1968 in science

	… 1958; 1959; 1960; 1961; 1962; 1963; 1964; ; 1965; 1966; 1967; 1968; 1969; 1970; 1971; ; 1972; 1973; 1974; 1975; 1976; 1977; 1978 …;
	Art; Archaeology; Architecture; Literature; Music; Philosophy; Science; +...

The year 1968 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

Thomas Gold explains the recently discovered radio pulsars as rapidly rotating neutron stars; subsequent observations confirm the suggestion.^[1]

Computer science

April – First book printed completely using electronic composition, the United States edition of Andrew Garve's thriller The Long Short Cut.^[2]^[3]
July 18 – The
Gordon E. Moore and Robert Noyce in Mountain View, California
.

December 9 – In what becomes retrospectively known as "
word processing, hypermedia, object addressing, the dynamic linker and a collaborative real-time editor using NLS.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Mathematics

Beniamino Segre describes a version of the tennis ball theorem.^[7]

Medicine

January 2 – Dr.
heart transplant, in South Africa, on Philip Blaiberg
, who survives for nineteen months.

November – Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among schoolchildren in Norwalk, Ohio, caused by "Norwalk agent", the first identified norovirus.
Publication of a Harvard committee report on irreversible coma establishes a paradigm for defining brain death.^[8]^[9] France becomes the first European country to adopt brain death as a legal definition (or indicator) of death.
Doctors perform the first successful
bone marrow transplant, to treat severe combined immunodeficiency
(SCID).

pediatric endocrinologist Angelo DiGeorge.^[10]^[11]

Physics

multiwire proportional chamber for particle detection at CERN.^[12]

Psychology

John Darley and Bibb Latané demonstrate the bystander effect.^[13]
Walter Mischel publishes Personality and Assessment.

Robotics

January –
Zero Moment Point
, a theoretical model to explain biped locomotion.

Space exploration

September 15–22 – Zond program: Soviet spacecraft Zond 5 becomes the first vehicle to circle the Moon (September 18) and return to splashdown on Earth. It also carries the first living organisms to circle the Moon, including two Russian tortoises, Piophila, mealworms, plants and bacteria.
October 11 –
R. Walter Cunningham aboard. Goals for the mission include the first live television broadcast from orbit and testing the lunar module
docking maneuver.

December 24 –
far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole. Anders photographs Earthrise
.

Technology

June 6 – Roy Jacuzzi is granted a patent for the Jacuzzi whirlpool hot tub in the United States.^[14]

Events

April 4 –
2001: A Space Odyssey, based on a story by Arthur C. Clarke
.

Publications

James D. Watson – The Double Helix
: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA.

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Luis Alvarez
- Chemistry – Lars Onsager
- Marshall W. Nirenberg
Turing Award – Richard Hamming

Births

January 11 – Benjamin List, German organic chemist, recipient of 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
March 3 – Brian Cox, English physicist and science communicator, previously rock keyboardist
March 9 – Maggie Aderin-Pocock, English space scientist and science educator
March 16 – David MacMillan, Scottish-born organic chemist, recipient of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
June 30 –
orthopedic surgeon
September 30 – Bennet Omalu, Nigerian physician, forensic pathologist and neuropathologist
December 11 – Emmanuelle Charpentier, French biochemist, recipient of 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry^[15]

Deaths

January 6 –
aeronautical engineer
.
February 1 – Jacob van der Hoeden (born 1891), Dutch-Israeli veterinary scientist
February 21 –
Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
February 22 –
experimental psychologist
.
March 27 – Yuri Gagarin (born 1934), Russian cosmonaut, the first man in space.
April 1 –
Lev Davidovich Landau (born 1908), Russian physicist
.

June 21 – Constance Georgina Tardrew (born 1883), South African botanist.^[16]
July 22 –
Muthulakshmi Reddi (born 1886), Indian physician
and social reformer.

July 28 – Otto Hahn (born 1879), German chemist, recipient of 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
October 27 – Lise Meitner (born 1878), German physicist, discoverer in 1939, with Otto Hahn, of nuclear fission.^[17]
November 8 – Chika Kuroda (born 1884), Japanese chemist.^[18]

References

^ Nature 218 pp. 731–732.
ISBN 978-0-8153-0786-0
.

ISBN 978-0-8242-0930-8
.

^ English, W. K.; Engelbart, D. C. (1968-12-09). "A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect". AFIPS Conference Proceedings of the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Augment. Vol. 33. San Francisco. pp. 395–410. 3954.

Wired News
. Retrieved 2011-01-24.

^ Metz, Cade (2008-12-11). "The Mother of All Demos — 150 years ahead of its time". The Register. Retrieved 2011-01-24.

MR 0243466
.

PMID 5694976
.

S2CID 11058683
.

^ DiGeorge, A. M. (1968), Congenital absence of the thymus and its immunologic consequences: concurrence with congenital hypoparathyroidism, vol. IV, White Plains, NY: March of Dimes-Birth Defects Foundation, pp. 116–21

S2CID 25905258
.

^ "1968: Georges Charpak revolutionizes detection". CERN. 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-28.

PMID 5645600. Archived from the original
on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2011-02-27.

^ US 3297025, Jacuzzi, Candido, "Hydrotherapy tub", published 1967-01-10, assigned to Jacuzzi Bros. Inc. .

^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-10-07.

ISBN 978-0-62027-613-9
.

ISBN 978-0-41592-040-7
.

^ Chika Kuroda--日本初の女性化学者

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_in_science&oldid=1171664355"

[1] Nature 218 pp. 731–732.

[2] ISBN 978-0-8153-0786-0
.

[3] ISBN 978-0-8242-0930-8
.

[4] English, W. K.; Engelbart, D. C. (1968-12-09). "A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect". AFIPS Conference Proceedings of the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Augment. Vol. 33. San Francisco. pp. 395–410. 3954.

[5] Wired News
. Retrieved 2011-01-24.

[6] Metz, Cade (2008-12-11). "The Mother of All Demos — 150 years ahead of its time". The Register. Retrieved 2011-01-24.

[7] MR 0243466
.

[8] PMID 5694976
.

[9] S2CID 11058683
.

[10] DiGeorge, A. M. (1968), Congenital absence of the thymus and its immunologic consequences: concurrence with congenital hypoparathyroidism, vol. IV, White Plains, NY: March of Dimes-Birth Defects Foundation, pp. 116–21

[11] S2CID 25905258
.

[12] "1968: Georges Charpak revolutionizes detection". CERN. 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-28.

[13] PMID 5645600. Archived from the original
on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2011-02-27.

[14] US 3297025, Jacuzzi, Candido, "Hydrotherapy tub", published 1967-01-10, assigned to Jacuzzi Bros. Inc. .

[15] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-10-07.

[16] ISBN 978-0-62027-613-9
.

[17] ISBN 978-0-41592-040-7
.

[18] Chika Kuroda--日本初の女性化学者

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]