Washington County, Arkansas
Washington County | |
---|---|
UTC−5 (CDT) | |
ZIP Codes | 72701, 72703, 72704, 72717, 72727, 72729, 72730, 72738, 72744, 72749, 72753, 72761, 72762, 72764, 72769, 72773, 72774, 72959 |
Area code | 479 |
Congressional district | 3rd |
Website | www |
Washington County is a regional economic, educational, and cultural hub in the
Located within the
Washington County occupies 951.72 square miles (243,220 ha) and contained a population of 245,871 people in 89,249 households as of the 2020 Census, ranking it 4th in size and 3rd in population among the state's 75 counties.[2] The economy is largely based on the business/management, education, sales, office/administration, and poultry production industries. Poverty rates, median household income, and unemployment rates best state averages, but lag national trends.
Washington County has long had a reputation for education in the state. The University of Arkansas, the largest four-year college in the state, was established in Fayetteville in 1871. A Washington County campus of the Northwest Arkansas Community College was opened in 2019 in Springdale. Today, Washington County contains eight public school districts, including two of the largest districts in the state (Springdale Public Schools and Fayetteville Public Schools) and two private schools.
It is included in the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
Washington County began as part of the Cherokee Territory, following an 1817 treaty. The area was next known as
In 1856, what appears to be an act of vengeance, prompted by a Black woman killing, in self-defense, a white man who sexually assaulted her, led to the lynching of two Black men and the hanging of another.[5]
The economy of Washington County was based on apples in the late 19th century. A mixture of wet weather, altitude, and loamy soils provided a good environment for apple orchards.
Geography
The county is located in the
Washington County has a total area of 951.72 square miles (2,464.9 km2), of which 945.43 square miles (2,448.7 km2) is land and 6.29 square miles (16.3 km2) (0.6%) is water.[13] It is the fourth-largest county by area in Arkansas.[1]
The county is located approximately 112 miles (180 km) east of
Geology
Washington County sits on a
Sediments were deposited from the
Settlers were attracted to the area by its numerous streams, used to power gristmills, sandstones and clays for use in construction, lime-sweetened soil, and chert for road construction.[18]
Today, Washington County consists of two main formations, the Boston Mountains and the Springfield Plateau. During the late Pennsylvanian, sediments were deposited on top of the Springfield Plateau. The area was uplifted during the Ouachita orogeny and subsequent erosion formed the rugged Boston Mountains. Erosion of these sediments causes the Boston Mountains to be carved steeply in the south, while in the north of the county, the Boston Mountain sediments are almost entirely eroded, exposing the older rocks of the Springfield Plateau.
Hydrology
Washington County fits within three regional watersheds: the eastern half drains to the
As a mountainous county, it contains only one natural lake and several
Protected areas
Washington County contains three discontinuous segments of the
The
Devil's Den State Park in southern Washington County is known for its picturesque views and mountain vistas.[24] Prairie Grove Battlefield State Park was the site of the Battle of Prairie Grove, fought December 7, 1862, in the American Civil War. The park offers tours of the battlefield and period structures and contains the Hindman Museum, which preserves artifacts and interprets the history of the battle. Arkansas's largest Civil War battle reenactment takes place on t he battlefield in December of even numbered years.
