Wicked (musical)
Wicked | |
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The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz | |
Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Broadway Musical for Distinguished Production of a MusicalDrama League Award |
Wicked is a musical with music and lyrics by
The musical is told from the perspective of two witches of the Land of Oz. Its plot begins before and continues after Dorothy Gale arrives in Oz from Kansas. Wicked tells the story of two unlikely friends, Elphaba (later known as the Wicked Witch of the West) and Galinda (later known as Glinda the Good), whose friendship struggles through their opposing personalities, viewpoints, same love interest, reactions to the Wonderful Wizard's corrupt government, and, ultimately, Elphaba's fall from grace.
Produced by Universal Stage Productions, in coalition with
The success of the Broadway production has spawned many productions worldwide, including a long-running West End production. Wicked has broken box-office records around the world, holding weekly-gross-takings records in Los Angeles, Chicago, St. Louis, and London. In the week ending January 2, 2011, the London, Broadway, and both North American touring productions simultaneously broke their respective records for the highest weekly gross.[4][5] In the final week of 2013, the Broadway production broke this record again, earning $3.2 million.[6] In 2016, Wicked surpassed $1 billion in total Broadway revenue, joining The Phantom of the Opera and The Lion King as the only Broadway shows to do so. In 2017, Wicked surpassed The Phantom of the Opera as Broadway's second-highest grossing musical, trailing only The Lion King.[7]
A two-part film adaptation, directed by Jon M. Chu starring Cynthia Erivo as Elphaba, Ariana Grande as Galinda, Jeff Goldblum as the Wizard, Michelle Yeoh as the Madame Morrible, and Jonathan Bailey as Fiyero is currently in the works. The first part is set for release on November 27, 2024, with the second part to follow a year later on November 26, 2025.
Inception and development
Composer and lyricist
The novel, described as a political, social, and ethical commentary on the nature of good and evil, takes place in the
While the draft followed Maguire's idea of retelling the story of the 1939 film from the perspective of its main villain, the storyline of the stage adaptation "goes far afield" from the novel. Holzman observed in an interview with Playbill that: "It was [Maguire's] brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view, and to have the two witches be roommates in college, but the way in which their friendship develops—and really the whole plot—is different onstage."[12] Schwartz justified the deviation, saying: "Primarily we were interested in the relationship between Galinda—who becomes Glinda—and Elphaba... the friendship of these two women and how their characters lead them to completely different destinies."[13] Other major plot modifications include Fiyero's appearance as the scarecrow, Elphaba's survival at the end, Nessarose using a wheelchair instead of being born without arms, Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper, cutting Elphaba's years in the Vinkus, the deletion of Liir's birth, Fiyero not having a wife and children, Doctor Dillamond being fired instead of being murdered, and Madame Morrible going to prison instead of dying.[14]
The
Following the out-of-town tryout in San Francisco in May and June 2003, which received mixed critical reception, the creative team made extensive changes before its transfer to Broadway.[15] Holzman recalled:
Stephen [Schwartz] wisely had insisted on having three months to rewrite in between the time we closed in San Francisco and when we were to go back into rehearsals in New York. That was crucial; that was the thing that made the biggest difference in the life of the show. That time is what made the show work.[16]
Elements of the book were rewritten, while several songs underwent minor changes.[15] "Which Way is the Party?", the introductory song to the character Fiyero, was replaced by "Dancing Through Life".[17] Concern existed that Menzel's Elphaba "got a little overshadowed" by Chenoweth's Glinda,[18] with San Francisco Chronicle critic Robert Hurwitt writing, "Menzel's brightly intense Elphaba the Wicked Witch [needs] a chance of holding her own alongside Chenoweth's gloriously, insidiously bubbly Glinda."[19] As a result, the creative team set about making Elphaba "more prominent".[18] In making the Broadway revisions, Schwartz recalled, "It was clear there was work to be done and revisions to be made in the book and the score. The critical community was, frankly, very helpful to us."[18]
Synopsis
Act One
The citizens of the
In a
Galinda is disdainful towards Elphaba, and Elphaba grows to hate Galinda just as much; they clash with each other constantly ("
Meanwhile, a roguish prince,
In their dormitory room, Galinda decides to give Elphaba a makeover ("
Elphaba and Glinda meet the Wizard of Oz, who is not as scary as they thought ("A Sentimental Man"). He promises to grant Elphaba her request if she proves herself. Madame Morrible appears and explains she is the Wizard's new "press secretary." She gives Elphaba a book of spells, the
Act Two
Some time later, Elphaba's opposition of the Wizard's regime has earned her the title "The Wicked Witch of the West." Glinda has become the lead spokesperson for the Wizard's regime, given the title "Glinda the Good" and positioned by Morrible as the nation's defender against the Witch. A press conference to celebrate Fiyero's appointment as Captain of the Guard (a position he has accepted in order to find Elphaba) is hijacked by the public's panicked rumors about Elphaba, one of them claiming that she can be melted by water. Fiyero is furious at the absurdity of the rumors. Glinda unsuccessfully tries calming Fiyero by insisting that Elphaba does not want to be found. Fiyero is further shocked when Morrible announces that he and Glinda are engaged. Fiyero abruptly leaves, angry with Glinda for not informing him of the announcement before the press conference. Glinda attempts to act cheerful for the press, but she knows her dream life has come at a great price ("Thank Goodness").
