Trill consonant
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (July 2018) |
In
alveolar trill
.
A trill is made by the articulator being held in place and the airstream causing it to vibrate. Usually a trill vibrates for 2–3 contacts, but may be up to 5, or even more if
taps and flaps, a tap or flap differs from a trill in that it is made by a muscular contraction rather than airstream.[2] Individuals with ankyloglossia
may have issues producing the trill sound.
Phonemic trills
Trill consonants included in the International Phonetic Alphabet:
- [r] – Voiced alveolar trill
- [r̥] – Voiceless alveolar trill
- [ʙ] – Voiced bilabial trill
- [ʙ̥] – Voiceless bilabial trill
- [ɽ͡r] – Voiced retroflex trill
- [ʀ] – Voiced uvular trill
- [ʀ̥] – Voiceless uvular trill
- [ʢ] – Voiced epiglottal trill
- [ʜ] – Voiceless epiglottal trill
In addition,
- [𝼀] – velopharyngeal fricative[ʩ] found in disordered speech sometimes involves trilling of the velopharyngeal port, producing a 'snort'.
The bilabial trill is uncommon. The coronal trill is most frequently
retroflex flap), but might be less ambiguously written [ɽr], as only the onset is retroflex, with the actual trill being alveolar. The epiglottal trills are identified by the IPA as fricatives, with the trilling assumed to be allophonic. However, analyzing the sounds as trills may be more economical.[3] There are also so-called strident vowels
which are accompanied by epiglottal trill.
The cells in the IPA chart for the
Voiceless trills occur phonemically in e.g. Welsh and Icelandic. (See also voiceless alveolar trill, voiceless retroflex trill, voiceless uvular trill.) Mangbetu and Ninde have phonemically voiceless bilabial trills.
The
frication
during the trill, sounding a little like a simultaneous [r] and [ʐ] (or [r̥] and [ʂ] when devoiced). A symbol for this sound, [ɼ], has been dropped from the IPA, and it is now generally transcribed as a raised r, [r̝].
Liangshan Yi
("Cool Mountain" Yi) has two "buzzed" or fricative vowels /u̝/, /i̝/ (written ṳ, i̤) which may also be trilled, [ʙ̝], [r̝].
A number of languages have
Muran language Pirahã have a very unusual trilled phoneme, a voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
, [t̪͡ʙ̥].
A nasal trill [r̃] has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in
rhotacism. However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled.[8] Some languages contrast /r, r̃/ like Toro-tegu Dogon[9] and Inor
.
Extralinguistic trills
A linguolabial trill [r̼] is not known to be used phonemically but occurs when blowing a raspberry.
labiodental trill, [ʙ̪], is most likely to be lateral, but laterality is not distinctive among labial sounds.[citation needed
]
mimesis
of a cat's purr.
Summary
| Bilabial | Linguo- labial |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Velo- pharyngeal |
Pharyngeal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| simple | ʙ̥ ʙ | ((r̼̊ r̼)) | r̪̊ r̪ | r̥ r | r̠̊ r̠ | (ɽr̥ ɽr) | ʀ̥ ʀ | ʜ ʢ | ||
Fricative
|
ʙ̝ | r̝
|
ʀ̝
|
|||||||
Affricate
|
p͡ʙ̥ b͜ʙ | t͜r̊ d͜r | ʡ͡ʜ ʡ͡ʢ | |||||||
| Nasal | r̃ | (𝼀) | ||||||||
| Lateral | (ʙ̪) | ((bird calls)) | ||||||||
| Ejective | ((r̥ʼ)) | |||||||||
See also
- List of phonetics topics
- Bronx cheer (gesture)
References
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 218.
- ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 175.
- ^ Esling (2010), p. 695.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 230.
- ^ Esling (2010), p. 688.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
- ^ Sampson (1999), pp. 312–3.
- ^ Heath, Jeffrey (2014). A Grammar of Toro Tegu (Dogon), Tabi mountain dialect.
- ^ University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics, 1969, Volume 1, Parts 4–6, Page 115.
- naso-pharynx (Bertil Malmberg & Louise Kaiser, 1968, Manual of phonetics, North-Holland, p. 325)
- ^ "SpecGram—Letters to the Editor". specgram.com.
- ^ Unicode support from 2021.
Bibliography
- Esling, John H. (2010), "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, William J.; Laver, John; Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.), The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 678–702, ISBN 978-1-4051-4590-9
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, S2CID 145782045
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, S2CID 145635698
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- ISBN 978-1-42823126-9
- Sampson, Rodney (1999), Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823848-7
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