User:Vtheubet
Additionnal modification were performed compared to the proposition in Status quo:
I recently discoverd that there was two articles on the specie Camelina sativa. One under "Camelina(genus)" and another one under "Camelina sativa". In order to rearrange logically the informations on wikipedia, I propose to limit the article "Camelina(genus)" to general informations about the genus Camelina and to put together the information on Camelina sativa under the article named "Camelina sativa". Thus, if we switch to the english version from a french/german version, we arrive on the article "Camelina sativa" and no information get lost if we don't visit the article "Camelina(genus)". I hope you understood what I did.
Link to Camelina (genus)
Article Camelina sativa is below.
Camelina | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
(unranked): | Angiosperms |
(unranked): | |
(unranked): | |
Order: | |
Family: | |
Genus: | |
Species: | C. sativa
|
Binomial name | |
Camelina sativa L. Crantz |
Camelina sativa is a
History
Camelina sativa has been traditionally cultivated as an oilseed crop to produce vegetable oil and animal feed. Ample archeological evidence shows it has been grown in Europe for at least 3,000 years. The earliest findsites include the
Neolithic levels at
Until the 1940s, camelina was an important oil crop in eastern and central Europe, and currently has continued to be cultivated in a few parts of Europe for its seed oil. Camelina oil was used in
Distribution
Today, camelina is found, wild or cultivated, in almost all regions of Europe, Asia, North America but also in South America, Australia and New Zealand.[7] Camelina seems to be particularly adapted to cold semi-arid climate zone (steppes and prairies).[8]
Plant characteristics
As a summer or winter
Seeds, which mature in seed pods, have a characteristic orange colour and a length of 1.5 to 2 cm. The 1,000-seed weight ranges from 0.8 to 2.0 g.[5]
Use
Human food
The crop is now being researched due to its exceptionally high levels (up to 45%) of
Because of its apparent health benefits and its technical stability, camelina oil are being added to the growing list of foods considered as
16:0 | 18:0 | 18:1 | 18:2(omega-6) | 18:3(omega-3) | 20:0 | 20:1 | 22:1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Camelina | 7.8 | 3.0 | 16.8 | 23.0 | 31.2 | 0 | 12.0 | 2.8 |
Canola | 6.2 | 0 | 61.3 | 21.6 | 6.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Linseed | 5.3 | 3.1 | 16.2 | 14.7 | 59.6 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 |
Sunflower | 6.0 | 4.0 | 16.5 | 72.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Biodiesel and jet fuel
The US state of Montana has recently been growing more camelina for its potential as a biofuel and biolubricant.[10] Plant scientists at the University of Idaho, Washington State University, and other institutions also are studying this emerging biodiesel.[11]
Studies have shown camelina-based
KLM, the Royal Dutch Airline, was the first airline to operate a passenger-carrying flight using biofuel. On 23 November 2009, a Boeing 747 flew, carrying a limited number of passengers, with one of its four engines running on a 50/50 mix of biofuel and kerosene.[19][20]
In June, 2011, a
Animal feed
Camelina has been approved as a cattle feed supplement in the US,[23] as well as an ingredient (up to 10% of the ration) in broiler chicken feed[24] and laying hen feed.[25] Camelina meal, the byproduct of camelina when the oil has been extracted, has a significant crude protein content. "Feeding camelina meal significantly increased (p < 0.01) omega-3 [fatty acid] concentration in both breast and thigh meat [of turkeys] compared to control group." Medical research indicates a diet abundant in omega-3 fatty acids is beneficial to human health.[26]
Use in Canada
Current acres in Canada are approximately 50 000. The Camelina Association of Canada projects Canada could have 1 to 3 million acres planted in it in the future. Several factors challenge the spread of camelina cultivation in Canada: it does not have government crop classification, and camelina meal is not approved as livestock feed. In early 2010, Health Canada approved camelina oil as a food in Canada.[27]
Agronomics
Cultivation
Camelina is a short-season crop (85-100 days) and grows well in the temperate climate zone in light or medium soils. Camelina is general seeded in mars to mai but can also be seeded in fall in mild climate [28].
A seeding rate of 3–14 kg/ha is recommended with an raw intervall of 12 to 20 cm[29]. Seeding depth should not exceed 1cm. With high seeding rate, these independently noncompetitive seedlings become competitive against weeds because of their density. The seedlings are early emerging and can withstand mild frosts in the spring. Minimal seedbed preparation is needed to etablish camelina.[5]
Usually, camelina don’t need any field interventions. However, perennial weeds may be difficult to control. Some specialized oilseed herbicides can be used on camelina. Also, camelina is highly resistant to black leg and Alternaria brassicae. But it can be susceptible to sclerotinia stem rot. No insect has be found to cause economic damages to camelina.[5]
Camelina needs little water or nitrogen to flourish, it can be grown on marginal agricultural lands. Fertilization requirements depend on soils but are generally low. It may be used as a rotation crop for wheat other cereals, to increase the health of the soil.[30] Camelina can also show some allelopathic traits and can be grown in mixed crop with cereals or legumes (inspection Canada)
.
