Ayrton Senna
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Ayrton Senna | |
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Born | Ayrton Senna da Silva 21 March 1960 |
Died | 1 May 1994 Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy | (aged 34)
Spouse |
Lilian de Vasconcelos Souza
(m. 1981; div. 1982) |
Partners |
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Relatives |
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Formula One World Championship career | |
Nationality | Brazilian |
Active years | 1984–1994 |
Teams | Toleman, Lotus, McLaren, Williams |
Engines | Hart, Renault, Honda, Ford |
Entries | 162 (161 starts) |
Championships | 3 (1988, 1990, 1991) |
Wins | 41 |
Podiums | 80 |
Career points | 610 (614)[1] |
Pole positions | 65 |
Fastest laps | 19 |
First entry | 1984 Brazilian Grand Prix |
First win | 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix |
Last win | 1993 Australian Grand Prix |
Last entry | 1994 San Marino Grand Prix |
Website | ayrtonsenna |
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Ayrton Senna da Silva (Brazilian Portuguese:
Senna began his motorsport career in
Senna was recognised for his qualifying speed over one lap. From
Early life and career
Senna was born at 2:35 BRT (5:35 GMT) on Monday, 21 March 1960, in the Pro-Matre Maternity Hospital of
The house where Senna spent the first four years of his life belonged to Neide's father, João Senna. It was located on the corner of Avenida Aviador Guilherme with Avenida Gil Santos Dumont, less than 100 meters from Campo de Marte, a large area where they operated the Aeronautics Material park and an airport. Senna was highly athletic, excelling in gymnastics and other sports, and developed an interest in cars and motor racing at the age of four. As a small boy, he had poor motor coordination and had trouble climbing stairways by the age of three. An
Senna attended Colegio Rio Branco in the São Paulo neighbourhood of
Senna's first kart was built by his father using a small 1-
Senna went on to win the South American Kart Championship in 1977. He contested the Karting World Championship each year from 1978 to 1982, finishing runner-up in 1979 and 1980.[12] In 1978, he was the teammate of Terry Fullerton, from whom Senna later felt was the rival he got the most satisfaction racing against also because of the lack of money and politics at that level.[13]
In 1981, Senna moved to
In
]Senna was managed for most of his career by Armando Teixeira, who was assisted by Domingos Piedade.[21]
Formula One career
Toleman (1984)
1983–1984: testing and debut season
In 1983, Senna tested for Formula One teams Williams, McLaren, Brabham, and Toleman. Peter Warr of Lotus, Ron Dennis of McLaren, and Bernie Ecclestone of Brabham made offers for testing in 1984 and presented long-term contracts that tied Senna to driving later on. During his test for Williams at the 3.149-km (1.957-mi) Donington Park circuit, Senna completed 40 laps and was quicker than the other drivers, including Williams's reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg.[22] Neither Williams or McLaren had a vacancy for the 1984 season.[22]
Both Williams boss
In 1984, Senna hired Nuno Cobra to assess his physical condition due to his concern over his low weight.
Senna was renowned throughout his career for his capacity to provide very specific technical details about the performance of his cars and track conditions long before the advent of telemetry; this skill led Pat Symonds, Senna's first Formula One race engineer, to regard the Dallas Grand Prix in the United States as the initial highlight of Senna's debut season, instead of Monaco. In an interview, Symonds recalled:[32]
The car was reasonably competitive there, so we expected to have a good race, but Ayrton spun early in the race. He then found his way back through the field in a quite effective way and we were looking for a pretty good finish, but then he hit the wall, damaged the rear wheel and the driveshaft and retired, which was a real shame. The real significance of that was that when he came back to the pits he told me what happened and said "I'm sure that the wall moved!" And even though I've heard every excuse every driver has ever made, I certainly hadn't heard of that one! But Ayrton being Ayrton, with his incredible belief in himself, the absolute conviction, he then talked me into going with him after the race to have a look at the place where he had crashed. And he was absolutely right, which was the amazing thing! Dallas being a street circuit, the track was surrounded by concrete blocks and what had happened – we could see it from the tyre marks – was that someone had hit at the far end of the concrete block and that made it swivel slightly, so that the leading edge of the block was standing out by a few millimetres. And he was driving with such precision that those few millimetres were the difference between hitting the wall and not hitting the wall. While I had been, at first, annoyed that we had retired from the race through a driver error, when I saw what had happened, when I saw how he had been driving, that increased my respect for the guy by quite a lot.