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1830 | 2,182 | — | |
1840 | 7,148 | 227.6% | |
1850 | 9,970 | 39.5% | |
1860 | 14,673 | 47.2% | |
1870 | 17,266 | 17.7% | |
1880 | 23,844 | 38.1% | |
1890 | 32,024 | 34.3% | |
1900 | 34,256 | 7.0% | |
1910 | 33,889 | −1.1% | |
1920 | 35,468 | 4.7% | |
1930 | 39,255 | 10.7% | |
1940 | 41,114 | 4.7% | |
1950 | 49,979 | 21.6% | |
1960 | 55,797 | 11.6% | |
1970 | 77,370 | 38.7% | |
1980 | 100,494 | 29.9% | |
1990 | 113,409 | 12.9% | |
2000 | 157,715 | 39.1% | |
2010 | 203,065 | 28.8% | |
2020 | 245,871 | 21.1% | |
2023 (est.) | 261,549 | [25] | 6.4% |
U.S. Decennial Census[26] 1790–1960[27] 1900–1990[28] 1990–2000[29] 2010–2019[30] 2020[2] |
2020 Census
Race | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic)
|
160,566 | 69.75% |
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)
|
8,330 | 3.89% |
Native American
|
2,443 | 0.99% |
Asian
|
5,631 | 2.79% |
Pacific Islander
|
8,734 | 3.55% |
Other/Mixed
|
15,412 | 6.27% |
Latino
|
44,755 | 17.55% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 245,871 people, 89,249 households, and 56,596 families residing in the county.
2010 Census
As of the
There were 76,389 households, out of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.18.[32]
In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 14.9% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.[32]
The median income for a household in the county was $42,303, and the median income for a family was $52,300. Males had a median income of $37,430 versus $28,990 for females. The
2000 Census
As of the
There were 60,151 households, out of which 32.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.30% were married couples living together, 9.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.40% were non-families. 25.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.07.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.00% under the age of 18, 15.30% from 18 to 24, 30.20% from 25 to 44, 19.50% from 45 to 64, and 9.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $34,691, and the median income for a family was $42,795. Males had a median income of $29,428 versus $21,769 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,347. About 9.40% of families and 14.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.50% of those under age 18 and 10.20% of those age 65 or over.
Human resources
Education
Washington County has historically been known as a center for education in Arkansas. Cane Hill College in Canehill was the first college in Arkansas, prior to the University of Arkansas's founding in 1871.
A 2012 study found 84.2% of Washington County residents over age 25 held a high school degree or higher and 31.9% holding a bachelor's degree or higher. The Washington County high school rates are similar to state and national averages of 84.8% and 86.7%, respectively. The bachelor's degree rate is the second-highest of any county in Arkansas (statewide average of 21.1%, only behind Pulaski County's 33.7%), but only slightly above the national averages of 29.8%.[36]
Primary and secondary education
School districts include:[37]
- Elkins School District
- Farmington School District
- Fayetteville School District
- Greenland Public Schools
- Lincoln School District
- Prairie Grove School District
- Siloam Springs Schools
- Springdale School District
- West Fork School District
Private schools:
- Haas Hall Academy[38]
- Ozark MontessoriAcademy Springdale
Higher education
The University of Arkansas at Fayetteville was founded in 1871 on the site of a hilltop farm that overlooked the
The Northwest Arkansas Community College opened a campus in Springdale in 2019.[43]
Library system
Washington County is home to the
Public health
- Arkansas Children's Northwest Hospital
- Encompass Health Rehabilitation Hospital
- Mercy Hospital Northwest Arkansas
- Northwest Medical Center
- Behavior Health Unit
- Emergency Department
- Willow Creek Women's Hospital
- Physicians' Specialty Hospital
- Parkhill The Clinic for Women
- Regency Hospital
- Springwoods Behavioral Health Hospital
- Vantage Point Behavioral Health Hospital
- Veterans Health Care System of the Ozarks
- Washington Regional Medical Center
Public safety
The Washington County Sheriff's Office is the primary law enforcement agency in the county. The agency is led by the Washington County Sheriff, an official elected by countywide vote every four years. Ten municipalities have police departments providing law enforcement in their respective jurisdictions; Goshen, Tontitown, and Winslow contract with the Washington County Sheriff's Office for law enforcement services. All municipalities contract with the Washington County Sheriff's Office for incarceration at the Washington County Detention Center in Fayetteville. The University of Arkansas Police Department provides law enforcement on the campus of the University of Arkansas in close cooperation with the Fayetteville PD.
