290s

The 290s decade ran from January 1, 290, to December 31, 299.

Events

290

• Emperor Diocletian campaigns with success against Arabic enemies.
• Following his victory over Emperor Maximian's fleet, the usurper Carausius invades the European mainland and re-establishes his military and administrative presence in northern Gaul.

Asia

• Western Jin Dynasty, dies after a 25-year reign. He reunifies north and south, but gives away many dukedoms to his kinsmen. Crown Prince Sima Zhong succeeds his father, and has to deal with conflicts among the aristocratic families in China
  .

• Winter: The emperors Diocletian and Maximian convene in Milan.
• An uneasy peace is established between the emperors Diocletian and Maximian on the one hand, and the rival emperor Carausius on the other.
• Perhaps in cooperation with the forces of Maximian, Carausius campaigns successfully against Germanic raids in Gaul and Britain. Also during his reign, Carausius begins building the forts of the Saxon Shore.

Northern Europe

• The Alemanni, having been expelled from part of their territory by the Burgundians, seek to regain their lost lands. These peoples had unsuccessfully invaded Gaul in tandem in 285/6, and the Alemanni had likely been weakened by the Roman counter-invasions of 287 and 288.
• A force of Goths defeat the Burgundians.
• The
  Taifali fight the Vandals and Gepids
  .

• The Blemmyes invade the Kingdom of Kush.

Persian Empire

• King Bahram II fights against a coalition consisting of his brother Hormizd of Sakastan, Sassanian vassal Hormizd I Kushashah, and the Gilans.

China

• Jin Dynasty. The struggle devastates and depopulates the provinces of northern China
  .

• The jurist Gregorius, at the court of Emperor
  Gregorian Code, the first codification of Roman law
  (approximate date).

• Bongsang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.^[1]

Mesoamerica

• The oldest known Mayan stele is erected at the capital Tikal (modern Guatemala).

293

• Constantius I and Galerius as Caesars. This is considered the beginning of the Tetrarchy, known as the Quattuor Principes Mundi ("Four Rulers of the World"). (Some sources and scholars date Galerius' elevation to May 21
  .)
• Constantius retakes some of the Gallic territories from the usurper Carausius. He conquers the crucial port of Bononia (modern Boulogne).
• Towards the end of the year, Carausius is murdered by his finance minister Allectus, who proclaims himself the new emperor of Britain.
• In this or the following year, Constantius defeats the Franks in Batavia (Netherlands).
• Galerius begins a series of two campaigns in Upper Egypt against the rebel cities of
  Coptos and Boresis as well as the Blemmyes and Meroitic Nubians
  .
• Over the course of his reign, but especially from the time of the Tetrarchy's creation, Diocletian divides the large provinces of the early empire into smaller administrative units, and he groups these new smaller provinces into
  dioceses. He also accelerates the third-century trend whereby the administration and military of the provinces are increasingly divided between governors and generals (duces) respectively, whereas formerly governors had also been in charge of the legions. This expansion of imperial personnel increases Diocletian's control over the empire and weakens the power of individual officials and officers. Moreover, Diocletian expands the retinues of the individual emperors to have more ministers and secretaries, thus establishing what will become known as the late Roman Consistorium
  .

• King
  Persarmenia, marches on the Persian capital Ctesiphon
  with the support of a faction of the nobility and the eastern Satraps. Bahram is overthrown and Narseh is declared the new King of Kings.

• Tuoba Fu succeeds his uncle Tuoba Chuo, as chieftain of the Chinese Tuoba Clan.

By topic

Religion

• Probus succeeds Rufinus, as Bishop of Byzantium.

294

• Persian
  shahanshah Narseh defeats King Tiridates III of Armenia, and forces him to flee to the Roman Empire.^[2]
• Tuoba Luguan succeeds his nephew Tuoba Fu, as chieftain of the Chinese Tuoba clan.^[3]

295

• Emperor Diocletian defeats the Carpi.
• Caesar
  Coptos and Boresis, as well as the Blemmyes and Meroitic Nubians
  .
• The jurist Hermogenianus, at the court of Diocletian, produces the
  Gregorian Code of c. 292
  .
• Diocletian, perhaps through Galerius, issues an edict against incest.

• chieftains of the western and central areas of (Shanxi province). Tuoba Luguan dominates the eastern area (near Hohhot
  ).

• Petra rejoins the province of Palestine, and is converted to Christianity by the Syrian monk Barsauma.

296

• In this or the previous year, Caesar
  Praetorian Prefect. Asclepiodotus sails from the mouth of the Seine, and lands near the Isle of Wight, where his forces defeat Allectus in Hampshire. Allectus is killed in the fighting. Constantius leaves Boulogne with his fleet, and occupies London, where he slaughters some of Allectus' Frankish mercenaries. With this victory, the Romano-British regime first established by Carausius
  is overthrown, and Britain is re-incorporated into the rest of the empire.
• Having supervised the Rhine frontier during Constantius' invasion of Britain, Maximian then marches into Spain, where he fights Frankish pirates. He then crosses into North Africa to contend with the rebellion of the Quinquegentiani.
• The Persian king
  Carrhae and Callinicum
  , Galerius' army suffers a defeat against the Persian army, which is both more numerous and contains superior numbers of high-quality cavalry. Nevertheless, Galerius succeeds in blunting the Persian offensive.

• April 22 – Pope Caius dies after a 13-year reign and is succeeded by Marcellinus as the 29th pope of Rome.