That season, Senna took two more podium finishes—third at the British and Portuguese Grands Prix—and placed 9th in the Drivers' Championship with 13 points overall. He did not take part in the Italian Grand Prix after he was suspended by Toleman for being in breach of his contract by entering talks with Lotus for 1985 without informing the Toleman team first. Although Senna did have a £100,000 buyout clause in his contract, the team had to be informed before discussions with another team started.[33][34] Senna became the first driver Lotus had signed not personally chosen by team founder Colin Chapman, who had died in 1982.[citation needed] At the end of the year, Senna had developed Bell's palsy, possibly from a virus. One side of his face had become completely paralysed; Sid Watkins gave Senna steroids to preserve the possibility of recovery.[35]
Lotus (1985–1987)
1985: first pole positions and wins
Senna was partnered in his first year at
Senna led at the San Marino, Monaco, British and German Grands Prix but retired from all these races either from engine failure or running out of fuel, and he had a huge accident at the French Grand Prix at the Circuit Paul Ricard's fastest corner after an engine failure in the middle of the corner. He did not finish in the points again until coming second at the
1986: eight pole positions and eight podiums
De Angelis was replaced at Lotus by
After winning the
1987: last season at Lotus
Team Lotus had a new engine deal in 1987, running the same turbocharged Honda V6 engines as Williams had used to win the previous year's Constructors' Championship, and with them came a new teammate, 34-year-old Japanese driver, Satoru Nakajima, who was a test driver employed directly by Honda. The team guaranteed Senna contractually preferential treatment over Nakajima in the allocation of equipment.[48] Senna started the season with mixed fortunes: a podium at the San Marino Grand Prix was tempered by controversy at the following race at Spa-Francorchamps, where he collided with Mansell, and afterward in the pits an irate Mansell grabbed Senna by the throat and had to be restrained by Lotus mechanics.[49][50] Senna then won two races in a row, which helped him take the lead in the World Championship: the ensuing Monaco Grand Prix (the first of his record six victories at the Principality) and the Detroit Grand Prix, his second victory in two years at the angular Michigan street circuit,[51] and the first ever for an active suspension Formula One car.[52]
As the championship progressed, it became evident that the Williams cars had the advantage over the rest of the field, the gap between the Honda-engined teams made most obvious at the
McLaren (1988–1993)
1988: first world championship
In 1988, due to the relationship he had built up with Honda throughout the 1987 season with Lotus, and with the approval of McLaren's number-one driver and then-double world champion, Alain Prost, Senna joined the McLaren team.[56] The foundation for a fierce competition between Senna and Prost was laid, culminating in a number of dramatic race incidents between the two over the next five years.[57] The experienced pair also quickly realized, despite their personal rivalry, they had to work together, especially in testing, to keep ahead of their main opposition from Ferrari, Williams, Benetton, and Lotus. One notable incident of the year was at the Monaco Grand Prix, where Senna out-qualified Prost by 1.4 seconds and led for most of the race before crashing on lap 67.[58]
Instead of returning to the pit lane, Senna was so distressed by his mistake that he went back to his apartment and did not contact the team until he walked into the pit garage as they were packing up later that night. After team manager Jo Ramirez called him through his Monaco apartment's cleaner hours after he had crashed, Senna was still devastated by his own mistake. As the television cameras had not captured his crash, team boss Ron Dennis did not know what had caused his DNF until then, although Prost speculated that judging from the tyre marks, it appeared as though Senna had clipped the inside barrier at Portier, which pitched him into the outside guard rail. At the Portuguese Grand Prix, Prost made a slightly faster start than Senna who, as he would a number of times, dived into the fast first corner ahead. Prost responded and went to pass Senna at the end of the first lap. Senna swerved to block Prost, forcing the Frenchman to nearly run into the pit wall at 290 km/h (180 mph). Prost kept his foot down and soon edged Senna into the first corner and started pulling away. Prost, normally a calm individual, was angered by Senna's manoeuvre, and the Brazilian got away with a warning from the FIA. At the post-race team debrief, Prost voiced his anger at the move which prompted Senna to apologize to Prost for the incident. Ultimately, the pair won 15 of 16 races in the dominant McLaren MP4/4 in 1988 with Senna coming out on top, winning his first Formula One world championship title by taking eight wins to Prost's seven. Although Prost scored more points over the season, three of his second places were dropped, as only the eleven-best scores counted, meaning that Senna bested Prost by three points.[59]
The biggest incident of the year happened at the
1989: runner-up to Alain Prost
In
Prost took the 1989 world title after a collision with Senna at the
A large fine and temporary suspension of his
1990: second world championship