The county is under the jurisdiction of the Washington County District Court, a state district court.[44] State district courts in Arkansas are courts of original jurisdiction for misdemeanors offenses and civil, small claims, and traffic matters.[45] Local district courts are presided over by full-time judges in countywide elections.
Superseding district court jurisdiction is the 4th Judicial Circuit Court, which covers Washington and Madison counties. The 4th Circuit contains seven circuit judges, elected to six-year terms circuitwide.[46]
Culture and contemporary life
Washington County has several facilities, monuments, and museums dedicated to preserving the history and culture of the area. The
Over 100 properties are listed on the
Annual cultural events
Many cultural events take place in Washington County annually. Some of the largest include:
- Arkansas Razorbacks football games in fall, estimated to bring 156,765 visitors from outside Northwest Arkansas in 2018[47]
- Walmart Shareholder's Meeting at Bud Walton Arena brings over 5,000 employees to Fayetteville from around the world.[48]
- Bikes, Blues, & BBQ motorcycle rally on Dickson Street in Fayetteville with over 400,000 people attending over four days[49]
- Roots Fest, annual five-day music and food festival in Fayetteville[50][51]
- Battle of Prairie Grove Reenactment, hundreds of Civil War reenactors camp and fight at Prairie Grove Battlefield State Park in December of even-numbered years[52]
- NWA Pride, the largest LGBTQ+ Pride event in the state held in Fayetteville every June.
Government
The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission. The Washington County Quorum Court has fifteen members.[53] Presiding over quorum court meetings is the county judge, who serves as the chief operating officer of the county. The county judge is elected at-large and does not vote in quorum court business, although capable of vetoing quorum court decisions.[54][55]
Current Government
The current County Judge is Republican Patrick Deakins, who was elected to replace Judge Joseph Wood, who retired to run for Arkansas Lieutenant Governor. He defeated Democrat Josh Moody in the November 2022 election by 4.46%.
The composition of the Quorum Court following the 2022 midterm elections is 11 Republicans and 4 Democrats. The Democrats hold only seats that represent Fayetteville, while the Republicans hold every other seat. Incumbents are:
- District 1: Coleman Taylor (R); Appointed by Governor Sarah Huckabee Sanders, following the resignation of the former officeholder.
- District 2: David Wilson (R); Elected in 2022.
- District 3: Sean Simons (R); Elected in 2020.
- District 4: Vacant since March 22, 2023[56]
- District 5: Kyle Lyons (R); Elected in 2022.
- District 6: Lisa Ecke (R); Elected in 2014
- District 7: Charles Dean (R); Elected in 2022.
- District 8: Shawndra Washington (D); Elected in 2018.
- District 9: Beth Coger (D); Elected in 2022.
- District 10: Robert Dennis (R); Elected in 2020.
- District 11: Suki Highers (D); Elected in
- District 12: Evelyn Ríos Stafford; Elected in 2020.
- District 13: Willie Leming; Elected in 2018
- District 14: Gary Ricker; Elected in 2022.
- District 15: Butch Pond; Elected in 2002.
Taxation
Property tax is assessed by the Washington County Assessor annually based upon the fair market value of the property and determining which tax rate, commonly called a millage in Arkansas, will apply. The rate depends upon the property's location with respect to city limits, school district, and special tax increment financing (TIF) districts. This tax is collected by the Washington County Collector between the first business day of March of each year through October 15 without penalty. The Washington County Treasurer disburses tax revenues to various government agencies, such as cities, county road departments, fire departments, libraries, and police departments in accordance with the budget set by the quorum court.
Sales and use taxes in Arkansas are voter approved and collected by the Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration. Arkansas's statewide
Politics
US Congress
In Congress, Arkansas has been represented by two Republican senators (John Boozman and Tom Cotton) since January 3, 2015, ending a long history of Democratic hegemony.
In the
Arkansas Senate
Washington County is divided between 5 State Senate districts. They are:
- District 29: Represented by Jim Petty (R) since 2023. Contains West Fork and Elkins within Washington County and Mountainburg, Alma, and Van Buren within Crawford County.
