U.S. Route 23 in Michigan
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North end | I-75 near Mackinaw City | |
Location | ||
Country | United States | |
State | Michigan | |
Counties | Monroe, Washtenaw, Livingston, Genesee, Saginaw, Bay, Arenac, Iosco, Alcona, Alpena, Presque Isle, Cheboygan, Emmet | |
Highway system | ||
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US Highway 23 (US 23) is a north–south
The first transportation routes along what is now US 23 in the state were sections of two Indian trails. In the early 20th century, four different auto trail names were applied to roads now a part of the highway. These roads were included as part of two state highways in the initial state highway system in 1919. When the United States Numbered Highway System was first designated on November 11, 1926, the new US 23 replaced the other designations along its route. Since creation, the road has been moved and realigned several times. Through the 1930s and 1940s, the lakeshore routing was created to replace a path that ran further inland through the northern portion of the state. Starting in the early 1950s, various sections in the southeastern and central areas of the Lower Peninsula were upgraded to freeways, bypassing several major cities in the area. These improvements were completed by the end of the 1960s. Since then a new crossing of the Saginaw River at Zilwaukee was built to replace a drawbridge that carried the I-75/US 23 freeway over a shipping channel.
Various memorial or tourist route designations have been applied to US 23 in the state since the 1980s. The highway has been a part of the
Route description
US 23 runs for 362.152 miles (582.827 km) through the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, serving as a freeway bypass to the west of
Southeastern Michigan
US 23 enters Michigan on a freeway northwest of Toledo, Ohio, concurrent with US 223. This freeway runs north through farm fields in rural western Monroe County near Lambertville. About five miles (8.0 km) north of the state line, US 223 leaves the freeway and turns west onto St. Anthony Road; US 23 continues northward on the freeway. South of Dundee, US 23 crosses the River Raisin before coming to an interchange with M-50 next to the Cabela's store west of town. North of town, the freeway passes near an industrial area.[3][4] Farther north, it crosses a line of the Ann Arbor Railroad[7] near Azalia as the trunkline runs to the east of Milan at the Monroe-Washtenaw county line.[3][4] North of Milan, the freeway crosses a line of the Norfolk Southern Railway.[7]
The landscape takes on a more suburban residential character as the freeway approaches the Ann Arbor area. There are separate interchanges for
North of Ann Arbor, the freeway runs through woodlands and near several lakes and features a flex route system allowing traffic to use the inner shoulder during peak times.[8] In the community of Whitmore Lake, US 23 crosses into Livingston County near the city's namesake body of water. East of Brighton, the freeway intersects I-96 and continues north to an intersection with M-59 south of Hartland. The highway turns northeasterly by Runyon Lake and runs toward the city of Fenton. The trunkline passes through town and bends back toward the northwest, running between lakes Ponemah and Fenton. Continuing north, the environment around US 23 transitions to rural farm fields as the freeway approaches the south side of the Flint area.[3][4]
Flint and the Tri-Cities area
West of Grand Blanc, US 23 meets I-75, and the two freeways merge near the Bishop International Airport and continue along the west side of the Flint metro area.[3][4] I-75/US 23 has an interchange with I-69 near the crossing with the Canadian National Railway line.[7] Continuing northwards through suburban residential areas, the highway crosses the Flint River while running along the west side of the city. In Mount Morris Township, the freeway intersects the northern end of I-475 before meeting M-57 near Clio.[3][4] The highest traffic totals along US 23 in the state of Michigan were recorded by MDOT near the M-57 interchange; in 2009 an average 68,800 vehicles used that section of freeway daily.[9] These traffic counts are expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway.