In 1990, Senna took a commanding lead in the championship with six wins, two second-places, and three thirds. With Prost gone to Ferrari, he also had a new teammate in Austrian driver and friend Gerhard Berger. Among his victories were the opening round on the wide streets of Phoenix, in which he diced for the lead for several laps with Jean Alesi's Tyrrell before coming out on top, and in Germany, where he fought Benetton driver Alessandro Nannini throughout the race for the win. Senna won six races, including another Monaco win, and as the season reached its final quarter, Prost in his Ferrari rose to the challenge with five wins, including a crucial victory in Spain where he and teammate Nigel Mansell finished 1–2 for the Scuderia. Senna had gone out with a damaged radiator, and the gap between Senna and Prost was now reduced to nine points with two races left.[69] As part of Japanese publisher Shueisha's sponsorship of McLaren, Senna collaborated with Akira Toriyama, the creator of Dragon Ball, on artwork for Weekly Shōnen Jump featuring McLaren-themed illustrations of Dragon Ball characters. Senna was also featured in GP Boy, a two-volume manga published in Weekly Shōnen Jump to commemorate Shueisha's sponsorship.[70][71]
At the penultimate round of the championship in Japan, where Senna and Prost collided the previous year, Senna took pole ahead of Prost. Before qualifying, Senna had sought assurances from the organisers to move pole position left onto the clean side of the racetrack. After qualifying, FIA president Balestre denied Senna's request, leaving Senna to start on the dirty right side, thus favouring Prost on the left. In addition, as revealed by Formula One journalist Maurice Hamilton, FIA had warned that crossing the yellow line of the pit exit on the right to better position oneself at the first corner would not have been appropriate, further infuriating Senna.[72] At the beginning of the race, Prost pulled ahead of Senna, who immediately tried to repass Prost at the first corner. While Prost turned in, Senna kept his foot on the accelerator and the cars collided at 270 km/h (170 mph) and went off the track, went through the gravel trap and slammed into the tire barrier, making Senna world champion.[73][74] Senna stated it was not how he wanted it but how it had to be.[75]
Following the second championship-deciding collision in two years, Jackie Stewart interviewed Senna at the subsequent race in Australia (where Senna won pole and led for 61 laps before gearbox trouble forced him to slide off into a tyre barrier) and brought up a number of controversial collisions in which Senna had been involved over the last few years, stating that Senna had made more contact with other cars and drivers in the last four years than all the champions before him. An irritated Senna questioned how someone like Stewart, himself a triple world champion, could ask questions like he did, knowing the pressure under which drivers raced and famously said: "Being a racing driver means you are racing with other people, and if you no longer go for a gap that exists, you are no longer a racing driver."[76][77][78]
A year later, after taking his third world championship, Senna admitted that he had deliberately crashed into Prost at the previous year's Japanese Grand Prix, and he then explained to the press his actions and motives at Suzuka that year,[79] saying that it was a payback for 1989.[80][81] He maintained that prior to qualifying fastest, he had sought and received assurances from race officials that pole position would be changed to the left, clean side of the track (where the racing line was), only to find this decision reversed after he had taken pole.[82] Senna said that he was not going to accept what he saw as unfair decision-making by the FIA, including his 1989 disqualification and the incorrect pole position in 1990.[83] Senna stated that no matter what happened, he would not yield the corner and that Prost taking his normal racing line would result in an accident. Prost later went on record criticising Senna's actions as "disgusting", saying that he seriously considered retiring from the sport after that incident.[84] During an interview with Eurosport at the Australian Grand Prix, Prost revealed that he had seen the Honda engine telemetry at Suzuka and that it showed that Senna had kept his foot absolutely flat through the 4th gear corner when he had hit Prost — Senna had not even taken his foot off the accelerator to change down to 4th for this corner, strongly intimating that Senna had taken Prost out on purpose.[56][85]
1991: youngest back-to-back and three-time world champion
In 1991, Senna became the youngest ever three-time world champion, taking seven wins and increasing his pole position record to 60 from 127 events. Prost, because of the downturn in performance at Ferrari, the likes of which littered the team's history, was no longer a serious competitor. In preseason testing, Senna made public misgivings about the car's competitiveness with the new Honda V12, stating that the engine was not as powerful as the prior year's V10.[86] Senna won the first four races in Phoenix, Brazil, Imola, and Monaco as his rivals struggled to match his pace and reliability. By midseason, Nigel Mansell in the Adrian Newey designed Williams-Renault was able to put up a challenge later in the season, having only scored six points by the time Senna had 40 points. Before the Mexican Grand Prix, Senna was injured in a jet-skiing accident near São Paulo for which he required stitches on the back of his head. During qualifying for that Grand Prix, he attempted to take the banked 180-degree Peraltada corner (Mexico City circuit's fastest corner) faster than normal, ending up spinning off the track and rolling over the car after crashing into a tyre barrier.[87]