- District 30: Represented by Greg Leding (D) since 2019. Contains the majority of Fayetteville. One of only 2 seats entirely within Washington County.
- District 31: Represented by Clint Penzo (R) since 2023. Contains Springdale, Tontitown, Elm Springs, and Johnson. One of only two seats entirely within Washington County.
- District 32: Represented by Joshua Bryant (R) since 2023. Contains rural northeastern Washington County and part of Lowell, part of Rogers, and Pea Ridge in Benton County.
- District 35: Represented by Tyler Dees since 2023. Contains most of rural western Washington County, including Farmington, Prairie Grove, and Lincoln, in addition to Siloam Springs, Gravette, Decatur, and Gentry in Benton County.
Arkansas House Of Representatives
Washington County is divided between 10 State House districts.[59] They are:
- District 9: Represented by DeAnna Hodges (R) since 2023. The first majority-latino district in Arkansas history. Contains parts of eastern Springdale.
- District 11: Represented by Rebecca Burkes (R) since 2023. Contains downtown and northern Springdale and stretches up into Lowell in Benton County.
- District 18: Represented by Robin Lundstrum (R) since 2015. Contains Tontitown, Elm Springs, and parts of eastern Springdale
- District 19: Represented by Steve Unger (R) since 2023. Contains Springdale and parts of northern Fayetteville.
- District 20: Represented by Denise Garner since 2019. Contains parts of north and eastern Fayetteville.
- District 21: Represented by Nicole Clowney since 2019. Contains central and downtown Fayetteville.
- District 22: Represented by David Whitaker since 2013. Contains Farmington and parts of western Fayetteville.
- District 23: Represented by Kendra Moore since 2023. Contains Lincoln, Greenland, West Fork, and rural western Washington County.
- District 24: Represented by Charlene Fite since 2013. Contains rural southwestern Washington County, with the bulk of the district overlapping Alma, Cedarville, and Kibler in Crawford County.
- District 25: Represented by Chad Puryear since 2023. This district stretches across 3 counties and contains the towns of Elkins, Mountainburg, and Mulberry in Washington County, Crawford County, and Franklin County, respectively.
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 47,504 | 50.39% | 43,824 | 46.49% | 2,938 | 3.12% |
2016 | 41,476 | 50.67% | 33,366 | 40.76% | 7,019 | 8.57% |
2012 | 39,688 | 56.33% | 28,236 | 40.07% | 2,536 | 3.60% |
2008 | 37,963 | 55.52% | 29,021 | 42.44% | 1,396 | 2.04% |
2004 | 35,726 | 55.73% | 27,597 | 43.05% | 780 | 1.22% |
2000 | 28,231 | 54.86% | 21,425 | 41.64% | 1,803 | 3.50% |
1996 | 19,476 | 44.30% | 20,419 | 46.44% | 4,072 | 9.26% |
1992 | 20,292 | 42.38% | 22,029 | 46.01% | 5,559 | 11.61% |
1988 | 23,601 | 64.38% | 12,557 | 34.25% | 500 | 1.36% |
1984 | 24,993 | 68.10% | 11,319 | 30.84% | 386 | 1.05% |
1980 | 20,788 | 58.69% | 12,276 | 34.66% | 2,357 | 6.65% |
1976 | 14,132 | 47.37% | 15,610 | 52.32% | 92 | 0.31% |
1972 | 17,523 | 70.94% | 7,108 | 28.78% | 70 | 0.28% |
1968 | 10,640 | 48.67% | 6,131 | 28.04% | 5,092 | 23.29% |
1964 | 6,856 | 40.16% | 10,166 | 59.55% | 48 | 0.28% |
1960 | 10,088 | 64.34% | 5,391 | 34.38% | 200 | 1.28% |
1956 | 7,683 | 60.87% | 4,857 | 38.48% | 83 | 0.66% |