297

• Emperor Diocletian introduces a new tax system and other economic reforms.^[4]
• Diocletian watches over the Syrian provinces while Caesar Galerius makes preparations for a campaign against the Persian king Narseh. He recruits veterans from Illyria and Moesia, recruits new soldiers, and strengthens his army with Gothic mercenaries and the Armenian units of Tiridates III.
• August: Domitius Domitianus launches a usurpation against Diocletian in Egypt. He is perhaps aided by popular discontent with Diocletian's taxation reform.
• Autumn: Diocletian besieges the rebels in Alexandria.
• December: Domitianus dies, but his corrector Aurelius Achilleus takes over as the leader of the rebellion.
• Battle of Satala: Galerius launches a surprise attack against Narseh's camp in western Armenia. The Romans sack the camp and capture Narseh's wives, sisters and daughters, including his Queen of Queens Arsane. Narseh is wounded and escapes to his empire.

298

• Spring: Emperor Diocletian retakes Alexandria and crushes the usurpation of Aurelius Achilleus.
• Diocletian then travels into Upper Egypt and possibly campaigns on the Nubian frontier. In either this year or in 300/301, he makes agreements with the Meroitic Nubians and the Blemmyes. He agrees to pay subsidies to both peoples, and he cedes the Dodecashoenos to the Nubians on the understanding that the Nubians will defend the region against the Blemmyes.
• Caesar
  Nisibis
  in Upper Mesopotamia.

Korea

• The manufacture of cultured silk becomes popular from Korea to Japan.
• Bunseo becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje.^[5]
• Girim becomes the king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.^[5]

299

• Mirian III of the Kingdom of Iberia is made a Roman client, and at some point in time, as a result of the treaty, Caucasian Albania
  will follow suit. Rome also gains five satrapies beyond the Tigris, which are perhaps given to Tiridates to administer.
• To celebrate his victory over the Persians, Galerius commissions the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki (modern Greece).
• In this or the following year, Galerius campaigns with success against Sarmatians and the Marcomanni, attacking through a swamp to defeat a Sarmatian army.
• Having first crossed into Africa in 296, Emperor Maximian concludes his campaigns against the Quinquegentiani and other Berbers. His campaigns had ranged as far as Mauretania in the west and Tripolitania in the east. Julianus, a rebel leader in Africa, throws himself into a fire after the Romans breach the walls of his stronghold.
• Returning to Rome in triumph, Maximian commissions the Baths of Diocletian in honour of his 'brother' Diocletian.
• Diocletian expels Christians from the Roman army.

China

• Empress Jia Nanfeng frames Crown Prince Yu for treason and has him deposed.

Significant people

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Births

290

• Abramios the Recluse, Christian hermit and ascetic (d. 360)
• Pappus of Alexandria, Greek mathematician (d. 350)^[6]
• Vitus
  (or Guido), Roman hagiographer and martyr

291

• martyress (d. c. 304
  )
• Saint Hilarion, anchorite and saint (d. 371)
• Jin Dynasty
• Saint Philomena, Christian martyress (d. c. 304)

292

• He Chong (or Cidao), Chinese politician (d. 346)
• Pachomius, Christian theologian and writer (d. 348)
• Zhu Jingjian, Chinese Buddhist nun (d. 361)^[7]

294

• Jin Dynasty (d. 320
  )

• Shi Hu, Chinese emperor of Later Zhao (d. 349)

296

• Yu Bing (or Jijian), Chinese politician (d. 344)

297

• Murong Huang, ruler of the Former Yan (d. 348)
• Jin Dynasty (d. 328
  )

• Athanasius of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch (d. 373)

299

• Jin Dynasty (d. 325
  )

290

• Jin Dynasty (b. 236
  )
• Tao Huang
  (or Shiying), Chinese general and politician

• Sima Liang, regent during the reign of Sima Yan
• Sima Wei, prince during the Jin Dynasty (b. 271)
• Wei Guan, general of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 220)
• Wen Yang, general of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 238)
• Yang Jun
  , official during the reign of Sima Yan

292

• Jin Dynasty (b. 259)^[8]

• Bahram II, king of the Sassanid Empire
• Bahram III, king of the Sassanid Empire
• Carausius, Roman general and usurper
• Tuoba Chuo, Chinese chieftain of the Tuoba tribe
• Yuwen Mohuai, Chinese chieftain of the Yuwen tribe

294

• Tuoba Fu, chieftain of the Chinese Tuoba clan^[3]

295

• Maximilian of Tebessa, Berber Christian saint and martyr

296

• April 22 – Caius, bishop of Rome
• Allectus, Roman treasurer and usurper-emperor
• Guo Huai (or Yuhuang), Chinese noblewoman (b. 237)

297

• Chen Shou, author of the San Guo Zhi (b. 233)
• Tirumalisai Alvar, one of the 12 Alvar
  saints. (b. 4203 BCE)
• Zhou Fang (b. 236
  )

• Aurelius Achilleus, Roman usurper
• Cassian of Tangier, Christian martyr
• Chaekgye of Baekje, Korean ruler ^[5]
• Marcellus of Tangier, Christian martyr
• Yurye of Silla (or Yuri), Korean ruler^[5]

299

• Judah bar Ezekiel, Babylonian amora (b. 220)
• Qi Wannian, Chinese chieftain and rebel leader

References

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