At the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, Senna's car had come to a halt on the final lap, but he was not left stranded out on the circuit, as race-winner Mansell pulled over on his parade lap and allowed the Brazilian to ride on the Williams side-pod back to the pits. Senna then had an enormous accident during testing at the very fast Hockenheim circuit in Germany where his car flew 15 feet into the air after a tyre failure, and turned over several times upon coming down onto the track. The car was destroyed and Senna had to spend the night in hospital in nearby Mannheim. While still able to compete in the German Grand Prix at the Hockenheim circuit soon thereafter, at that event Senna ran out of fuel mere laps before the end. At the Spanish Grand Prix, Senna and Mansell went wheel-to-wheel with only centimetres to spare, at over 320 km/h (200 mph) down the main straight, a race which the Briton eventually won.[citation needed]
Though Senna's consistency, the car's competitiveness, and the Williams' unreliability at the beginning of the season gave him an early advantage, Senna insisted that Honda step up their engine development program and demanded further improvements to the MP4/6 before it was too late. These modifications, including modifications introduced at Hungary and variable inlet trumpets introduced at Belgium enabled him to make a late-season push, and he won three more races to secure the championship, which was settled in Japan when Mansell (who needed to win), went off at the first corner while running third and beached his Williams in the gravel trap. Senna finished second, handing the victory to teammate Gerhard Berger at the last corner as a thank-you gesture for his support over the season.[88] Senna was planning to move to the Williams team for the 1992 season, but Honda's CEO, Nobuhiko Kawamoto, personally requested that he remain at McLaren-Honda, which Senna did out of a sense of loyalty; in addition to Alain Prost's recommendation, Honda had played an important part in bringing Senna with them to McLaren.[89][page needed]
That year, as had been the case in 1988 and 1990, Senna won the International Racing Driver Award" granted by British magazine Autosport annually. The award was presented by Stirling Moss and Senna was interviewed on stage by Formula 1 commentator Murray Walker. During the interview, Senna confirmed that at the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) gala dinner in Paris the day before, under the auspices of Jackie Stewart, Senna had given one of his helmets to his renowned foe, Jean-Marie Balestre, because of the sincere atmosphere that presented itself and as an insulting psychological gesture.[90]
1992: unsuccessful challenge to the Williams FW14B
In 1992, Senna's determination to win manifested itself in dismay at McLaren's inability to challenge Williams's all-conquering FW14B car.[91] The FW14B, thanks in part to its aerodynamic-enhancing active suspension and powerful Renault V10 engine was much faster and efficient than any other car that season. McLaren's new car for the season had several shortcomings. A delay occurred in getting the new MP4/7A model running (it was McLaren's first car with a semi-automatic gearbox and it debuted in the third race of the season, the Brazilian Grand Prix) and in addition to lacking active suspension, the new car suffered from reliability issues and was unpredictable in fast corners, while its Honda V12 engine was no longer the most powerful on the circuit.[92]
During practice for the second race of the season in Mexico on a badly maintained and extremely bumpy circuit Senna and other drivers were heavily critical of, his car hit a bump at one of the circuit's Esses corners that caused a loss of downforce and a hard crash into a concrete retaining wall. Senna had to be extricated from the car by circuit doctors while wearing a neck brace; although he raced the next day, he had to retire from the race due to gearbox failure. Senna scored wins in Monaco, Hungary, and Italy that year. During qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix, French driver Érik Comas crashed heavily and Senna was the first to arrive at the scene. Senna could hear the stricken car's engine revving at max RPM, and he exited his car and ran across the track to help the Frenchman and shut off the car's screaming engine (which could have blown and started a fire at any moment), disregarding his own safety in an effort to aid a fellow driver. He later visited Comas in the hospital. His actions won universal praise from within Formula One and seemed to soften his hard-nosed image. Senna finished fourth overall in the championship, behind the Williams duo of Mansell and Riccardo Patrese, and Benetton's Michael Schumacher.[93][94]
Senna's relationship with German rising star Michael Schumacher, who was showing exceptional form at every race was never a good one, possibly because Senna saw Schumacher as a threat to his supremacy in Formula One. At the Brazilian Grand Prix, Schumacher accused Senna of "playing around" while attempting to overtake Senna, who had a problem with his engine, a fact that Schumacher was apparently unaware of at the time. At the French Grand Prix, Schumacher collided with Senna, resulting in Senna's retirement. Senna later confronted Schumacher, who admitted responsibility for the accident. At a test session for the German Grand Prix, Senna and Schumacher had a confrontation in the pits, with Senna grabbing Schumacher by the collar and accusing him of endangering him by blocking him on the track.[95]
Questions about Senna's intentions for the upcoming
1993: final wins and last season at McLaren
For
By this time, McLaren was forced to take a customer supply of
In the opening race in South Africa, Senna finished in second place after surviving a collision with Schumacher.
