310s

The 310s decade ran from January 1, 310, to December 31, 319.

Events

310

• Maximian, retired emperor, rebels against Constantine I in Arles while the latter is campaigning against the Franks.
• Maximinus Daza, caesar under Emperor Galerius, is acclaimed augustus by his troops. Galerius is forced to recognize him as co-ruler of the East. The Roman Empire is thus divided between seven simultaneous emperors: Galerius (East), Maximinus II (East), Licinius (Middle), Constantine I (West), Maximian (West), Maxentius (Italy), and Domitius Alexander (Africa).
• July – Maximian flees to Marseille where he is besieged and surrenders. Constantine encourages his suicide and Maximian, age 60, hangs himself. Emperor Maxentius condemns the killing of his father.
• Licinius campaigns with success against the Carpi.^[1]

Asia

• Haelhae becomes the king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.^[2]

By topic

Commerce

• At Trier, Constantine orders the minting of a new coin, the solidus, in an effort to offset the declining value of the denarius and bring stability to the imperial currency by restoring a gold standard. The solidus (later known as the bezant) will be minted in the Byzantine Empire without change in weight or purity until the 10th century.

Religion

• April 18 – Pope Eusebius succeeds Pope Marcellus I as the 31st pope, but is banished on August 17 by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, perhaps from a hunger strike.

311

By place

Roman Empire

• April 30 – Emperor Galerius declares on his deathbed religious freedom, and issues his Edict of Serdica, ending the Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.
• May 5 – Galerius dies, age 51, from a gruesome disease, possibly colorectal cancer or Fournier gangrene.
• Maximinus Daza and Licinius divide the Eastern Empire between themselves.
• Maximinus recommences the persecution of Christians, having encouraged his subjects to petition him to do so.
• Fearing an alliance between Licinius and
  Constantine I, Maximinus forges a secret alliance with Emperor Maxentius
  .

• Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu
  state; the invaders slaughter 30,000 citizens.

• July 2 – Pope Miltiades succeeds Eusebius as the 32nd pope of Rome.
• The
  Donatist schism occurs in the African Church
  .

• Constantine I crosses the Cottian Alps with an army (40,000 men) and defeats Maxentius's generals in three battles at Turin, Brescia and Verona.^[3] Maxentius's Praetorian Prefect Ruricius Pompeianus
  is killed in the fighting outside Verona.
• October 28 – Battle of the Milvian Bridge: Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge, becoming the only Roman emperor in the West. Prior to the battle, he reportedly has a vision of a cross (labarum) with the phrase "in hoc signo vinces" ("In this sign you shall conquer"). This encourages him to convert to Christianity.
• October 29 – Constantine enters Rome; he stages a grand adventus in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber and decapitated.
• Constantine forges an
  alliance with co-emperor Licinius, and offers him his half-sister, Constantia, in marriage. The Praetorian Guard and Imperial Horse Guard (equites singulares Augusti
  ) are disbanded.
• Emperor Maximinus Daza campaigns unsuccessfully against the Armenians.

By topic

Religion

• Constantine I adopts the words "in hoc signo vinces" as a motto, and has the letters X and P (the first letters of the Greek word
  shields
  of his soldiers.
• The
  Council of Arles (314)
  .
• Constantine I promotes a policy of state sponsorship of Christianity, perhaps even becoming a Christian himself (see Constantine the Great and Christianity).

313

• At the end of 312 or in early 313, the retired Emperor Diocletian dies in his palace in Split, most likely from natural causes.
• Great Persecution against the Christians and is the first piece of legislation in western history to decree freedom of religion. It also returns property confiscated from Christians.^[4] The edict is posted in Nicomedia
  on June 13.
• Emperor
  Bosphorus with an army of 70,000 men and lays siege to Heraclea in Thrace
  . He captures the city after eight days.
• Battle of Tzirallum: Licinius defeats his rival Maximinus in Thrace, who then flees to Cilicia. After losing the Cilician Gates to Licinius' forces, Maximinus commits suicide.
• Licinius conducts a purge of the wider Tetrarchic dynasty. He executes
  Valerius Severus' son Severianus (whom he accuses of conspiracy), and Maximinus' wife, son and daughter. Diocletian's wife Prisca and daughter Galeria Valeria
  go into hiding.

• Jin Dynasty
  .
• 16th emperor of Japan. The historical profile of Nintoku is generally accepted as fact without attributing all of the things he allegedly accomplished.^[5]

• Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (or Basilica Nova), in Rome
  , is finished.

• February 3 – Edict of Milan: Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius meet at a conference in Mediolanum (modern Milan). They proclaim a policy of religious freedom for all, ending the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and returning property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13.
• October 2 – Lateran Synod: Donatism is declared a heresy.
• Arius preaches of the human nature of Jesus.