Elphaba visits Nessarose, who is now the governor of Munchkinland following the death of their father. Nessa has taken away the Munchkins' rights to prevent Boq from leaving her. Elphaba tries to convince Nessa to join her fight against the Wizard, but Nessa refuses; she is resentful that Elphaba never used her magic powers to help her. Elphaba tries to help by enchanting Nessa's shoes, giving her the ability to walk. Nessa is thrilled and now believes Boq will truly love her. To Nessa's shock, Boq sees her new ability as proof that she no longer needs him. Boq declares he intends to tell Glinda of his love for her before she marries Fiyero. Nessa takes the Grimmerie in order to cast a love spell on Boq to make him fall in love with her. She pronounces the incantation wrong and accidentally shrinks his heart. She cries for Elphaba to save him and prevent her from having to "live a life of loneliness" ("The Wicked Witch of the East"). Elphaba casts another spell to save Boq's life, transforming him into a Tin Man who does not need a heart to live. Boq is horrified by his new body, and Nessa tells him Elphaba is responsible.
Elphaba returns to the Emerald City to free the
Hidden away in the forest, Elphaba and Fiyero confess their love for each other ("As Long As You're Mine"). Their happiness is interrupted when Elphaba senses Nessarose is in danger. She is correct; a house has fallen out of the sky and crushed Nessarose to death. Elphaba arrives at the scene and finds Glinda has given Nessa's shoes to the house's occupant, Dorothy Gale. After a fight between the two witches, the Wizard's guards arrive. Fiyero arrives and holds Glinda hostage to allow Elphaba to escape. Glinda pleads for the guards not to harm Fiyero, but they do not listen. At Kiamo Ko castle, Elphaba casts a spell to make Fiyero invincible to any weapon but is unsure how well the spell will work. She realizes that every good deed she tried to do was perceived as evil, and finally accepts her reputation as a wicked witch ("No Good Deed").
Meanwhile, the citizens of Oz, led by Madame Morrible and Boq, set off to capture Elphaba. Glinda realizes Madame Morrible summoned the tornado that brought the house that crushed Nessarose. Morrible threatens Glinda and alleges that Glinda is not as virtuous as she pretends to be. Glinda flees in horror as the crowd calls for Elphaba's death ("March of the Witch Hunters"). Meanwhile, Elphaba has captured Dorothy, refusing to release her until she relinquishes Nessarose's shoes. Glinda arrives to warn Elphaba of the danger she is in, and tries to convince her to release Dorothy. Although Elphaba refuses, the two forgive each other. Elphaba gives the Grimmerie to Glinda, and they embrace for the last time before sharing a tearful goodbye ("For Good"). Elphaba tells Glinda to hide. Glinda watches from the shadows as Dorothy throws a bucket of water on Elphaba, melting her. The only remains of her are her pointy hat and the Green Elixir she had slept with under her pillow.
Back at the Emerald City, Glinda confronts the Wizard with the bottle, which he recognizes as his own; he was the man Elphaba's mother had an affair with, and the Elixir was the cause of Elphaba's green skin. Glinda banishes the Wizard and throws Madame Morrible into prison for murdering Nessarose. Meanwhile, Fiyero, now a scarecrow, arrives at the spot where Elphaba melted. He knocks on the floor; Elphaba steps out from a trap door, having faked her death. They embrace, and Elphaba laments that she will never see Glinda again. Simultaneously, Glinda informs the People of Oz that the Wicked Witch has been killed and that she would like to earn her title as "Glinda the Good". As the citizens of Oz celebrate and Glinda mourns quietly, Elphaba and Fiyero leave Oz ("Finale").
Casts
Original casts
Character | San Francisco [20] | Broadway[21] | First US Tour[22] | Chicago[23] | West End [24] | Los Angeles[25] | Melbourne [26] | San Francisco[27] | Second US Tour[28] | First UK/Ireland Tour[29] | Tenth Anniversary Tour[30] | International Tour[31] | Second UK/Ireland Tour[32] | Third UK/Ireland Tour[33] | Second Australian Tour |
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2003 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2013 | 2014 | 2016 | 2017 | 2023 | 2023 | ||||
Elphaba | Idina Menzel | Stephanie J. Block | Ana Gasteyer | Idina Menzel | Eden Espinosa | Amanda Harrison | Teal Wicks | Marcie Dodd | Nikki Davis-Jones | Jemma Rix | Jacqueline Hughes | Amy Ross | Laura Pick | Sheridan Adams | |
Glinda
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Kristin Chenoweth | Kendra Kassebaum | Kate Reinders | Helen Dallimore | Megan Hilty | Lucy Durack | Kendra Kassebaum | Heléne Yorke | Emily Tierney | Lucy Durack | Carly Anderson | Helen Woolf | Sarah O'Connor | Courtney Monsma | |
Fiyero Tigelaar
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Norbert Leo Butz | Derrick Williams | Kristoffer Cusick | Adam Garcia | Kristoffer Cusick | Rob Mills | Nicolas Dromard | Colin Donnell | Liam Doyle | Steve Danielsen | Bradley Jaden | Aaron Sidwell | Carl Man | Liam Head | |
Madame Morrible | Carole Shelley | Carol Kane | Rondi Reed | Miriam Margolyes | Carol Kane | Maggie Kirkpatrick | Carol Kane | Marilyn Caskey | Marilyn Cutts | Maggie Kirkpatrick | Kim Ismay | Donna Berlin | Robyn Nevin | ||