1952 | 8,650 | 63.55% | 4,923 | 36.17% | 38 | 0.28% |
1948 | 2,859 | 40.42% | 3,493 | 49.38% | 722 | 10.21% |
1944 | 3,084 | 49.73% | 3,089 | 49.81% | 28 | 0.45% |
1940 | 1,819 | 38.29% | 2,873 | 60.48% | 58 | 1.22% |
1936 | 1,579 | 31.73% | 3,378 | 67.87% | 20 | 0.40% |
1932 | 1,502 | 22.77% | 4,971 | 75.36% | 123 | 1.86% |
1928 | 3,132 | 56.26% | 2,395 | 43.02% | 40 | 0.72% |
1924 | 1,466 | 35.90% | 2,281 | 55.87% | 336 | 8.23% |
1920 | 2,118 | 43.41% | 2,637 | 54.05% | 124 | 2.54% |
1916 | 1,625 | 35.74% | 2,922 | 64.26% | 0 | 0.00% |
1912 | 565 | 18.01% | 1,881 | 59.96% | 691 | 22.03% |
1908 | 1,704 | 36.19% | 2,748 | 58.36% | 257 | 5.46% |
1904 | 1,369 | 38.72% | 1,978 | 55.94% | 189 | 5.35% |
1900 | 1,347 | 32.60% | 2,658 | 64.33% | 127 | 3.07% |
1896 | 1,197 | 26.93% | 3,208 | 72.17% | 40 | 0.90% |
1892 | 1,871 | 40.57% | 2,457 | 53.27% | 284 | 6.16% |
Year | Democratic | Republican | Other
|
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 0.00% 0 | 53.3% 49,361 | 46.7% 43,205 |
Year | Democratic | Republican | Other
|
---|---|---|---|
2018 | 42.6% 28,051 | 54.6% 35,967 | 0.00% 0 |
Year | Democratic | Republican | Other
|
---|---|---|---|
2018
|
46.1% 30,251 | 51% 33,459 | 0.00% 0 |
Communities
Cities
- Elkins
- Elm Springs (partly in Benton County)
- Farmington
- Fayetteville (county seat)
- Goshen
- Greenland
- Johnson
- Lincoln
- Prairie Grove
- Springdale (partly in Benton County)
- Tontitown
- West Fork
- Winslow
Census-designated places
Other unincorporated communities
- Appleby
- Arnett
- Baldwin
- Banyard
- Black Oak
- Blackburn
- Blue Springs Village
- Brentwood
- Clyde
- Durham
- Dutch Mills
- Fayette Junction
- Floss
- Gulley
- Habberton
- Harmon
- Harris
- Hazel Valley
- Hicks
- Hogeye
- Hubbard
- Mayfield
- McNair
- Mount Olive
- Oak Grove
- Odell
- Onda
- Pilgrim's Rest
- Pitkin Corner
- Rhea
- Rochelle Riviera
- Savoy
- Shady Grove
- Skylight
- Sonora
- Spring Valley
- Starks
- Steele
- Strain
- Strickler
- Sulphur City
- Sunset
- Suttle
- Tolu
- Tuttle
- Viney Grove
- Walnut Grove
- War Eagle Cove
- Weddington
- Wedington Woods
- Wheeler
- White Rock
- Woolsey
- Wyman
- Wyola
Townships
Townships in Arkansas are the divisions of a county. Each township includes unincorporated areas and some may have incorporated towns or cities within part of their space. Townships have limited purposes in modern times. However, they are of value for historical purposes in terms of genealogical research. Each town or city is within one or more townships in an Arkansas county based on census maps. The townships of Washington County are listed below. In Washington County, each incorporated town/city is at least partially located within its namesake township.[61][62]
- Boston
- Brush Creek
- Cane Hill
- Center
- Cove Creek
- Crawford
- Durham
- Dutch Mills
- Elkins (Elkins)
- Elm Springs (Elm Springs)
- Farmington (Farmington)
- Fayetteville (Fayetteville)
- Goshen (Goshen)
- Greenland (Greenland)
- Harmon
- Illinois
- Johnson (Johnson)
- Lee's Creek
- Lincoln (Lincoln)
- Litteral
- Marrs Hill
- Morrow
- Prairie
- Prairie Grove (Prairie Grove)
- Reed
- Rhea's Mill
- Richland
- Springdale (most of Springdale)
- Starr Hill
- Tontitown (Tontitown)
- Valley
- Vineyard
- Wedington
- West Fork (West Fork)