314

• A large Pictish raid southwards in Roman Britain is attempted.

By topic

Religion

• January 10 – Pope Miltiades' reign ends.
• January 31 – Pope Sylvester I succeeds Pope Miltiades as the 33rd pope.
• schism, and passes other canons.^[6]
• magician is declared a sin earning five years of penance.^[7]
• Bishop of Byzantium
  .

• Carpians along the Danube. Constantine leads a punitive expedition into Dacia and reestablishes the Roman fortifications
  of the frontier.
• July 25 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum at Rome to commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. As part of the ceremony Constantine is expected to make a sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods, but he refuses to do so.
• Constantine I dedicates the Basilica of Maxentius and installs a large statue of himself inside it.
• Crucifixion is abolished as punishment in the Roman Empire.
• A program of assistance to the poor is established in the Roman Empire.
• Immense baths are constructed in Augusta Treverorum (modern-day Trier).

By topic

Religion

• Eusebius becomes bishop of Caesarea
  (approximate date).
• The lamb becomes the symbol of Jesus in Christian art.

316

• Emperor Constantine the Great issues an edict, prohibiting the punishment of slaves by crucifixion and facial branding.
• Constantine I sends his half-brother
  conspiracy
  against Constantine.
• Licinius elevates Valerius Valens to Augustus, and mobilises an army against Constantine. Bassianus is accused of conspiracy and executed.
• October 8 – Battle of Cibalae: Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near the town of Colonia Aurelia Cibalae (modern-day Vinkovci, Croatia). Licinius is forced to flee to Sirmium and loses all of the Balkans except for Thrace. Peace negotiations are initiated between the two Augusti, but they are unsuccessful.
• December – Battle of Mardia: Constantine I defeats his rival Licinius and senior officer Valerius Valens, near the town of Harmanli (Bulgaria).

Asia

• The
  Jin Mindi surrenders to Liu Yao
  .
• The Western Jin Dynasty ends, and Ancient China is divided.

By topic

Religion

• At the request of the
  Donatist
  church.

317

• March 1 – Emperor Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius elevate their sons Crispus, Constantine II (being still a baby) and Licinius II to Caesars. After this arrangement Constantine rules the dioceses Pannonia and Macedonia, and establishes his residence at Sirmium, from where he prepares a campaign against the Goths and Sarmatians.^[8]
• Licinius recognizes Constantine I as senior emperor and executes Valerius Valens.

Asia

• Eastern Jin Dynasty and decides to make Jiankang (modern Nanjing
  ) his new capital.
• The earliest historically verified reference to tea is recorded, although the Chinese have been drinking the beverage for centuries.

318

• Emperor
  Helena, and builds a church in honour of the martyr St. Lucian
  .
• Constantine the Great is given the title Brittanicus Maximus, for successful engagements in Britain.

Asia

• The
  Former Zhao state is proclaimed; Liu Can and the state ruling family at Pingyang is executed in a coup d'état by Jin Zhun, who is in turn overthrown by Shi Le and Liu Yao
  .
• Liu Yao becomes the new emperor of Han-Zhao and moves his capital to Chang'an.

By topic

Religion

• Gregory the Illuminator appoints his son Aristax as successor in the patriarchate of Armenia.

319

• Emperor Constantine the Great prohibits the separation of the families of slaves, during a change in ownership.^{[citation needed]}

India

• King
  Ghatotkacha, as ruler of the Gupta Empire
  .

• Christianity is introduced in Colchis, present-day Georgia.

By topic

Religion

• Arius travels to Nicomedia at the invitation of Bishop Eusebius, after having been accused of heresy and condemned by Alexander, the Patriarch of Alexandria. This gives rise to the Arian Controversy.

Significant people

• King of Armenia
  (287–330)
• Ousanas, King of Axum (c.310-c.320)
• Emperor of China
  (307 - 313)
• Emperor of China
  (313 - 317)
• Emperor of China
  (317 - 322)
• Fíacha Sroiptine, High King of Ireland (285-322)
• Ōjin, Emperor of Japan, 270-310
• Nintoku, Emperor of Japan, 313-399
• Shapur II, Sassanid dynasty King of Persia (309-379)
• Galerius, Roman Emperor (305-311)
• Constantine
  , Roman Emperor (306-337)
• Maxentius, Roman Emperor (306-312)
• Licinius, Roman Emperor (308-324)
• Maximinus II
  , Roman Emperor (311-313)
• Alexander of Byzantium, Bishop of Byzantium (314-337)
• Pope Eusebius, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church (309-310)
• Metrophanes of Byzantium, Bishop of Byzantium (306-314)
• Miltiades, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church (311-314)
• Sylvester I, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church (314-335)
• King of Silla
  (298–310)
• King of Silla
  (310–356)