Nessarose | Michelle Federer | Jenna Leigh Green | Heidi Kettenring | Katie Rowley Jones | Jenna Leigh Green | Penny McNamee | Deedee Magno Hall | Kristine Reese | Carina Gillespie | Emily Cascarino | Emily Shaw | Megan Gardiner | Shewit Belay | ||
Boq
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Kirk McDonald | Christopher Fitzgerald | Logan Lipton | Telly Leung | James Gillan | Adam Wylie | Anthony Callea | Eddy Rioseco | Ted Ely | George Ure | Edward Grey | Iddon Jones | Jed Berry | Kurtis Papadinis | |
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz | Robert Morse | Joel Grey | David Garrison | Gene Weygandt | Nigel Planer | John Rubinstein | Rob Guest | David Garrison | Tom McGowan | Dale Rapley | Reg Livermore | Steven Pinder | Simeon Truby | Todd McKenny | |
Doctor Dillamond | John Horton | William Youmans | Timothy Britten Parker | Steven Skybell | Martin Ball | Timothy Britten Parker | Rodney Dobson | Tom Flynn | David DeVries | Glen Hogstrom | Adam Murphy |
Notable replacements
Broadway (2003–)
- Elphaba: Shoshana Bean, Eden Espinosa, Ana Gasteyer, Julia Murney, Stephanie J. Block, Kerry Ellis, Marcie Dodd, Nicole Parker, Dee Roscioli, Mandy Gonzalez, Teal Wicks, Jackie Burns, Willemijn Verkaik, Lindsay Mendez, Christine Dwyer, Caroline Bowman, Rachel Tucker, Jennifer DiNoia, Jessica Vosk, Hannah Corneau, Lindsay Pearce, Talia Suskauer, Alyssa Fox, Mary Kate Morrissey, Saycon Sengbloh (s/b), Lisa Brescia (s/b), Donna Vivino (s/b), Lilli Cooper (s/b), Lissa DeGuzman (s/b), Laurel Harris (s/b), Kristy Cates (u/s), Caissie Levy (u/s), Vicki Noon (u/s), Brandi Chavonne Massey (u/s), Carla Stickler (u/s), Desi Oakley (u/s),
- Glinda: Jennifer Laura Thompson, Megan Hilty, Kate Reinders, Kendra Kassebaum, Annaleigh Ashford, Alli Mauzey, Erin Mackey, Katie Rose Clarke, Chandra Lee Schwartz, Jenni Barber, Kara Lindsay, Amanda Jane Cooper, Ginna Claire Mason, Brittney Johnson, McKenzie Kurtz, Alexandra Socha, Laura Bell Bundy (s/b), Kate Fahrner (s/b), Allie Trimm (s/b), Jennafer Newberry (s/b), Melissa Fahn (u/s), Megan Sikora (u/s)
- Fiyero: Kristoffer Cusick, Taye Diggs, Joey McIntyre, Sebastian Arcelus, Aaron Tveit, Kevin Kern, Andy Karl, Kyle Dean Massey, Richard H. Blake, Derek Klena, Justin Guarini, Ashley Parker Angel, Alan Vaytsman, Curt Hansen, Ryan McCartan
- The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: Sean McCourt, George Hearn, Ben Vereen, David Garrison, Lenny Wolpe, P. J. Benjamin, Tom McGowan, Fred Applegate, Peter Scolari, Kevin Chamberlin, Michael McCormick, Cleavant Derricks, John Dossett, Brad Oscar, Eddie Korbich (u/s),
- Madame Morrible: Rue McClanahan, Carol Kane, Jayne Houdyshell, Miriam Margolyes, Rondi Reed, Mary Testa, Michele Lee, Judy Kaye, Sheryl Lee Ralph, Isabel Keating, Nancy Opel, Alexandra Billings, Michele Pawk, Donna McKechnie
- Nessarose: Jenna Leigh Green, Catherine Charlebois, Kelli Barrett, Arielle Jacobs, Eden Espinosa (u/s), Megan Sikora (u/s), Carla Stickler (u/s), Desi Oakley (u/s)
- Boq: Randy Harrison, Robb Sapp, Alex Brightman, Taylor Trensch, Robin de Jesús, Clyde Alves (u/s)
- Doctor Dillamond: Sean McCourt, Timothy Britten Parker, K. Todd Freeman, Michael Genet, Martin Moran, Jamie Jackson, Clifton Davis, Eddie Korbich (u/s)
1st & 2nd US National Tours (2005–)
- Elphaba: Kristy Cates, Julia Murney, Shoshana Bean, Dee Roscioli, Victoria Matlock, Carmen Cusack, Caissie Levy, Teal Wicks, Lisa Brescia, Donna Vivino, Vicki Noon, Anne Brummel, Eden Espinosa, Marcie Dodd, Jackie Burns, Nicole Parker, Laurel Harris, Alison Luff, Jennifer DiNoia, Jessica Vosk, Mary Kate Morrissey, Talia Suskauer, Lissa DeGuzman, Olivia Valli, Coleen Sexton (s/b), Carrie Manolakos (s/b), Carla Stickler (s/b), Emmy Raver-Lampman (s/b), Lilli Cooper (s/b), Jenna Leigh Green (u/s)
- Glinda: Hayley Podschun, Gina Beck, Kara Lindsay, Ginna Claire Mason, Jennafer Newberry, Celia Hottenstein, Melissa Fahn (u/s), Rachel Potter (u/s), Lauren Zakrin(u/s)
- Fiyero: Kristoffer Cusick, Sebastian Arcelus, Richard H. Blake, Colin Hanlon, Kyle Dean Massey, Curt Hansen, Nick Adams, Ashley Parker Angel, Adam Lambert (u/s)
- The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: Ben Vereen, Lee Wilkof, Lenny Wolpe, Richard Kline, Don Amendolia, P. J. Benjamin, Tom McGowan, Mark Jacoby, Paul Kreppel, John Davidson, Tim Kazurinsky, Stuart Zagnit, Fred Applegate, Jason Graae, Cleavant Derricks, John Bolton, Matthew Stocke (u/s), Tim Talman (u/s)
- Madame Morrible: Carole Shelley, Alma Cuervo, Barbara Robertson, Jo Anne Worley, Patty Duke, Jayne Houdyshell, Kim Zimmer, Alison Fraser, Isabel Keating, Judy Kaye, Lisa Howard, Natalie Venetia Belcon, Brooke Elliott (u/s)
- Nessarose: Deedee Magno Hall, Summer Naomi Smart, Marcie Dodd, Catherine Charlebois, Carla Stickler (u/s)
- Boq: Alex Wyse, Andy Mientus, Robin de Jesús
- Doctor Dillamond: K. Todd Freeman, William Youmans, Martin Moran, Clifton Davis, Michael Genet, Matthew Stocke (u/s), Tim Talman (u/s)
West End (2006–)
- Elphaba: Kerry Ellis, Alexia Khadime, Rachel Tucker, Louise Dearman, Willemijn Verkaik, Jennifer DiNoia, Emma Hatton, Alice Fearn, Lucie Jones, Cassidy Janson (s/b), Ashleigh Gray (s/b), Katie Rowley Jones (u/s), Natalie McQueen (u/s), Amy Webb (s/b).