Near
Past the bridge, I-75/US 23 meets the northern end of I-675 and continues through fields and woods to the Bay City area. At exit 162, the freeway meets the eastern terminus of
Northern Michigan
US 23 runs north from the end of its freeway along Huron Road through the community of Standish. The trunkline turns northeasterly through lakeshore woodlands after the intersection with
Oscoda is the location of the eastern termini of both the
When US 23 enters Alpena, it follows State Street through town and turns northwesterly on Chisholm Street. The intersection of Chisholm and Washington streets marks the eastern terminus of M-32. Chisholm Street runs along the
US 23 follows the Lake Huron shoreline through Cheboygan County through woodlands past
History
Early history
Before Michigan became a state, the first land transportation corridors were the Indian trails.[13] The original Shore Trail ran roughly parallel to the route of the modern-day US 23 from the Bay City area to Cheboygan. Another section of the current highway followed the Saginaw Trail between Flint and Saginaw.[14]
Later, during the auto trail era, the modern-day US 23 also coincided with the east branch of the Dixie Highway and part of the Lower Peninsula section of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway. The Dixie Highway was created by William S. Gilbreath after he developed the Lincoln Highway. The highway was designed to link the Great Lakes with the Gulf of Mexico, and to commemorate a half century of peace between the North and the South after the American Civil War. At the urging of Governor Woodbridge N. Ferris, the northern terminus was located at the Straits of Mackinac. The highway had two branches in the Lower Peninsula; the eastern branch followed what later became US 23 north of Standish.[15] The Theodore Roosevelt International Highway was named for former US president Theodore Roosevelt after his death in 1919. Overall, this highway ran from Portland, Oregon, to Portland, Maine, by way of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario. In Michigan, it also followed US 23 north of Standish.[16]
The highway was also part of the East Michigan Pike, designed to be a counterpart of the West Michigan Pike on the other side of the Lower Peninsula. The original route of the East Michigan Pike included a section along the coast of
The first state highways along the US 23 corridor were numbered M-65 from the Ohio line north to the Flint area and M-10 from Flint north to Mackinaw City by July 1, 1919.[21][b] When originally designated, M-65 was in two sections: the southern segment ran from the Ohio state line north to the Dundee area; the northern section ran between Ann Arbor and Flint by way of Brighton and Fenton.[21] The gap between the two segments was eliminated by the middle of 1926.[23]
United States Numbered Highways
US 23 was commissioned on November 11, 1926, with the debut of the United States Numbered Highway System.[2][24] The MSHD removed the M-10 and M-65 designations from the highway at the time. As it was originally designated, US 23 crossed into Michigan from Ohio south of Temperance and ran north to Ypsilanti via Ida and Maybee. Once the highway entered Ann Arbor, it followed the roads that preceded the modern-day freeway up to Flint. From Flint to Saginaw, US 23 ran concurrently with US 10. On the way north to Bay City, the highway ran on the west side of the Saginaw River before turning north to the Standish area. From Standish to Mackinaw City, US 23 initially took a more inland route through the northeastern Lower Peninsula.[25]
Starting in 1929, MSHD started updating the route that US 23 followed through the Lower Peninsula. Late that year, the routing was moved to the east side of the Saginaw River, and M-47 was extended along the former course on the west side of the river.[26][27] During 1930, a set of changes realigned the highway's route through the southeast corner of the state. Near Ida, US 23 was rerouted along M-50 to Dundee and north through Milan to Ann Arbor, bypassing Maybee and Whittaker.[28] US 23 was moved from its inland routing between Omer and Tawas City via Whittemore to follow a shoreline alignment by way of Au Gres along Saginaw Bay around 1932; the former route through Twining and Whittemore became an extension of M-65 and the section from Whittemore east to Tawas City was added to M-55 as a part of these changes.[29][30]
