Transport in Turkey
Transport in Turkey is road-dominated and mostly fuelled by diesel.[1] Transport consumes a quarter of energy in Turkey,[2] and is a major source of air pollution in Turkey and greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey. The World Health Organization has called for more active transport such as cycling.[3]
Rail transport
Rail network
The TCDD – Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish State Railways) possess 10,984 km of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge, of which 2,336 km are electrified (2005).[6]
There are daily regular passenger trains all through the network.[7] TCDD has started an investment program of building 5.000 km high-speed lines until 2023. As of October 2019, three high speed train routes are running: Ankara-Eskişehir-İstanbul, Ankara-Konya and İstanbul-Eskişehir-Konya.
The freight transportation is mainly organized as block trains for domestic routes, since TCDD discourages under 200 to loads by surcharges.
Urban rail
After almost 30 years without any trams, Turkey is experiencing a revival in trams. Established in 1992, the tram system of Istanbul earned the best large-scale tram management award in 2005. Another award-winning tram network belongs to Eskişehir (EsTram) where a modern tram system opened in 2004. Several other cities are planning or constructing tram lines, with modern low-flow trams.
By 2014, there have been 12 cities in Turkey using railroads for transportation.
- Cities with commuter rail systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Gaziantep
- Cities with metro systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Bursa, Adana
- Cities with light rail transit systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Adana, Bursa, Eskişehir, Konya, Antalya, Kayseri, Gaziantep, Samsun, Kocaeli.
Railway links with adjacent countries
- Azerbaijan – via Georgia– under construction
- Kars Gyumri Akhalkalaki railway line)[8]
- Bulgaria– open – 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
- break-of-gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)/1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in).
- Greece – open – 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (Note: Passenger services as Express of Friendship/Filia suspended from 13 February 2012 [9])
- Iran – via Lake Van train ferry– same gauge
- Iraq– No direct link, traffic routed via Syria – same gauge
- Syrian Civil Warin 29 August 2011)
Road transport
Road transport is responsible for much
As of 2022[update] fuel quality and emissions standards are not as good as those in the EU.[16]
In 2023 the World Bank said the government should plan and subsidize the rollout of public electric car chargers, particularly because so many people live in flats. They said that a subsidy would provide environmental and social benefits. They also said that cities should set an end date for diesel buses.[17]
Road network
There are three types of intercity roads in Turkey:
– The first is the historical and free road network called State roads (Devlet Yolları) that are completely under the responsibility of the General Directorate of Highways except for urban sections (like the sections falling within the inner part of ring roads of Ankara, Istanbul or İzmir. Even if they mostly possess dual carriageways and interchanges, they also have some traffic lights and intersections.
– The second type of roads are controlled-access highways that are officially named Otoyol. But it isn't uncommon that people in Turkey call them Otoban (referring to Autobahn) as this types of roads entered popular culture by the means of Turks in Germany. They also depend on the General Directorate of Highways except those that are financed with a BOT model.[citation needed]
– The third type of roads are provincial roads (Il Yolları) are highways of secondary importance linking districts within a province to each other , the provincial center, the districts in the neighboring provinces, the state roads, railway stations, seaports, and airports
- Motorways: Motorway 3.633 km (January 2023)[18]
- Dual carriageways: 28.986 km (January 2023)[18]
- State Highways 30.954 km (January 2023)[18]
- Provincial Roads 34.113 km (January 2023)[18]
- Motorway Projects‐Vision 8.325 km (in 2053)[19]
As of 2023, there are 471 tunnels (total length 665 km)[20] and 9.660 bridges (total length 739 km)[21] on the network.
Public road transport
There are numerous private bus companies providing connections between cities in Turkey.[22] For local trips to villages there are dolmuşes, small vans that seat about twenty passengers. As of 2010, number of road vehicles is around 15 million. The number of vehicles by type and use is as follows.[23]
- Car 7,544,871
- Minibus 386,973
- Bus 208,510
- Small truck 2,399,038
- Truck 726,359
- Motorcycle 2,389,488
- Special Purpose vehicle 35,492
- Tractor 1,404,872
- Total: 15,095,603
Cycling
Escooters
Car ownership
As of 2020[update] over half the registered motor vehicles are cars - about 12.5 million - of which 4.7 million are diesel fueled, 4.7 million LPG, and 3 million gasoline.[29]
Air transport
In 2013 Turkey had the tenth largest passenger air market in the world with 74,353,297 passengers.