- Glinda: Dianne Pilkington, Louise Dearman, Gina Beck, Savannah Stevenson, Suzie Mathers, Sophie Evans, Lucy St. Louis, Sarah Earnshaw (s/b), Caroline Keiff (u/s)
- Fiyero: Oliver Tompsett, Lee Mead, Mark Evans, Matt Willis, Ben Freeman, Bradley Jaden, David Witts, Alistair Brammer, Ryan Reid, Antony Hansen (u/s)
- The Wonderful Wizard of Oz:
- Madame Morrible: Susie Blake, Harriet Thorpe, Julie Legrand, Louise Plowright, Liza Sadovy, Anita Dobson, Kim Ismay, Sophie-Louise Dann
- Nessarose: Caroline Keiff, Natalie Anderson, Cassidy Janson (u/s), Sarah Earnshaw (u/s), Natalie McQueen (u/s)
- Doctor Dillamond: Paul Clarkson, Steven Pinder, Chris Jarman, Graham Kent
Melbourne/Australian Tour (2008–2015)
- Elphaba: Jemma Rix, Pippa Grandison, Carmen Cusack (s/b)
- Glinda: Suzie Mathers
- Fiyero: David Harris
- The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: Bert Newton, Reg Livermore, Simon Gallaher
- Madame Morrible: Geraldine Turner
1st, 2nd, & 3rd UK/Ireland National Tours (2013–2019)
- Elphaba: Ashleigh Gray
- Fiyero: Aaron Sidwell
- The Wonderful Wizard of Oz/Doctor Dillamond: Steven Pinder
- Madame Morrible: Kim Ismay
2nd Australian Tour (2023–24)
- The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: Simon Burke
Musical numbers
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Note: "The Wicked Witch of the East" is the only major piece not to be featured on the cast recording, as the producers felt "the song included too much dialogue and would give some of the plot away to people who have not seen the show."
Orchestration
The current Broadway pit consists of a 23 piece orchestra:
- Strings: 2 violins, 1 viola, 1 cello, 1 bass/electric bass, 1 harp, 2 guitars
- Brass: 2 trumpets/flugelhorns, 2 horns, 1 trombone, 1 bass trombone
- Keyboards: 3 players
- Woodwinds:
- Reed 1: penny whistle in D
- Reed 2: oboe/english horn/bass oboe
- Reed 3: clarinet (Bb & Eb)/bass clarinet/soprano sax
- Reed 4: bassoon/baritone sax/clarinet/bass clarinet
- Reed 1:
- Percussion: 2 players
Many other productions, including the West End, use a smaller 17 piece orchestra, with removed parts added to a 4th keyboard part:
- Strings: 1 violin †, 1 cello, 1 bass/electric bass, 1 guitar †
- Brass: 2 trumpets/flugelhorns, 1 horn, 1 trombone/bass trombone
- Keyboards: 4 players
- Woodwinds:
- Reed 1: flute/piccolo/alto flute/soprano recorder
- Reed 2: oboe/english horn
- Reed 3: clarinet (Bb & Eb)/bass clarinet/soprano sax
- Percussion: 2 players
† Some productions, such as the West End, have the mandolin played by the violinist. Others, such as those licensed by MTI Australasia, have the mandolin played by the guitarist.
Music and recordings
Music analysis
The score of Wicked is heavily
Two musical themes in Wicked run throughout the score. Although Schwartz rarely reuses motifs or melodies from earlier works, the first—Elphaba's theme—came from
Schwartz uses the "Unlimited" theme as the second major motif running through the score. Although not included as a titled song, although written by Alan Vaytsman, the theme appears as an
Recordings
A
A German recording of the Stuttgart production was released on December 7, 2007, featuring a track listing and arrangements identical to those of the Broadway recording.[41] The Japanese cast recording was released on July 23, 2008, featuring the original Tokyo cast. It is notable for being the first (and so far the only) Cast Album of the show that includes Glinda's Finale dialogue.[42]
Productions
Original Broadway production (2003-present)
Wicked officially opened on June 10, 2003 at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, after previews began on May 28, in a pre-Broadway tryout presented by SHN.