Births

310

• Ausonius, Roman poet and rhetorician (d. 395)
• Church Father (d. 403
  )
• Wulfila, Gothic bishop and missionary (d. 383)

312

• Dao'an, Chinese Buddhist monk and writer (d. 385)
• Huan Wen (or Yuanzi), Chinese general (d. 373)

313

• Cyril of Jerusalem, Christian bishop and theologian (d. 386)
• Didymus the Blind, Alexandrian theologian (d. 398)
• Shi Hong, Chinese emperor of the Jie state (d. 334)

314

• Libanius, Greek rhetorician and sophist (approximate date)
• Cheng Han Dynasty (d. 338
  )
• Zhi Dun, Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher (d. 366)

315

• Flavius Hannibalianus, ruler of Armenia and Pontus (d. 337)
• Hilary of Poitiers, Christian bishop and Doctor of the Church^[10]
• Himerius, Greek sophist and rhetorician (approximate date)
• Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, Roman politician (d. 384)

316

• Constantine II, Roman emperor (d. 340)
• Martin of Tours, bishop of Tours (d. 397)

317

• August 7 – Constantius II, Roman emperor (d. 361)
• Fú Jiàn, Chinese emperor of the Former Qin (d. 355
  )
• Junius Bassus Theotecnius, Roman politician (d. 359)
• Themistius, Byzantine statesman and philosopher

318

• Liu, Chinese empress and wife of Shi Hu (d. 349)

319

• Murong Jun, Chinese emperor of the Former Yan (d. 360)

Deaths

310

• August 17 – Eusebius, bishop of Rome
• July – Maximian, Roman emperor (b. c. 250)
• Han-Zhao
  )
• Domnina, Berenice, and Prosdoce, Christian martyrs
• Liu He
  , Chinese emperor of Xiongnu (or Han-Zhao)
• Liu Yuan
  , Chinese emperor of Xiongnu (or Han-Zhao)
• Luo Shang, Chinese general of the Jin dynasty (266–420)
• Emperor Ōjin of Japan, according to legend.

311

• April 23 – Sima Yue (or Yuanchao), Chinese prince and regent
• May 5
  • Galerius,^[11] Roman emperor (b. c.258)
  • Wang Yan, Chinese official and politician (b. 256)
• October 7 – Gou Xi (or Daojiang), Chinese inspector and general
• Peter I, patriarch of Alexandria
• December 3 – Diocletian, Roman emperor (b. 244)
• usuper
• Wang Mi (or Zigu), Chinese general and rebel leader

312

• October 28 – Maxentius, Roman emperor (b. 283)
• Clement of Ancyra, Christian bishop and martyr
• Guo Xiang, Chinese scholar and philosopher (b. 252)
• Huyan, Chinese empress of the Xiongnu state
• Ruricius Pompeianus, Roman praetorian prefect

313

• March 14 – Huai of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 284)
• Achillas (the Great), pope and patriarch of Alexandria
• Galerius Valerius Maximinus, Roman emperor (b. 270)
• Candidianus (son of Galerius)
• Valerius Severus
• Guangxian, Chinese empress of the Xiongnu
  state
• Zhang Huiguang
  (or Wuxiao), Chinese empress

• January 10 – Miltiades (or Melchiades), bishop of Rome
• Liu E (or Lihua), Chinese empress of the Xiongnu
  state
• Wang Jun (or Pengzu), Chinese general and warlord (b. 252)
• Zhang Gui, Chinese governor and duke of Xiping (b. 255)

315

• September 14 – Maternus of Cologne, bishop of Trier
• Du Tao (or Jingwen), Chinese general and rebel leader
• Galeria Valeria, Roman empress and wife of Galerius
• Prisca, Roman empress and wife of Diocletian (b. 247)
• Valerius of Saragossa, Christian bishop and martyr

316

• Diocletian, Roman emperor, commits suicide (b. 244)^[12] (most historians date his death to 311 or 312)
• Blaise, bishop of Sebastea (martyred)
• Bassianus, Roman advisor and politician
• Suo Chen (or Juxiu), Chinese general
• Tuoba Pugen, Chinese chieftain of the Tuoba clan
• Tuoba Yilu, Chinese chieftain of the Tuoba clan

317

• Valerius Valens, Roman emperor

318

• February 7 – Min of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 300)
• Liu Cong
  , Chinese emperor
• Fan Changsheng, Chinese religious leader
• Jin Zhun, Chinese official and chancellor
• Liu Can (or Shiguang), Chinese emperor
• Liu Kun, Chinese general and poet (b. 270)
• harlot
  and martyr

319

• Du Zeng, Chinese general and rebel leader
• Ghatotkacha, Indian ruler of the Gupta Empire
• Theodore Stratelates, Greek general and martyr (b. 281)

References