- White River
- Winslow (Winslow)
- Wyman
Infrastructure
Major highways
Washington County has contained the
- Interstate 49
- U.S. Route 62
- U.S. Route 71
- U.S. Route 412
- U.S. Route 71B
- Highway 16
- Highway 45
- Highway 59
- Highway 74
- Highway 112
- Highway 156
- Highway 170
- Highway 180
- Highway 220
- Highway 244
- Highway 265
- Highway 303
Transit
Utilities
The Arkansas Department of Health is responsible for the regulation and oversight of public water systems throughout the state. Washington County contains twelve community water systems, including two of the largest distribution systems in the state: the City of Fayetteville (retail population served of 94,000)[63] and Springdale Water Utilities (SWU, 87,618)[64] Both water systems purchase all potable water from Beaver Water District. Many of the smaller cities in Washington County purchase water from Fayetteville, SWU, Benton-Washington Regional Public Water Authority (PWA, colloquially "Two-Ton") or Washington Water Authority (WWA), including Elkins, Lincoln, Tontitown, West Fork, and Winslow.[65]
See also
- Arkansas Highway 156 (1973–1981), former state highway in Washington County
- List of counties in Arkansas
- List of lakes in Washington County, Arkansas
- List of places named for George Washington
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Arkansas
Notes
References
- ^ U.S. Department of Transportation (October 16, 2014). Arkansas County Polygons(SHP file) (Map). Arkansas GIS Office. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
- ^ a b "2020 Census Data". data.census.gov.
- ^ Keck, Wallace (1994). History & Self-Guiding Tour of the Upper Lee Creek Valley & Devil's Den State Park. Little Rock, AR: Arkansas State Parks. p. 6.
- ^ a b Keck, Wallace (1994). History & Self-Guiding Tour of the Upper Lee Creek Valley & Devil's Den State Park. Little Rock, AR: Arkansas State Parks. p. 7.
- ^ Hightower, Lara Jo (May 14, 2021). "Moment To Remember: Project memorializes three enslaved men". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
- ^ "Early Days in the Fruit Empire". Washington County History. Springdale, Arkansas: Shiloh Museum of Ozark History. 1989. p. 232.
- ^ Washington County History. Springdale, Arkansas: Shiloh Museum of Ozark History. 1989. p. 233.
- ^ "Apple Varieties". Washington County History. Springdale, Arkansas: Shiloh Museum of Ozark History. 1989. p. 235.
- ^ Leflar, Robert (1972). First 100 Years: Centennial History of the University of Arkansas. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Foundation, Inc. p. 67.
- ^ "The Railroad". Washington County History. Springdale, Arkansas: Shiloh Museum of Ozark History. 1989. p. 237.
- ^ a b Keck, Wallace (1994). History & Self-Guiding Tour of the Upper Lee Creek Valley & Devil's Den State Park. Little Rock, AR: Arkansas State Parks. p. 8.
- ^ This article incorporates public domain material from Woods, A.J., Foti, T.L., Chapman, S.S., Omernik, J.M.; et al. Ecoregions of Arkansas (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 2, 2021.
{{citation}}
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- ^ "Google Maps (Search for Fayetteville, AR)". Retrieved October 14, 2019.
- ^ Mathis (1989). Washington County History. Springdale, AR: Shiloh Museum. p. 9.