On March 12, 2020, the show temporarily suspended production due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Performances resumed on September 14, 2021 with Lindsay Pearce as Elphaba and Ginna Claire Mason as Glinda. Chenoweth made a pre-curtain speech before the grand reopening of the show.[46][47][48][49]
North American productions (2005–present)
In 2005, the first national tour of Wicked (called the "Emerald City Tour" by the producers)
Following a limited engagement of the first national tour from April 29 to June 12, 2005, a sit-down production opened at the
An open-ended production also appeared in Los Angeles, California, at the
A San Francisco production of Wicked officially opened February 6, 2009, at SHN's
The second national tour of Wicked (called the "Munchkinland Tour")[50] began in 2009 with previews on March 7 and official opening night on March 12 at the Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall in Fort Myers, Florida.[61] The original cast starred Marcie Dodd as Elphaba, Heléne Yorke as Glinda, Colin Donnell as Fiyero, and Tom McGowan as the Wizard.[28] The production was suspended in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[62] It resumed performances on August 3, 2021 with Talia Suskauer as Elphaba, Allison Bailey as Glinda and Curt Hanson as Fiyero.[63] The production celebrated its 5,000th performance on July 30, 2022.[64]
London (2006-present)
A London production began previews at the Apollo Victoria Theatre from September 7, and with an opening night on September 27, 2006.[65] It celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2016 with a special curtain call featuring former West End cast members.[66] The production was tailored slightly for a British audience, including minor creative changes to dialogue, choreography and special effects. A majority of them were later incorporated into all productions of Wicked, including the Broadway production and the two national tours.[67]
The West End production reunited the show's original creative team. Original London cast members included the return of Menzel as Elphaba,[68] Helen Dallimore as Glinda, Miriam Margolyes as Madame Morrible, Adam Garcia as Fiyero, Martin Ball as Doctor Dillamond, James Gillan as Boq, Katie Rowley Jones as Nessarose and Nigel Planer as the Wizard.[24] After her limited engagement, which ended on December 30, 2006, Menzel was succeeded on January 1, 2007 by Kerry Ellis, who became the first British woman to play Elphaba.[69]
The production suspended performances on March 16, 2020, due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.[70] It resumed performances on September 15, 2021, in time for the production's 15th anniversary.[71] Sophie Evans, who was a maternity cover for Helen Woolf and Laura Pick, reopened the show and left when the cast changed on January 30, 2022.[72] Woolf returned from maternity leave and Lucie Jones took over as Elphaba.[73]
The musical became the 10th longest-running West End show in history with its 6,762nd performance on April 24, 2024.[74]
UK/Ireland tours (2013–present)
The show began its first UK/Ireland tour on September 12, 2013 at the
A second UK/Ireland tour began in December 2017 and ended in January 2019.[75] The cast included Amy Ross as Elphaba, Helen Woolf as Glinda, Aaron Sidwell as Fiyero, and Steven Pinder as the Wizard/Dillamond.[76]
A third UK/Ireland tour began on 7 December 2023 at the Edinburgh Playhouse, in Edinburgh where it played to 14 January 2024. It then tours the UK and Ireland before flying into its final location at the Manchester Palace Theatre in Manchester on 3 December 2024 and concluding on 12 January 2025. Laura Pick will return to lead the tour as Elphaba with Sarah O'Connor as Glinda and Carl Man as Fiyero. Simeon Truby will play the Wizard/Dillamond with Donna Berlin as Madame Morrible. Jed Berry will play Boq alongside Megan Gardiner, who will be playing Nessarose.[77]
International tour (2016–2018)
Wicked's international tour opened on July 13, 2016 at the
German productions (2007–2011; 2021–2022)
Renamed Wicked: Die Hexen von Oz (Wicked: The Witches of Oz), the German production of Wicked began previews on November 1, 2007 and opened on November 15, at the Palladium Theater in Stuttgart. Willemijn Verkaik played Elphaba, Lucy Scherer played Glinda. The production was produced by Stage Entertainment and closed on January 29, 2010, and transferred to Oberhausen[78] where previews began at the Metronom Theater am CentrO on March 5, 2010, with an opening night of March 8.[79] The show closed on September 2, 2011.
On September 5, 2021, a brand new non-replica production opened at the Neue Flora Theatre in Hamburg, produced by Stage Entertainment, which previously had presented the show in Stuttgart, Oberhausen, and The Hague.[80] Vajèn van den Bosch and Jeannine Wacker have been cast as Elphaba and Glinda respectively.[81]
Australian productions
An Australian production officially opened on July 12, 2008, with previews commencing June 27 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne.[82]
Amanda Harrison was originally cast as Elphaba, with Lucy Durack as Glinda. The original cast consisted of Rob Mills as Fiyero, Anthony Callea as Boq, Rob Guest as the Wizard, Maggie Kirkpatrick as Madame Morrible, Penny McNamee as Nessarose and Rodney Dobson as Doctor Dillamond.[83] Guest unexpectedly died of a stroke months into the Melbourne season, with the role being taken up by Bert Newton.[84]
Closing in Melbourne August 9, 2009, the show transferred to Sydney's Capitol Theatre. Previews began on September 5, 2009, with the official opening on September 12. Shortly into the run, Harrison was forced to leave the role of Elphaba due to an illness, so current standby Jemma Rix and Australian theatre veteran Pippa Grandison began to share the role, each appearing in four shows per week.[85] Eventually, it was confirmed that she would not be returning to the cast.[86]
Closing in Sydney September 26, 2010, the production embarked on a national Australian tour which began at the
An Asian tour began at Singapore's Grand Theater in Marina Bay from December 6, 2011 with Suzie Mathers taking over as Glinda opposite Rix.[90][91][92] After the Singapore engagement of the tour closed April 22, 2012,[93] performances began in Seoul, Korea from May 31 through October 6, 2012. The show then made its premiere in New Zealand, with previews taking place on September 17, 2013, and the official opening night on September 21. The Auckland run concluded on November 24, 2013, where it played the Civic Theatre.[94] The cast then moved on to the Main Theater of the Cultural Center of the Philippines in Manila on a limited run from January 22[95] through March 9, 2014 after having been extended from its original closing date.[96]
At the time of the Wicked's 10th Anniversary on Broadway, the show announced it would return to Australia for a commemorative national tour, beginning in Melbourne on May 10, 2014.