Airlines
Airports
Total number of Airports in Turkey: 117 (2007)
Airports – with paved runways
total:
88
over 3,047 m:
16
2,438 to 3,047 m:
1,524 to 2,437 m:
19
914 to 1,523 m:
16
under 914 m:
4 (2010)
(Link:[40])
Airports – with unpaved runways
total:
11
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
914 to 1,523 m:
6
under 914 m:
4 (2010)
(Link:[40])
Heliports 20 (2010)
Water transport
About 1,200 km
Port cities
Air pollution
Road traffic is a major source of air pollution in Turkey,[41] and Istanbul is one of the few European cities without a low emission zone.[42][43]
Transport emitted 85 megatonnes of CO2 in 2018, about one tonne per person and 16 percent of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. Road transport dominated transport emissions with 79 megatonnes, including agricultural vehicles.[44]
See also
- Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey
- Public transport in Istanbul
- List of highways in Turkey
- Turkish State Highway System
- List of otoyol routes in Turkey
- Otoyol
- List of countries by vehicles per capitaTurkey "total number of vehicles" 16th, Turkey "vehicles per capita" 66th
Sources
- Difiglio, Prof. Carmine; Güray, Bora Şekip; Merdan, Ersin (November 2020). Turkey Energy Outlook. iicec.sabanciuniv.edu (Report). Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC). ISBN 978-605-70031-9-5.
- Bisiklet Yolları Klavuzu [Bicycle Path Guidelines] (PDF) (Report) (in Turkish). Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey). December 2019.
References
- ^ Difiglio, Güray & Merdan (2020), p. 135.
- ^ a b Difiglio, Güray & Merdan (2020), p. 102.
- ^ "Health and climate change: country profile 2022: Turkey - Turkey | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ "Velaro Turkey: High-Speed Train for TCDD" (PDF). Siemens Mobility. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ "Velaro Turkey High-Speed Train". Siemens Mobility. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ TCDD Statistics Archived 11 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine – PDF file
- ^ Uysal, Onur. "Traveling by Train in Turkey", Rail Turkey, 5 Mar 2014
- ^ Railway Gazette International – January 2008 p51
- ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları". Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
- ^ "Everything you need to know about how Australia can boost electric vehicle supply". 10 August 2022.
- ^ Difiglio, Güray & Merdan (2020), p. 154.
- ^ "Yol Ağı Bilgileri". Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
- ^ "CIA World Factbook: Turkey". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Dünyada Ve Türkıyede Hizli Tren". hizlitren.tcdd.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
- ^ "Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open". Anadolu Agency. 19 December 2016.
- ^ "Türkiye 2022 Report". EU Delegation to Türkiye. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
- ^ "Deploying Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Türkiye".
- ^ a b c d "KGM 2023 Performance Report" (PDF). kgm.gov.tr (in Turkish). 1 January 2023. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "Bakan Karaismailoğlu: Hedefimiz 2053'e kadar otoyol uzunluğumuzu 8 bin 325 kilometreye ulaştırmak" (in Turkish). aa.com.tr. 6 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "Tunnel projects". kgm.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "Bridge Projects" (in Turkish). kgm.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES -Number of registered motor vehicles in Turkey exceeds 15 million in November 2010. – Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "::Türkiye Ýstatistik Kurumu Web sayfalarýna Hoţ Geldiniz". Tuik.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ISSN 2458-9489.
- ^ "Turkey eyes bicycle tourism alternative amid diversity efforts". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Health and climate change: country profile 2022: Turkey". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ "E-scooter company Fenix acquires Palm for $5M, gains entry to Turkish market". TechCrunch. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ "Regulation for use of e-scooter enters into force - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ Çoban, Hasan Hüseyin (23 November 2020). "A 100% Renewable Energy System: The Case of Turkey In The Year 2050".
- ^ World Bank Datebase, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR
- ^ "CIA World Factbook: Turkey". Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
- ^ "Study in Turkey: International Airports in Turkey". Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
- ^ "Year to date Passenger Traffic". ACI. 25 September 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ^ "It will be the biggest airport of the world". 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- ^ "Istanbul's New Erdoğan-Backed Airport to Be Named After... Erdoğan". Newsweek. 14 August 2014.
- ^ "Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe at the 2012 World Airline Awards held at Farnborough Air Show". Skytrax. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ^ "Turkish Airlines named best airline in Europe for fifth year in a row – BUSINESS". 17 June 2015.
- ^ "Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe 2014". Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
- ^ "Turkish Airlines: International Flight Destinations". Turkish Airlines. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
- ^ a b "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Report: Air pollution becoming more lethal in Turkey while scientists struggle to access data". Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ "StackPath". www.masstransitmag.com. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ Gökgöz Ergül, Merve (6 August 2018). Low emission zone study in İstanbul by using MODELS-3/CMAQ framework (masterThesis thesis). Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü.
- ^ "Turkey. 2020 National Inventory Report (NIR)". unfccc.int. Retrieved 9 November 2020.