In 1932, US 23 was moved closer to the lakeshore between
US 23 was moved to its current lakeshore routing between Rogers City and Cheboygan in 1940, and
Freeway conversion
One of the first pieces of what would later become part of US 23's
The first future freeway portion of US 23 was built in 1957 from north of Ann Arbor to Whitmore Lake as a divided highway.[54][55] On June 30, 1958, the first stretch of the "Fenton–Clio Expressway" opened, stretching from Fenton to Birch Run.[56] The freeway connection from Dundee south to Ohio was opened on October 1, 1959.[57] In late 1959, the portion from Flint to Birch Run also gained the I-75 designation.[58]
In late 1960 or early 1961, a new I-75/US 10/US 23 freeway was built from the north end of the Saginaw bypass to Kawkawlin, utilizing the Zilwaukee drawbridge (later replaced by the Zilwaukee Bridge) over the Saginaw River; when it opened, MSHD extended M-13 along the former route of US 23 from the northside of Saginaw into Bay City to the end of the freeway at Kawkawlin. Another section connected the Whitmore Lake area with Brighton in the same timeframe.[52][59] General Motors was bidding in 1961 to construct an electronic highway. US 23 between Ann Arbor and Toledo was under consideration to be the location of this project;[60] the testing for such a roadway was ultimately done at Ohio State University instead.[61] By the end of the year, freeway sections opened to bypass Saginaw south and ran south to Birch Run, another connected south from Fenton to Hartland, and a third connected Milan with Dundee.[62] The remaining gaps were eliminated with additional freeway openings in 1962: Brighton to Hartland opened in September,[63] and Milan to Ann Arbor opened in November.[64] The I-75/US 23 freeway north of the Kawkawlin area to Standish opened in 1967, and M-13 was shown on maps following US 23's former route through Linwood and Pinconning after the change.[65][66]
The MSHD requested additional Interstate Highway mileage in 1968 under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 including a freeway along US 23 between Standish and Mackinaw City.[67] This extension was rejected by Congress on December 13, 1968; instead, Michigan was allotted additional mileage for an extension of I-69 to Flint.[68] Once the last piece of I-75 was completed along the M-76 corridor in November 1973,[69] the I-75 designation was extended north of Bay City on US 23.[70]
The MSHD first proposed a realignment of US 223 in 1965; this change would reroute that highway to replace M-151 in southern Monroe County, and use the US 23 freeway to connect to Sylvania, Ohio.[71] The rerouting change was made in 1977 when Michigan shifted its segment of US 223 as proposed twelve years prior. Instead of running south through Ottawa Lake, US 223 continued east to the US 23 freeway and south into Ohio.[72][73]
The original bridge across the Saginaw River at Zilwaukee was built in 1960 as a bascule bridge to allow shipping traffic to use the river. Opening the drawbridge would back traffic up on I-75/US 10/US 23 for upwards of four hours on holiday weekends.[74] Approved in 1974, construction on the replacement bridge started in October 1979. A major construction accident in August 1982 delayed completion of the new Zilwaukee Bridge; a bridge pier partially collapsed when contractors overloaded a section under construction. The affected 300-foot (91 m) deck segment tilted to rest three feet (0.91 m) higher on one end and five feet (1.5 m) lower on the other.[10] The structure was originally supposed to cost $76.8 million with a 1983 completion date; in the end it cost $131.3 million (equivalent to $292 million in 2023[75]) when the southbound span finally opened on September 19, 1988.[76] The structure is the largest segmental concrete bridge in the country.[77]
While that construction was being done, MDOT truncated US 10 at Bay City in 1986; this removed the concurrency between US 10 and US 23 that existed since 1926.
External videos | |
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US-23 Ann Arbor, Michigan - Flex Lanes at YouTube |