Subsequent international productions
A condensed thirty-minute version of the musical played at Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan. Rix was part of the original cast, alternating the role of Elphaba with Jillian Giaachi and Taylor Jordan. The show, which opened on July 12, 2006, featured the preliminary storyline of Act 1 but Fiyero, Madame Morrible, Boq, Nessarose and Doctor Dillamond were absent and there were considerable changes in sets and costumes.[102] The final performance took place on January 11, 2011.[103] A Japanese production by the Shiki Theatre Company opened in Tokyo, Japan, on June 17, 2007, and subsequently moved to Osaka, Fukoka and Nagoya, before closing in Sapporo on November 6, 2016.[104][105][106]
Another production, which was the first production to not be a replica of the original Broadway staging, opened at the City Theatre in
A Dutch-language production began previews at the Circustheater in The Hague, The Netherlands on October 26, 2011 and was produced by Joop van den Ende Theaterproducties/Stage Entertainment. The official opening took place on November 6. Verkaik reprised her role of Elphaba from the German productions, becoming the first actress to play the role in two different languages.[110]
The first
The first Korean-language production began performances in Seoul on November 22, 2013 and is an all-new replica production. This production, located at the Charlotte Theater in Seoul, ran from November 22, 2013, to October 5, 2014.[112]
In November 2015, the company "Time For Fun", a leading company in the entertainment market in Latin America, announced the adaptation of the musical in Brazil, which debuted in March 2016 at the Renault Theatre in São Paulo. It is the largest stage that the musical has been mounted on yet.
At the end of 2020, while all Wicked productions worldwide were halted due to the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus, a third Korean replica production of the show was announced on November 14. The show started previews in Seoul's Blue Square Theater 3 months later on February 12, 2021, which was the first Wicked performance after the Covid-19 shutdown. The production opened 4 days later on February 16, 2021, and played until May 2, 2021. It then transferred to Busan's Dream Theater, where it ran from May 20, 2021, until its closing date on June 27, 2021.
On June 30, 2022, the
On October 19, 2022, it was announced that Wicked would get a non-replica revival in Brazil through a limited run, starting March 9, 2023, at the Santander Theater, in São Paulo, produced by Atelier de Cultura. Lead actresses from the 2016 run Myra Ruiz and Fabi Bang were announced reprising their roles as Elphaba and Glinda, respectively. Their co-stars include Tiago Barbosa as Fiyero, Marcelo Médici as The Wizard, Diva Menner as Madame Morrible, Cleto Baccic as Doctor Dillamond, Nayara Venancio as Nessarose and Dante Paccola as Boq.
A new Danish production of Wicked was announced November 2023, starring Johanne Milland as Glinda and Nanna Rossen as Elphaba. The production is set to run at Fredericia Musicalteater, opening September 16, 2024. During the run, the production will transfer to the Tivoli Concert Hall before returning to Fredericia Musicalteater. The production will also star Diluckshan Jeyaratnam as Fiyero, Anders Gjellerup Koch as The Wizard, Cecilie Thiim as Madame Morrible, Christian Lund as Dr. Dillamond, Marie Louise Hansen as Nassarose, and Jens Kau Wahlers Nielsen as Boq.[115]
Reception
Awards and nominations
The original Broadway production of Wicked was nominated for ten
Subsequent productions have received awards and nominations as well. The West End production received five
Critical reception
In its out-of-town tryout in San Francisco, audience reaction was generally positive, and although critics tended to compliment the aesthetic and spectacle of the show, they disparaged the state of its book, score, and choreography.
The Broadway production opened on October 30, 2003, to mixed reviews.
International productions have opened to different critical receptions. The West End production opened to a slightly more upbeat response. The majority of critics have appreciated the spectacle of the lavish production, and the "powerhouse" performances of actors in the roles of the two witches. However, contemporaries have characterized the production as overblown, occasionally preachy, and suffering from more hype than heart. Although Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph described it as "at times... a bit of a mess," he praised Holzman's script, described Kenneth Posner's lighting design as "magical" and lauded Menzel's Elphaba and Helen Dallimore's Glinda.[134] Michael Billington of The Guardian gave it three out of five stars and remarked on the competence of all the lead actors; however, he complained that Wicked was "all too typical of the modern Broadway musical: efficient, knowing and highly professional but more like a piece of industrial product than something that genuinely touches the heart or mind."[135] Paul Taylor of The Independent called the topical political allegory "well-meaning but also melodramatic, incoherent and dreadfully superficial" and criticized the acting, songs and book, concluding that "the production manages to feel at once overblown and empty".[136]
The Japanese version of Wicked by the Shiki Theatre Company (劇団四季) won acclaim in Tokyo, Osaka, Sapporo, and Nagoya. The original Wicked has toured in China with great popularity. A Chinese review by Harvard scholar Hansong Li appeared in the Shanghai Review of Books.[137]
Commercial reception
Since its opening in 2003, the original Broadway production of Wicked has broken the house record at the Gershwin Theatre twenty times. It regularly grosses in excess of $1.6 million each week, making it one of the most lucrative productions on Broadway.[138][139] With a $14 million capitalization, the Broadway production took 15 months to break even, earning back its initial investment by December 21, 2004.[15] In its first year, it grossed more than $56 million.[140] In the week ending January 1, 2006, Wicked broke the record, previously held by the musical The Producers, for the highest weekly box office gross in Broadway history, earning $1,610,934.[141] It has gone on to break its own record numerous times, reaching $1,715,155 in November 2006,[142] $1,839,950, during the 2007 Christmas week, $2,086,135 for the week ending November 29, 2009,[143] $2,125,740 just a few weeks later for the eight performances ending January 3, 2010,[144] and over $2.2 million in the week ending January 2, 2011.[145] In the first week of 2012, the Broadway production broke a record again, earning $2.7 million. Wicked once again broke this record in the final week of 2012 when it grossed $2.9 million.[146] In the final weekend of 2013, Wicked became the first musical to gross $3 million in one week.[6]
