bergen and Stavanger.[30]
Rail transit
In 2007, 101 million passengers were transported 490 million passenger kilometers by rail transit.[32][33]
Road transport
Norway has a
Motorways exist around the largest cities; many of the larger cities have introduced toll schemes to help finance roads.[36] In 2008, 130 ferry routes remained in service, operated by private companies on contract with the Public Roads Administration.[37] Since the 1970s the heaviest rural investments have been mainland connections to replace the many car ferries that are needed to cross fjords and connect to islands. There are not enough funding through tax money, so these tunnels and bridges are normally financed mainly through toll fees.[38] Some mountain passes have severe snowstorm problems in the winter, so often they have to be closed, or cars have to drive after a snowplow in a column.[39] The most exposed mountain passes are closed the entire winter.
In 2007 there were 2.6 million
Norway has the world's largest registered stock of plug-in electric vehicles per capita, with Oslo recognized as the EV capital of the world.[42][43][44] In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric.[45] Norway's fleet of electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because almost 100% of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydropower.[46] As of December 2014,[update] a total of 43,442 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway, of which, almost 95% are all-electric vehicles.[47] The Norwegian plug-in electric segment has the world's highest market share of new car sales, with 5.6% in 2013, and 12.5% in 2014.[update][48]
Bus transport
Each county is responsible for the public bus and boat transport in their area,[49] (railways, regional airlines and the Coastal Express boat, are financed by the state).[29] Buses transported 290 million passengers 3.7 billion passenger kilometers in 2007.[50] 6,194 buses were in operation during 2007; tickets sales was NOK 3,721 million while bus transport received government subsidies of NOK 3,393 million.[51]
Long-haul coach services are operated by various companies, most of whom cooperate through
and further north) long-haul buses are operated by the counties.Water transport
The coastal infrastructure is operated by the
Merchant marine
In 2007 Norway was the fifth largest beneficial ship owning country, with 5% of the world's fleet;[55] though a high portion of these were registered in flags of convenience, Norway had 15 million deadweight tonnage of ships under its flag.[56] The government has created an internal register, the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian Ship Register; ships on the NIS enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by Norwegians.[57]
Ferries
Car ferries are vital links across fjords and to islands where there are no fixed connections. There are more than one hundred car ferry connections inside Norway. Fast passenger ferries operate many places where fjords and islands make it quicker to follow the waterways than the roads; some small islands are served by water buses. Public transport by ship transported eight million passengers 273 million passenger kilometers in 2007.[58]
With the large amount of hydroelectricity in Norway, battery-electric ferries have been introduction on several routes.[59][60][61] Of Norway's 180 ferries on 112 ferry routes, a study by Siemens and the Bellona Foundation identified 127 could be replaced with either fully electric or hybrid ferries.[62][63]
The Coastal Express (known as Hurtigruten) operates daily cruiseferries from Bergen to Kirkenes, calling at 35 ports.[64] International car carrying cruiseferries operate from Southern Norway to Denmark, Germany and Sweden.[65]
Pipelines
The petroleum and natural gas production on the Norwegian continental shelf uses pipelines to transport produce to processing plants on mainland Norway and other European countries; total length is 9,481 kilometres (5,891 mi).[8] The government-owned Gassco operates all natural gas pipelines; in 2006, 88 billion cubic meters were transported, or 15% of European consumption[66]
See also
Notes
- ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communication, 2003: 3
- ^ a b c Statistics Norway. "Transport". Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ "Travel survey". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
- ^ "National Transport Plan 2014–2023" (PDF). Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications.
- ^ World Economic Forum's Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
- ^ Boarding (2006-11-11). ""Bergensflyet" nummer sju i Europa" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ a b Ministry of Transport. "Regionale flyruter" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2012-09-29. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ a b c d Central Intelligence Agency (2008). "Norway". Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ a b c d e f Avinor (2008). "2007 Passasjerer" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Avinor. "About Avinor". Archived from the original on 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Oslo Lufthavn. "Car". Archived from the original on 2008-06-01. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Oslo Lufthavn. "International scheduled routes from Oslo". Archived from the original on 2008-07-14. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Scandinavian Airlines System. "Rutekart". Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Norwegian Air Shuttle. "Route Map". Archived from the original on 2008-07-14. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Widerøe Route map (in English)
- ^ a b Widerøe. "Våre destinasjoner". Archived from the original on 2008-08-15. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Norwegian Air Ambulance. "Om oss" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communication, 2003: 5
- ^ Widerøe. "Aircraft". Archived from the original on 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Boarding (2005-11-02). "Tildeling av einerett for drift av 16 ruteområde" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Lufttransport. "Ruteflyvning Bodø – Værøy v.v." (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration, 2008: 4
- ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration, 2007: 7
- ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration (2008-01-07). "Modernisering av Vestfoldbanen" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. "Utredning av høyfartsbaner" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ a b Norwegian National Rail Administration. "About". Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration, 2008: 13
- ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration, 2008: 16
- ^ a b Norwegian Ministry of Transport. "Kollektivtransport" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ NSB. "Train facts". Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Oslo Sporveier (2006-08-30). "Sterk kollektivvekst og kollektivandel" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Statistics Norway (2008-01-03). "Bane, ekslusive NSB" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration, 2007: 12–13
- ^ "Norway's $47BN Coastal Highway".
- ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, 2003: 15
- ^ Ieromanachou, Potter and Warren. "Norway's urban toll rings: evolving towards congestion charging?" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Norwegian Public Roads Administration, 2008: 7
- ^ Norvegfinans. "Bompengeanlegg" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Norwegian Public Road Administration. "Kolonnekjøring" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ "Share of Diesel in New Passenger Cars - Click Norway, mouseover for numbers". European Automobile Manufacturers Association. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^ Statistics Norway. "Lastebilundersøkelsen" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Agence France-Presse (2011-05-15). "Electric cars take off in Norway". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
- ^ European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (AVERE) (2012-09-03). "Norwegian Parliament extends electric car iniatives [sic] until 2018". AVERE. Archived from the original on 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
- ^ Ole Henrik Hannisdahl (2012-01-09). "Eventyrlig elbilsalg i 2011" [Adventurous electric vehicle sales in 2011] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-01-14. See table "Elbilsalg i 2011 fordelt på måned og merke" (Electric vehicle sales in 2011, by month and brand) to see monthly sales for 2011.
- ^ Staff (2014-04-02). "Elbilsalget i mars slo alle rekorder" [Electric vehicle sales in March broke all records] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. Archived from the original on 2014-04-05. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
- ^ Alister Doyle and Nerijus Adomaitis (2013-03-13). "Norway shows the way with electric cars, but at what cost?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2013-03-15. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
- ^ "Ladbare biler i Norge des, 2014" [Rechargeable cars in Norway December 2014] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. January 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-01-17. Retrieved 2015-01-27. Click on the bar graph Registrerte biler and select 12 mnd for registrations for each year. Registrations include new and used imports. Move the mouse over each bar to show the sales split between all-electric and plug-in hybrids by year.
- ^ Jeff Cobb (2014-01-16). "Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
- ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport. "Lokal kollektivtransport" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Statistics Norway (2008-01-03). "Kollektivtransport" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Statistics Norway (2008-01-03). "Buss" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ]
- ^ a b c Norwegian Coastal Administration. "The Norwegian Coastal Administration". Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Norwegian Coastal Administration. "Offentlige havner i Norge" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Shippingfacts (2007). "Top 20 beneficial ownership countries (January 2007)". Archived from the original on 2008-03-18. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Shippingfacts (2007). "Top 20 largest shipping flags (January 2007)". Archived from the original on 2008-03-18. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Norwegian Ship Registers. "NIS". Archived from the original on 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ "Båt" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway. 2008-01-03. Archived from the original on 1 January 2009. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ "Ampere Electric-Powered Ferry". Ship Technology. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ "Batterifergen har måttet stå over avganger. Nå er løsningen klar" (in Norwegian). Teknisk Ukeblad. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ "NB1073 Gloppefjord". Tersan Shipyard. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ James Ayre (27 July 2016). "Feasible to Replace 70% of Norwegian Ferries with Fully Electric or Hybrid Ferries". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ Stensvold, Tore (14 August 2015). "Lønnsomt å bytte ut 70 prosent av fergene med batteri- eller hybridferger" (in Norwegian). Teknisk Ukeblad. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2023. In English
- Hurtigruten Group. "Hurtigruten - The World's Most Beautiful Voyage". Archived from the originalon 2008-07-29. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Color Line. "Color Line". Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Gassco. "About Gassco". Archived from the original on 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
References
- Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications (2003). "The Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications" (PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-03-29.
- "Railway Statistics 2007" (PDF). Jernbaneverket. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17.
- Norwegian Public Roads Administration (2008). "Ferry Statistics 2007" (in Norwegian).[permanent dead link]
External links
- Media related to Transport in Norway at Wikimedia Commons
- Official gateway for all public transit authorities and companies in Norway
- Norwegian National travelplanner Archived 2010-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
- Ministry of Transport and Communications
- Transport at Statistics Norway