In November 2016, construction work on a $92 million project began on the freeway between Ann Arbor and Whitmore Lake. This construction includes replacement of bridges and reconstruction of off ramps.[82][83] A year later, the flex route system opened, using intelligent traffic management and electronic signs to monitor and redirect traffic. The system can open a temporary travel lane on the inner shoulder during rush hour.[8] The flex route project was nationally recognized by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 2018 for Operations Excellence.[84] A $150 million extension to the interchange with I-96 is scheduled to begin in 2023 and be completed the following year.[83]
In March 2022, construction work began at the northern end of the freeway portion of US 23 just south of the city of Standish. This will remove a bridge and on-ramp at the end of the freeway, replacing it with a roundabout.[85]
Future
Officials in the Flint area have proposed extending a freeway to directly connect I-475 to US 23. Such an extension, if built, would "include a new freeway coming out of I-475, which would snake across Fenton and Cook roads before connecting into US 23 at Baldwin Road".[86] Proposals for the freeway connection have been around since the late 1990s,[87] but they were indefinitely postponed in 2011.[88]
Memorial highway designations and tourist routes
Most of US 23, along with US 2 in the Upper Peninsula, has been designated the United Spanish War Veterans Memorial Highway. The designation was conferred in Public Act 207 of 1945, with companion legislation for US 2 in 1949. Signs marking the highway were not erected until 1968 when Governor George W. Romney had them installed.[89]
North of Standish, US 23 is a part of the
When the
In May 2004, the highway north of Standish was named the Sunrise Side Coastal Highway, a scenic highway designation through what is now called the Pure Michigan Byway Program.[93] Since 2009, they local committee that manages the byway designation has started using the Huron Shores Heritage Route name for the corridor.[94] At the end of 2011, the Northeast Michigan Council of Governments (NEMCOG) was working on funding a tourist promotion called "Telling Stories of the Sunrise Coast" through the US 23 Heritage Route Interpretive Program. Past efforts by NEMCOG included print media, logos, and other marketing efforts.[95]
Historic bridges
MDOT maintains a listing of the historic bridges in the state; along US 23, the department has listed two structures. The bridge over the
The second bridge is the Cheboygan Bascule Bridge in Cheboygan. This bascule bridge was built in 1940 over the Cheboygan River as the last of its kind before World War II. It was built as a "two-leaf bridge in a place where a single-leaf bridge probably would have sufficed."[98] The initial construction of the structure was delayed when the contractor died, but it was completed in December 1940. It was the second moveable bridge on the site, replacing an iron swing bridge built in 1877.[98] The structure is 155 feet (47 m) long, composed of two 42-foot (13 m) spans on either side of the central 70-foot (21 m) span; the roadway is 40 feet (12 m) wide with four lanes for vehicle traffic. There are also pedestrian sidewalks on either side of the roadway. When the bridge is opened to allow river traffic to pass, boats have a 60-foot-wide (18 m) channel for navigation.[99] The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 1, 2000,[100] and reconstructed in 2003.[98]
Exit list
County | Location | mi[1] | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
US 223 south – Toledo | Ohio state line | |||||
1.487 | 2.393 | 1 | Sterns Road | |||
2.980 | 4.796 | 3 | Ottawa Lake, Lambertville | Connects to Consear Road | ||
5.098 | 8.204 | 5 | US 223 north – Blissfield, Adrian | Northern end of US 223 concurrency | ||
Summerfield Township | 8.711 | 14.019 | 9 | Summerfield Road | ||
13.75 | 22.13 | 13 | Petersburg, Ida | Connects to Ida West Road | ||
Dundee Township | 14.563– 15.315 | 23.437– 24.647 | 15 | Lloyd Road | Northbound exit and southbound entrance via Dixon Road | |
Dundee | 16.685 | 26.852 | 17 | M-50 – Dundee, Monroe | ||
Milan Township | 21.888 | 35.225 | 22 | Cone Road – Azalia | ||
Milan | 25.133 | 40.448 | 25 | Plank Road | ||
Washtenaw | 26.674 | 42.928 | 27 | Carpenter Road | ||
York Township | 30.638 | 49.307 | 31 | Willis Road | ||
Pittsfield Township | 34.026 | 54.760 | 34 | US 12 (Michigan Avenue) – Saline, Ypsilanti | Ypsilanti signed northbound only | |
collector-distributor lanes ; exit 180 on I-94 | ||||||