Wicked's productions across North America and abroad have been equally financially successful. The Los Angeles production took the local weekly gross record, again from a performance of The Producers, bringing in $1,786,110 in the week ending March 4, 2007.[147] The production joined its Broadway counterpart in setting a new record over Christmas 2007 with $1,949,968, with records also set in Chicago ($1,418,363),[148] and St Louis ($2,291,608),[149] to bring the collective gross of the seven worldwide productions to a world record-breaking $11.2 million.[150] A new suite of records were set over Christmas 2010, with house records broken in San Francisco ($1,485,692), Providence ($1,793,764) and Schenectady ($1,657,139) as well as Broadway, bringing the musical's one-week gross in North America alone to $7,062,335.[151]
Wicked played to more than 2 million visitors in Chicago with a gross of over $200 million, making it the highest-grossing show in Chicago history by June 2007.[152][153] With an opening-week gross of $1,400,000, it continually set records and became the longest-running Broadway musical in Chicago history.[154][155] Producer David Stone told Variety, "we thought it [the Chicago production] would run 18 months, then we'd spend a year in Los Angeles and six months in San Francisco... but sales stayed so strong that the producers created another road show and kept the show running in Chicago."[156] In addition, over 2.2 million saw the touring production in its first two years, which grossed over $155 million[157] The Los Angeles production grossed over $145 million and was seen by more than 1.8 million patrons.[158] Over the 672 performances of the San Francisco production, Wicked sold over 1 million tickets with a cumulative gross of over $75 million.[159] While the Broadway production of Wicked welcomed its 5 millionth audience member on September 29, 2010.[160]
Although West End theatres do not publish audited weekly grosses,[161] the West End production of Wicked said it had set the record for highest one-week gross in December 2006, taking £761,000 in the week ending December 30.[162][163] On June 23, 2008, the producers reported that over 1.4 million people had seen the London production, and grosses had topped £50 million.[164] The same reports stated that the show had consistently been one of the two highest-grossing shows in the West End.[163] For the week commencing December 27, 2010, the London production grossed £1,002,885, the highest single-week gross in West End theatre history,[165] with over 20,000 people attending the nine performances of Wicked that week.[166] The Melbourne production broke Australian box-office records, selling 24,750 tickets in three hours during pre-sales and grossing over $1.3 million on the first business day after its official opening.[167] On April 27, 2009, the production passed the milestone of 500,000 patrons.[168] When it transferred to Sydney, the production broke "all previous weekly box office records for a musical at the Capitol Theatre, grossing $1,473,775.70 in one week during October 2009.[169]
In the week ending October 17, 2010, Wicked became only the third musical in Broadway history to exceed $500 million in total gross. By seats sold on Broadway, it ranks tenth of all time.[170] As of September 2011, Wicked's North American and international companies have cumulatively grossed nearly $2.5 billion and have been seen by nearly 30 million people worldwide.[171] The original production still runs today and currently stands as the fourth longest-running Broadway show in history.[1][172] Wicked celebrated its 1,000th performance on Broadway on March 23, 2006.[173] Several other productions have also reached the 1,000th performance milestone, including the first North American touring company on August 15, 2007,[174] the Chicago company on November 14, 2007,[154] the West End company on February 14, 2009,[175] the Australian company on May 7, 2011[176] and the second North American touring company on August 4, 2011.[177]
Marketing and promotion
The success of the Broadway production has led to the development of an auxiliary show for purposes of marketing and promotion titled Behind the Emerald Curtain. It was created by Sean McCourt—an original Broadway production cast member who played the Witch's Father—and Anthony Galde, who was a long-running swing in the Broadway company from 2004 to 2012. The tour features a ninety-minute behind-the-scenes look at the props, masks, costumes and sets used in the show, and includes a question-and-answer session with the cast members. The Broadway tour is currently led by McCourt and long-running ensemble member, Lindsay K. Northen.[178] The tour also featured in the Los Angeles, San Francisco and Chicago sit-down productions, and were each run by different long-serving cast members of the show. The tour provides a behind-the-scenes look at what goes into putting on the show every day. Participants get a first-hand account of what it is like to be a part of the massive production that Wicked is.[179] To create Elphaba's green skin, 40 pots of the commercially available MAC Chromacake landscape green make-up are used per year. It is water-based for easy removal.[180] As of 2021, it cost $800,000 a week to run the Broadway production.[181]
Legacy and anniversary tributes
Two-part film adaptation
A film adaptation of Wicked had been discussed since 2004. In July 2010, it was reported that
In April 2022, it was announced the film would be released in two parts, the first one on November 27, 2024 and the second one on November 26, 2025. Jon M. Chu explained why:[195]
As we prepared the production over the last year, it became impossible to wrestle the story of 'Wicked' into a single film without doing some real damage to it ... As we tried to cut songs or trim characters, those decisions began to feel like fatal compromises to the source material that has entertained us all for so many years. We decided to give ourselves a bigger canvas and make not just one 'Wicked' movie but two! With more space, we can tell the story of 'Wicked' as it was meant to be told while bringing even more depth and surprise to the journeys for these beloved characters.
