1964 in science
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1964 in science |
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The year 1964 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration
- January 30 – The Soviet Union launches the first Elektron satellites.
- Spring – First recognition of cosmic microwave background radiation as a detectable phenomenon.[1] The discovery and confirmation of the Cosmic microwave backgroundin 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe.
- March 20 – The precursor of the ESRO(European Space Research Organization) is established (under an agreement of June 14, 1962).
- July 31 – Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the Moon; images are 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from Earth-bound telescopes.
- October 12 – The Soviet Union launches the Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew and the first flight without space suits (the crew wouldn't fit in the space capsule otherwise).
Biology
- British molecular biologist Robin Holliday proposes existence of the Holliday junction in nucleic acid.
Computer science
- April 7 – System/360, in six models with 32-bit architecture.
- May 1 – BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy to learn high level programming language that will eventually be included on many computersand even some games consoles.
- PL/I (Programming Language I), a block-structured computer language, is created by George Radin, while at IBM.
- Programma 101 is announced at the World's Fair. Invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto, It is one of the first commercial desktop programmable calculators.
Earth sciences
- March 27 (Good Friday) – Great Alaskan earthquake, the second most powerful known, with a magnitude of 9.2.[2]
- Swiss geologist Augusto Gansser publishes Geology of the Himalayas.
History of science and technology
- January 23 – The Smithsonian Institution's Museum of History and Technology opens to the public in Washington, D.C.[3]
Mathematics
- Jacques Tits publishes significant work on group theory.[5]
Paleontology
- August – John Ostrom identifies remains of the dinosaur Deinonychus in Montana, significant in being a small, agile species closely related to the birds.[6]
Physics
- Three gauge bosons can acquire non-zero masses in the process of spontaneous symmetry breaking.[12] As part of Physical Review Letters' 50th anniversary celebration, the journal will recognize each of these contributions as milestone papers in its history.[13]
- Existence of the charm quark is speculated by James Bjorken and Sheldon Glashow.[14]
- EPR paradox originating Bell's theorem.[15]
Physiology and medicine
- January 11 – U.S. Surgeon General Luther Terry reports that smoking may be hazardous to health in the first such statement from the Federal government of the United States.
- January 16 – First
- January 23 – First chimpanzeeheart, carried out by U.S. surgeon James D. Hardy on Boyd Rush, but the organ is rejected after a few hours.
- March 28 – The Epstein-Barr virus is first described, by Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr in London.[18]
- June 27 – thyroid gland.[19]
- Jerome Horwitz synthesizes zidovudine (AZT), an antiviral drug that will come to be used in treating HIV.
- Temazepam first synthesized.
- Lesch–Nyhan syndrome is first described, by Drs Michael Lesch and William Nyhan.
- Fernando Alves Martins of Portugal applies optical fiber technology to a gastrocamera to produce the first such device with a flexible fiberscope, for use in esophagogastroduodenoscopy.[20]
Psychology
- Publication of Eric Berne's book Games People Play: The Psychology of Human Relationships.
Technology
- October – Dr. Robert Moog demonstrates his prototype synthesizers.[21]
- Farrington Daniels' book Direct Use of the Sun's Energy is published.[22]
Publications
- Science Citation Indexbegins publication.
Awards
- Nobel Prizes
- Aleksandr Prokhorov
- Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
- Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen
Births
- January 2 – electrical engineer.
- March 5 – Yoshua Bengio, French-born Canadian computer scientist.
- June 5 – Dukagjin Pupovci, Kosovo Albanian professor[23]
- February 19 – Jennifer Doudna, American biochemist.[24]
- August 25 – Maxim Kontsevich, Russian mathematician.
- Gillian Reid, Scottish-born inorganic chemist
Deaths
- February 5 – aviator.
- February 20 – Verena Holmes (born 1889), English mechanical engineer and inventor.
- April 14 – Tatiana Ehrenfest-Afanaseva (born 1876), Russian-born Dutch mathematician.
- April 24 – German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- May 30 – Leó Szilárd (born 1898), Hungarian-American physicist.
- October – Guy Stewart Callendar (born 1898), English thermodynamic engineer and climatologist.
- December 1 – J. B. S. Haldane (born 1892), British geneticist.
- December 17 – .
- December 30 – neuropathologist.
References
- A. G. Doroshkevich and Igor Novikov. Penzias, A. A. (2006). "The origin of elements" (PDF). Nobel lecture. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
- U.S. Geological Survey. 2012-07-18. Archived from the originalon 2010-11-07. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
- ^ "Mission & History". National Museum of American History. March 2012. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
- ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
- MR 0164968.
- ^ Ostrom, J. H. (1969). "Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana". Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin. 30: 1–165.
- .
- arXiv:hep-th/9802142.
- .
- .
- S2CID 16298371.
- .
- ^ Physical Review Letters 50th Anniversary Milestone Papers.
- .
- .
- PMID 14226164.
- PMID 12847192.
- PMID 14107961.
- S2CID 2443410.
- ^ Martins, F. A. (30 June 2009). "O Endoscópio". Fernando Alves Martins' Blog (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- ^ Moog, R. A. (1965). "Voltage-Controlled Electronic Music Modules". Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. 13 (3): 200–206.
- ^ Yale University Press.
- ^ "See ECN Expert". South East European University. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ "Jennifer Doudna | American biochemist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 October 2020.