Camelina is harvested and seeded with conventional farming equipment, which makes adding it to a crop rotation relatively easy for farmers who do not already grow it.[31][32]
Seed yields vary depending on conditions and can reach 2700 kg/ha (2400 lb/acre).[5]
Cultivars
North America: Blaine Creek, Suneson, Platte, Cheyenne, SO-40, SO-50, SO-60
Europe: Epona, Celine, Calena, Lindo, Madonna, Konto
Invasive species
The subspecies C. sativa subsp. linicola is considered a weed in flax fields. In fact, attempts to separate its seed from flax seeds with a winnowing machine over the years have selected for seeds which are similar in size to flax seeds, an example of Vavilovian mimicry.
Gallery
See also
References
- ^ Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), pp. 138f
- ISBN 1-84171-949-8
- ^ Jones, G.; Valamoti, S.M. (2005), "Lallemantia, an imported or introduced oil plant in Bronze Age northern Greece", Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14 (4): 571–577, doi:10.1007/s00334-005-0004-z
- ISBN 0-415-23259-7
- ^ a b c d e f Ehrensing, D. T. and Guy, S. O. 2008. Camelina. EM 8953-E. Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis, OR, USA. [Online] Available: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/em/em8953-e.pdf [28 Sept. 2009].
- ^ http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-314.html
- ^ http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plants-with-novel-traits/applicants/directive-94-08/biology-documents/camelina-sativa-l-/eng/1330971423348/1330971509470
- ^ Francis, A. and Warwick, S. I. 2009. The biology of Canadian weeds. 142. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell.; C. microcarpa Andrz. Ex DC.; C. sativa (L.) Crantz. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89: 791–810.
- ^ Gugel, R.K. and Falk, K.C. 2006. Agronomic and seed quality evaluation of camelina sativa in western Canada. Can. J. Pl. Sci. 86: 1047-1058
- ^ http://www.montana.edu/biobased
- ^ http://www.biodiesel.org/news/bulletin/2007/120307.htm
- ^ Matthew McDermott "40,000 Gallons of Camelina Chosen for US Navy's Aviation Biofuel Test Program" Treehugger
- ^ "Inside the Ring", Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 24 December 2009, page B1.
- ^ "Air Force officials take step toward cleaner fuel, energy independence"
- ^ http://www.gizmag.com/f-22-raptor-biofuel-flight/18218/
- ^ Johnson, Andrew (September 2, 2011). "Blue Angels Use Biofuel at Patuxent Air Show.". United States Department of Defense (press release). Retrieved September 3, 2011.
- ^ Lendon, Brad (September 3, 2011). "Blue Angels to fly on biofuels.". CNN. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
- ^ Bowen, Holley (July 29, 2011). "Air Force wants 50% use of biofuel by 2016.". Standard-Examiner. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
- ^ http://www.volkskrant.nl/economie/article1311609.ece/KLM_vervoert_passagiers_op_plantenbrandstof?source=rss
- ^ Howell, Katie (November 23, 2009). "KLM Carries Passengers in Biofuel Test Flight". The New York Times.
- ^ "Gulfstream G450 First Aircraft to Cross Atlantic Using Biofuels"
- ^ (Dutch) NRC (14 March 2012)Dutch company grows bio/diesel in Fukushima
- ^ "FDA approves camelina as cattle feed supplement"
- ^ "FDA approves camelina meal as broiler chicken feed (02/17/09)"
- ^ "Camelina Meal OKd To Be Included In Laying Hen Rations"
- ^ "Feeding Camelina SATIVA to Meat Turkeys, Western Meeting of Poultry Clinicians and Pathologists"
- ^ http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=67a5b5a3-b4fc-402b-9ede-abcebb2b64b8
- ^ Hunter, Joel and Greg Roth 2010. Camelina Production and Potential in Pennsylvania, Agronomy Facts 72. College of Agricultural Sciences, Crop and Soil Sciences, Pennsylvania State University.
- ^ Fiche technique, Agridea, Suisse
- ^ http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/06/biofuel-could-lighten-jet-fuels-carbon-footprint-over-80-percent?cmpid=WNL-Wednesday-June24-2009
- ^ http://www.susoils.com/camelina/
- ^ http://www.susoils.com/opportunities/protocol_spring.php
External links
- "Evaluation of Camelina sativa oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production", Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 21 Issue 1 (January 2005), pp. 25-31
- USDA Plants Profile for Camelina Crantz
- USDA Plants Profile for Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. aka Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz ssp. microcarpa
- JAL Flight Brings Aviation One Step Closer to Using Biofuel
- First Green Supersonic Jet to Launch on Earth Day
- Jepson Manual Treatment
- USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network Listing for Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz
- Agricultural Research Service Researching Camelina as New Biofuel Crop
- Camelina Sativa: a Multiuse Oil Crop for Biofuel, Omega-3 Cooking Oil, and Protein/Oil Source for Animal Feed
- Biofuel-powered U.S. Air Force F-22 Raptor breaks sound barrier
Category:Brassicaceae
Category:Flora of Europe
Category:Crops originating from Asia
Category:Biodiesel feedstock sources
Category:Biofuels
Category:Non-food crops