In June 2022, Stephen Schwartz added, while confirming that a new song will be written for one of the two films:[196]
"We found it very difficult to get past 'Defying Gravity' without a break ... That song is written specifically to bring a curtain down, and whatever scene to follow it without a break just seemed hugely anti-climactic ... Even as a very long single movie, it required us cutting or omitting things that we wanted to include and that we think fans of the show and the story will appreciate. What we have discussed is that changes need to be 'additive,' to use (producer) Marc Platt's term. They need to add something to the story or the characters. They can't just be changes to do something different. I feel confident that by the time the movie is made, if we all continue to have the same degree of input, I could have a conversation with anyone who has a question about any of the changes made from the stage show and justify why I think it's better for the movie."
On July 18, 2022, it was revealed that with the filming process settled at the newly-built Sky Studios in Elstree, England, rehearsals will begin in August with principal photography beginning in November.[197] By September 2022, Jonathan Bailey was confirmed to have been cast as Fiyero.[198] The following month, Jeff Goldblum was reported to be in final talks to play the Wizard.[199]
In November 2022, Schwartz revealed that Part 2 of the movie will include two new songs "to meet the demands of the storytelling."[200] Then, on December 7, 2022, it was revealed that Ethan Slater will be playing Boq.[201] On December 8, 2022, it was announced that Michelle Yeoh will be playing Madame Morrible, and Goldblum was confirmed to be playing the Wizard.[202] On December 9, 2022, it was reported that Keala Settle, Bowen Yang, Bronwyn James, Aaron Teoh, Colin Michael Carmichael, and Marissa Bode had also joined the cast as Miss Coddle, Pfannee, ShenShen, Avaric, Nikidik, and Nessarose, respectively. Bode's casting as Nessarose makes her the first wheelchair-assisted actor to play the part.[203] On December 9, 2022, Chu confirmed on Twitter that filming had begun.[204]
15th anniversary tribute special
In October 2018, an NBC broadcast, A Very Wicked Halloween: Celebrating 15 Years on Broadway, was hosted by Menzel and Chenoweth and featured Ariana Grande, Pentatonix, Adam Lambert, Ledisi, the current Broadway company of the musical and others, singing many of the musical numbers from Wicked to a live studio audience at the Marquis Theatre in New York. The concert special was directed by Glenn Weiss.[205]
PBS Special
On August 29, 2021, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) network aired a Wicked concert special, which was also hosted by Chenoweth and Menzel and featured Rita Moreno, Cynthia Erivo, Ariana DeBose, Gavin Creel, Ali Stroker, Amber Riley, Mario Cantone, Jennifer Nettles, Stephanie Hsu, Alex Newell, Isaac Cole Powell and Gabrielle Ruiz performing many of the musical numbers.[206]
Interpretations
Queer Interpretations
Queer interpretations of Wicked encompass various perspectives regarding the sexualities of the main characters, Elphaba and Glinda. These interpretations predominantly depict one or both characters as harboring homoromantic feelings for each other.[207]
The lyrics and placement of the song "What Is This Feeling?" evoke a tone reminiscent of common Golden Age duets between couples, such as “People Will Say We're in Love” from Oklahoma! and "If I Loved You" from Carousel.[208] This has led to the interpretation of Elphaba and Glinda as a couple. The subsequent sequence in “Dancing Through Life,” has been likened to a modern version of the “lilting waltzes” seen in romantic scenes from musicals like My Fair Lady, West Side Story, and The Sound of Music.[208]
Moreover, the line “I think we've found the place where we belong!" from “One Short Day” is seen as reflective of the theme of finding acceptance, a sentiment many LGBT+ individuals aspire to achieve.[208] A remix of the song “Defying Gravity,” known for its themes of resisting expectations, served as the anthem at the 2007 Gay Pride Parade and Festival in Los Angeles and is featured on the official CD from the event.
Additional arguments supporting a homoromantic interpretation of Wicked include Glinda’s potential compulsory heterosexuality toward Fiyero and the suggestion that Glinda and Elphaba’s relationship mirrors a common lesbian butch/femme pairing.[209] Stephen Schwartz, the composer and lyricist of Wicked, has stated that rather than presenting the pair as rivals, the musical is essentially “a love story between two women."[210] Gregory Maguire, the author of The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West and a gay man himself, prefers to leave the narrative open to interpretation.[207]
The Wicked production capitalized on this interpretation and began selling “Friend of Elphaba” (a play on “Friend of Dorothy” ) merchandise during Pride Month.[211]
This interpretation has been critiqued stating that the show stands as a testament that "friendships can be equally as important as romantic relationships" and does not require a romance, homosexual or heterosexual, to find power.[212]
In popular culture
The success of Wicked has made several of the show's songs popular and has resulted in references to the show, characters, and songs in popular culture. The Broadway production has been featured in episodes of television programs, including
Entertainer
The closing song of Act I, Defying Gravity, is featured in the Glee episode Wheels, where Rachel (Lea Michele) and Kurt (Chris Colfer) sing it separately in a competition for the lead solo from the first season.[218] It was featured again in the season five episode 100, the hundredth episode in the series, this time sung by the characters from the series, Rachel, Kurt and Mercedes (Amber Riley). Media as diverse as the anime series Red Garden, the daytime drama Passions and the Buffy the Vampire Slayer graphic novels have all parodied Wicked's songs and characters.[219][220]
The end of the song "Killer Instinct" in
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External links
- Official production sites
- Wicked at the Internet Broadway Database
- Wicked at AllMusic