37.395 | 60.181 | 37 | Northern end of BL I-94 concurrency; western terminus of M-17; signed as exits 37A (M-17, Ypsilanti) and 37B (BL I-94 and Bus. US 23, Ann Arbor); BL I-94 and Bus. US 23 signed northbound only | |||
38.901 | 62.605 | 39 | Geddes Road | |||
41.286 | 66.443 | 41 | Plymouth Road | |||
42.411– 42.856 | 68.254– 68.970 | 42 | M-14 east – Plymouth, Livonia | Eastern end of M-14 concurrency; exit 8 on M-14 | ||
Downtown Ann Arbor | Western end of M-14 concurrency; no exit number on M-14 | |||||
Northfield Township | 49.137 | 79.078 | 49 | North Territorial Road | ||
50.239 | 80.852 | 50 | 6 Mile Road | |||
52.217 | 84.035 | 52 | Barker Road | Northbound exit and southbound entrance | ||
Hamburg, Whitmore Lake | Hamburg signed northbound only; connects to 8 Mile Road | |||||
Livingston | Green Oak Township | 53.835 | 86.639 | 54 | M-36 west – South Lyon, Pinckney | Signed as exits 54A (South Lyon) and 54B (M-36, Pinckney) northbound; eastern terminus of M-36 |
55.549 | 89.397 | 55 | Silver Lake Road | |||
58.209 | 93.678 | 58 | Lee Road – Brighton | Brighton signed northbound only, Lee Road signed southbound only | ||
Signed as exits 60A (east) and 60B (west); exit 148 on I-96 | ||||||
Hartland Township | 67.387 | 108.449 | 67 | M-59 – Howell, Pontiac | ||
70.464 | 113.401 | 70 | Clyde Road – Clyde | |||
Tyrone Township | 74.625 | 120.097 | 75 | Center Road | ||
76.949 | 123.837 | 77 | White Lake Road | |||
Genesee | Fenton | 78.550 | 126.414 | 78 | Owen Road – Fenton | |
79.673 | 128.221 | 79 | Silver Lake Road – Bus. US 23 | |||
79.847 | 128.501 | 80 | Torrey Road, North Road | Northbound ramps connect to Torrey Road; southbound ramps connect to North Road | ||
Fenton Township | 83.888 | 135.005 | 84 | Thompson Road | ||
Rankin | Connects to Grand Blanc Road | |||||
89.710 | 144.374 | 90 | Hill Road | Connector to I-475; access to southbound I-75 | ||
90.225– 90.446 | 145.203– 145.559 | 115 | I-75 south – Detroit | Southern end of I-75 concurrency; US 23 follows I-75 exit numbers; southbound exit and northbound entrance | ||
M-121; exit to Bishop International Airport | ||||||
Flint Township | 92.650– 93.091 | 149.106– 149.815 | 117 | I-69 / Miller Road – Port Huron, Lansing | Signed as exits 117A (I-69) and 117B (Miller Road); exit 133 on I-69 | |
94.185 | 151.576 | 118 | M-21 (Corunna Road) – Owosso | |||
Mount Morris Township | 97.397 | 156.745 | 122 | Pierson Road – Flushing | ||
100.620– 101.275 | 161.932– 162.986 | 125 | I-475 south – Downtown Flint | |||
101.421 | 163.221 | 126 | Mt. Morris | Connects to Mt. Morris Road | ||
Vienna Township | 105.507 | 169.797 | 131 | M-57 – Clio, Montrose | ||
Saginaw | Birch Run | 111.588 | 179.583 | 136 | M-54 south / M-83 north – Birch Run, Frankenmuth | Northern terminus of M-54, southern terminus of M-83 |
Bridgeport Township | 119.991 | 193.107 | 144 | Frankenmuth, Bridgeport | Signed as exits 144A (Frankenmuth) and 144B (Bridgeport) northbound; connects to Dixie Highway | |
Buena Vista Township | 124.714 | 200.708 | 149 | M-46 (Holland Avenue) – Sandusky, Buena Vista | Signed as exits 149A (Sandusky) and 149B (Buena Vista) | |
125.022 | 201.203 | 150 | I-675 north – Downtown Saginaw | |||
127.194 | 204.699 | 151 | M-81 – Caro, Reese | |||
128.406 | 206.649 | 153 | M-13 (East Bay City Road) – Saginaw | |||
Saginaw River | 128.041– 129.573 | 206.062– 208.528 | Zilwaukee Bridge | |||
Zilwaukee | 129.351 | 208.170 | 154 | Zilwaukee | Connects to Adams Street | |
Zilwaukee Township | 130.278– 130.304 | 209.662– 209.704 | 155 | I-675 south – Downtown Saginaw | ||
Bay | Frankenlust Township | 134.647 | 216.693 | 160 | M-84 (Saginaw Road) | |
BS I-75) – Downtown Bay City | Eastern terminus of US 10; western terminus of BS I-75/M-25; signed as exits 162A (east) and 162B (west); exit 140 on US 10 | |||||
139.412 | 224.362 | 164 | Kawkawlin | Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of Conn. M-13 | ||
140.204 | 225.636 | 164 | Wilder Road | Southbound exit and northbound entrance | ||
Kawkawlin Township | 144.374 | 232.347 | 168 | Beaver Road | ||
Fraser Township | 149.341 | 240.341 | 173 | Linwood Road – Linwood | ||
Pinconning Township | 157.353 | 253.235 | 181 | Pinconning Road – Pinconning | ||
Arenac | Lincoln Township | 163.906 | 263.781 | 188 | I-75 north – Mackinac Bridge | Northern end of I-75 concurrency |
LHCT south – Pinconning | Southern end of LHCT concurrency; northern end of freeway; northern terminus of M-13; converted from interchange to roundabout in 2022[85] | |||||
Standish | 168.672 | 271.451 | M-61 west – Gladwin | Eastern terminus of M-61 | ||
169.066 | 272.085 | Old M-76 – Sterling | ||||
Arenac–Au Gres township line | 177.138 | 285.076 | M-65 north – Whittemore, Hale | Southern terminus of M-65 | ||
Iosco | Tawas City | 204.565 | 329.215 | M-55 west – West Branch | Eastern terminus of M-55 | |
Oscoda | 220.181 | 354.347 | River Road National Scenic Byway west | Eastern terminus of the River Road National Scenic Byway | ||
221.046 | 355.739 | F-41 north – Oscoda–Wurtsmith Airport | Southern terminus of F-41 | |||
Mikado | Eastern terminus of F-30 | |||||
Harrisville | 236.989 | 381.397 | M-72 west – Curran | Eastern terminus of M-72 | ||
Caledonia Township | 252.168 | 405.825 | F-41 south (Barlow Road) – Lincoln | Northern terminus of F-41 | ||
Alpena | Alpena | 267.740– 267.829 | 430.886– 431.029 | M-32 west – Atlanta, Gaylord | Eastern terminus of M-32; M-32 follows a one-way pairing along Second (eastbound) and Third (westbound) avenues | |
Presque Isle | Pulawski Township | 296.960 | 477.911 | M-65 south – Posen | Northern terminus of M-65 | |
LHCT north (Petersville Road) – Downtown Rogers City | Southern terminus of Bus. US 23; Petersville Road signed southbound only | |||||
F-21 south – Hillman | Northern terminus of F-21 | |||||
305.398 | 491.490 | M-68 (Erie Street) – Onaway, Downtown Rogers City | ||||
306.320 | 492.974 | LHCT south (Third Street) – Downtown Rogers City | Northern terminus of Bus. US 23 | |||
F-05 south (Eastern Street) | Northern terminus of F-05 | |||||
Cheboygan | 346.327 | 557.359 | M-27 south – Indian River C-66 west (State Street) | Northern terminus of M-27; eastern terminus of C-66 | ||
Cheboygan–Emmet county line | Mackinaw City | 361.682 | 582.071 | To I-75 south (Nicolet Street) | Former M-108 on the county line; access to southbound I-75 | |
Emmet | 361.881– 362.152 | 582.391– 582.827 | I-75 north / GLCT – Mackinac Bridge | Northbound exit and southbound entrance; northern end of LHCT concurrency; exit 338 on I-75 | ||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
|
See also
Notes
References
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- ^ Knake, Lindsay (November 4, 2016). "Major Overhaul of US 23 North of Ann Arbor Begins Monday, Nov. 7". MLive. Booth Newspapers. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
- ^ a b Timar, Jennifer (July 28, 2020). "MDOT reveals US-23 Flex Route extension plans in Livingston County". Livingston Daily. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ Afana, Dana (April 1, 2019). "US 23 Flex Route to Get 7-Mile Extension to I-96". MLive. Booth Newspapers. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
- ^ a b French, Caitlyn (March 28, 2022). "Roundabout Replacing US-23 Bridge over M-13 in Arenac County, Says MDOT". MLive. Booth Newspapers. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
- ^ Bush, Allison (December 8, 2010). "Officials Reveal Plans for Possible Extension of I-475 to US 23; Residents Share Concerns". The Flint Journal. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
- OCLC 9974225.
- OCLC 9974225.
- ^ Barnett (2004), pp. 216–7.
- OCLC 9940134.
- ^ Barnett (2004), p. 229.
- ^ Barnett (2004), pp. 189–90.
- ^ "US 23 Heritage Route Gets Official Designation". Iosco County News-Herald. East Tawas, Michigan. May 12, 2004. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
- ^ Northeast Michigan Council of Governments; East Central Michigan Planning and Development Regional Commission (2009). US 23 Huron Shores Heritage Route Management Plan. Northeast Michigan Council of Governments.
- OCLC 849664529.
- ^ Hyde (1993), p. 85.
- ^ Federal Highway Administration (2010). "71171073000B020". National Bridge Inventory. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
- ^ a b c Friday, Matthew (December 7, 2011). "Bridging Our Local History". Mackinac Journal. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
- OCLC 849664529.
- OCLC 849664529.
External links
- Geographic data related to US 23 in Michigan at OpenStreetMap
- US 23 at Michigan Highways
- The Tug-of-War that is the US 23 Freeway at Michigan Highways
- US 23 at AARoads
- Discover Heritage Route 23 (Northeast Michigan Council of Governments)