- ^ a b Mathis (1989). Washington County History. Springdale, AR: Shiloh Museum. p. 11.
- ^ Mathis (1989). Washington County History. Springdale, AR: Shiloh Museum. p. 14.
- ^ Mathis (1989). Washington County History. Springdale, AR: Shiloh Museum. p. 2.
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- ^ "Elkhorn Springs". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. April 30, 1980. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
- ^ "Elm Springs". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. April 30, 1980. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
- ^ "Greathouse Spring". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. April 30, 1980. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
- ^ "Wildlife Management Area Details". Wedington WMA. Little Rock: Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
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- ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010, 2010 Demographic Profile Data, Washington County, Arkansas". 2010 United States Census. Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
- ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics, Washington County, Arkansas". American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
- 2000 censusdata
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
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- ^ Academy, Haas Hall (2012). "Haas Hall Academy". Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
- The Northwest Arkansas Times. Fayetteville. p. 7. Retrieved February 9, 2020 – via NewsBank: America's News.
- ^ Walkenhorst, Emily (September 27, 2019). "Arkansas' community colleges gaining for first time in several years". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Little Rock: Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc. pp. 1, 6. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
- ^ "UofA enrollment at 27,194, overall diversity at new high". The Saline Courier. Benton. September 16, 2016. p. A5 – via NewsBank: America's News.
- ^ Adame, Jamie (April 14, 2016). "Shift would raise bar for UA out-of-staters". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Little Rock: Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc. p. 9. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
- ^ Perozek, Dave (December 13, 2019). "College opens new campus in Springdale - NWACC officials expect about 800 students to enroll". Northwest Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Fayetteville: Northwest Arkansas Newspapers LLC. pp. 9, 11. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
- ^ "Directory" (2016), p. 54 .
- ^ Staff of the Arkansas Judiciary (July 1, 2019). "District Courts". Arkansas Judiciary. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
- ^ "Directory" (2016), p. 10 .
- ^ Jebaraj, Mervin (February 2019). "The Economic Impact of the University of Arkansas" (PDF). Fayetteville: Sam M. Walton College of Business, University of Arkansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- OCLC 36098632. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ^ Martin-Brown, Becca (September 22, 2019). "More, More, More! Now 20, Bikes, Blues & BBQ revs its engines". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Little Rock, AR: Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc.
- ^ Hightower, Lara (August 18, 2019). "It Takes A Village: Volunteers are key to keeping Roots Fest sustainable". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Little Rock, AR: Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- ^ Murphy, Jocelyn (August 18, 2019). "Roots Returns: Music, food fest celebrates 10 years". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Little Rock, AR: Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- ^ Staff of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette (December 2, 2016). "FYI". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Little Rock, AR: Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via NewsBank.
- ^ "Washington County". Association of Arkansas Counties. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
- Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. Butler Center for Arkansas Studies at the Central Arkansas Library System. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. Butler Center for Arkansas Studies at the Central Arkansas Library System. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ^ "Washington County Justice of the Peace Anderson has died, according to county officials". March 24, 2023.
- ^ "State Tax Rates". Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ "List of Cities and Counties with Local Sales and Use Tax" (PDF). Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration. October–December 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
- ^ "Arkansas Secretary of State". www.sos.arkansas.gov. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
- ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Retrieved November 18, 2016.
- ^ 2011 Boundary and Annexation Survey (BAS): Washington County, AR (PDF) (Map). U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
- ^ "Arkansas: 2010 Census Block Maps - County Subdivision". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
- ^ "City of Fayetteville Water Department Annual Drinking Water Quality Report" (PDF). Consumer Confidence Report. Little Rock: Arkansas Department of Health. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
- ^ "Springdale Water Utilities Annual Drinking Water Quality Report" (PDF). Consumer Confidence Report. Little Rock: Arkansas Department of Health. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
- ^ "Community Water System Data". Little Rock: Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
External links
- Official website
- Washington County Historical Society
- Washington County, Arkansas entry on the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture