1963 in science
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The year 1963 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy, astrophysics and space exploration
- January 1 – Long-period comet C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) is discovered by a Japanese amateur.
- January 4 – Soviet Luna reaches Earth orbit but fails to reach the Moon.
- May 15 – Mercury 9. (On June 12 NASA Administrator James E. Webbtells Congress the program is complete.)
- July 26 –
- October 18 – Aboard the French Véronique AGI 47 sounding rocket, a bicolor cat designated C 341, later known as Félicette, becomes the first cat in space.
- November 1 – The Arecibo Observatory, with the world's largest single-dish radio telescope, officially opens in Arecibo, Puerto Rico.
- First definite identification of a radio source, 3C 48, with an optical object, later identified as a quasar, is published by Allan Sandage and Thomas A. Matthews;[2] also Maarten Schmidt publishes significant observations on 3C 273.[3]
Biology
- Geneticist clone".
- Molecular biologist Emile Zuckerkandl and physical chemist Linus Pauling introduce the term paleogenetics.[4]
- Konrad Lorenz publishes On Aggression (Das sogenannte Böse: Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression).
- Niko Tinbergen poses his four questions to be asked of any animal behavior.[5]
- Sydney Brenner proposes the use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation primarily of neural development in animals.
Cartography
- Robinson projection devised by Arthur H. Robinson.[6]
Computing
- Lincoln TX-2 computer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Earth sciences
- September 7 – British geophysicists Fred Vine and Drummond Matthews publish proof of seafloor spreading on the Atlantic Ocean floor.[7][8]
- November 14 – The Icelandic volcanic island of Surtsey appears above sea level.
History of science and technology
- April 1 – Industrial Monuments Survey for the Ministry of Public Building and Works (Great Britain) commenced by Rex Wailes.
- Kenneth Hudson's Industrial Archaeology: an introduction published in London.
- Derek J. de Solla Price's Little Science, Big Science published in New York.
Mathematics
- Paul Cohen uses forcing to prove that the continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice are independent from Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.
- Walter Feit and John G. Thompson state the Feit–Thompson theorem.[9]
- Edward Lorenz publishes his discovery of the 'butterfly effect', significant in the development of chaos theory.[10]
- Atiyah–Singer index theorem announced by Michael Atiyah and Isadore Singer.[11]
Medicine
- June – Guy Alexandre performs the first kidney transplantation from a heart-beating, brain-dead donor, at Saint Pierre Hospital, Leuven, Belgium.[12]
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center.[12]
- James D. Hardy performs the first lung transplantation.[12]
- Measles vaccines are introduced commercially.[13]
- American endocrinologist Grant Liddle identifies Liddle's syndrome.[14]
- French pediatrician Jérôme Lejeune first describes cri du chat syndrome.[15]
- Pentasomy X is first diagnosed.
Paleontology
- The type species of the early dinosaur Herrerasaurus, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis from the north of Argentina, is described by Osvaldo Reig.[16]
Physics
- David H. Frisch and J. H. Smith prove radioactive decay of mesons is slowed by their motion.[17] (See Einstein's special relativity and general relativity.)
Psychology
- Stanley Milgram publishes the results of his shock experiment on obedience to authority figures.[18]
- The term "contrafreeloading" was coined.
Technology
- Lava lamp invented by Edward Craven Walker.[19]
- , is marketed.
- Don Buchla begins to design an electronic music synthesizer in Berkeley, California.
Events
- November 23 – First episode of science fiction television series Doctor Who broadcast by the BBC in the United Kingdom.[20][21][22]
Awards
- Nobel Prizes
- Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen
- Chemistry – Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta
- Andrew Fielding Huxley
Births
- January 4 – May-Britt Moser, Norwegian neuroscientist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[23]
- February 9 – theoretical physicist.
- February 10 –
- March – Jin Li, Chinese geneticist.
- August 14 – Saiful Islam, Pakistani-born materials chemist.
- August 30 – developmental biologist.
- evolutionary biologist.
- Daniel Jackson, English-born American computer scientist.
Deaths
- January 28 – Jean Piccard (born 1884), Swiss-born American chemist and explorer.
- February 5 – paleontologist.
- April 6 – Otto Struve (born 1897), Russian astronomer.
- May 11 – Herbert Spencer Gasser (born 1888), American physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- May 19 – Walter Russell (born 1871), American polymath.
- June 16 – serologist.
- August 30 – ecologist.
- October 13 – stressengineer.
- October 2 – Olga Lepeshinskaya (born 1871), Soviet Lysenkoist biologist.
- October 25 – Karl von Terzaghi (born 1883), Austrian "father of soil mechanics".
- November 13 – Margaret Murray (born 1863), Indian-English anthropologist and author.[24]
References
- .
- doi:10.1086/147615. Archived from the originalon 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
- .
- .
- doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01161.x. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
- ISBN 978-0-226-76747-5.
- ISBN 978-1-85986-000-7.
- S2CID 4296143.
- MR 0166261.
- .
- .
- ^ S2CID 219219246.
- ^ Webb, Nicholas. "HSL Research Guides: Ernst Ludwig Wynder Autograph Collection: John Enders, Ph.D." guides.library.nymc.edu. New York Medical College Health Sciences Library. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
In 1963, Pfizer introduced a deactivated measles vaccine, and Merck & Co introduced an attenuated measles vaccine.
- PMID 1343432.
- PMID 14095841.
- ^ Reig, O. A. (1963). "La presencia de dinosaurios saurisquios en los "Estratos de Ischigualasto" (Mesotriásico Superior) de las provincias de San Juan y La Rioja (República Argentina)". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 3 (1): 3–20.
- ^ American Journal of Physics 31: 342-355.
- PMID 14049516.
- ^ "Edward Craven Walker | British inventor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9.
- ISBN 978-0-426-20430-5.
- ^ "An Unearthly Child". Doctor Who: The Classic Series. BBC. 1995–2003. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-73917-417-3.