The season concluded in Australia, with Senna's 41st and last Formula One career win, as well as the last win for an active-suspension Formula One car; Senna had the first victory for a car with this technology in Monaco 1987. The win in Adelaide was an emotional one due to Senna ending his successful career with McLaren and defeating his biggest rival, Prost, for the last time. Because of the Frenchman's imminent retirement from the sport, Senna surprised the Formula One community by openly welcoming Prost on the top step of the podium, which many considered a sign of pacification between the duo.[120] Overall, Senna finished the championship second to Prost.[107][121]
Williams (1994)
1994: final pole positions and last season
For 1994, Senna was able to finally join the Williams team after Prost retired
The first race of the season was at Interlagos in Brazil, where Senna took pole position. He took an early lead, but Schumacher's Benetton was never far behind. Schumacher took the race lead after passing Senna in the pits. While trying for a win, he pushed too hard and spun the car coming out of Junção corner on lap 56, stalling it and retiring from the race.[122] The second race was the inaugural Pacific Grand Prix at Aida, where Senna again placed the car on the pole. After being beaten to the first corner by second-qualifier Schumacher, he was hit from behind in the first corner by Mika Häkkinen and his race came to a definitive end when, while spinning backwards into the first corner's gravel trap, the Ferrari driven by Nicola Larini T-boned the Williams. Both drivers retired with front-suspension damage. Hill also retired with transmission problems, while Schumacher took the victory again.[126] It was Senna's worst start to a Formula One season, failing to finish or score points in the first two races, despite taking pole position both times. Schumacher was leading Senna in the Drivers' Championship by 20 points.[127] On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Senna's death, Ferrari president Luca Cordero di Montezemolo revealed that, on 27 April 1994, he had held discussions at his home in Bologna with Senna about a future Ferrari engagement.[128]
Season controversies and end
The 1994 season was the subject of sweeping rule changes, most notably banning the use of electronic "driver aids" such as active suspension, anti-lock brakes, traction control and launch control. From the start, suspicion of foul play mainly involving the Benetton team was said to have troubled Senna. For example, instead of returning to the pit area after his first lap retirement at the Pacific Grand Prix, Senna opted to stand near the first corner and watch the cars complete the race to see if he could detect whether any now banned traction control system was being used.[129] He returned to the Williams pits after the race, suspicious that the Benetton car was illegal.[130] In an interview for the 20th anniversary of Senna's death, his then-teammate Damon Hill revealed that Senna had "concluded that there was, what he regarded, as unusual noises from the engine" with "special tweak" giving Benetton an advantage.[131]
The season ended at the Australian Grand Prix in Adelaide, where the first-corner chicane at the Adelaide Street Circuit was renamed the "Senna Chicane". Schumacher went on to win the driver's world championship title controversially after a collision that forced his retirement and that of his rival, and Senna's teammate, Damon Hill. At the official FIA conference after the race, the German dedicated his title to Senna.[132]
Death
The 1994 San Marino Grand Prix was held on the
During Saturday qualifying, Austrian rookie
At the start of the Grand Prix, Senna retained the lead from his chief rival Michael Schumacher, but proceedings were soon interrupted by a startline accident. JJ Lehto's Benetton-Ford stalled and was hit by the Lotus-Mugen Honda of Pedro Lamy. A wheel and debris landed in the main grandstand, injuring eight fans and a police officer. The safety car, a sporty version of the Opel Vectra medium family saloon, was deployed for several laps. The Vectra's lack of speed proved detrimental to the racers, as the slower pace allowed the tyres of the Formula One cars to cool, thus decreasing their pressure. Senna pulled alongside the Vectra and gestured to the driver, Max Angelelli,[137] to increase his speed.[138] On lap 6, the race resumed and Senna immediately set a quick pace, completing the third-fastest lap of the race, followed by Schumacher.[citation needed]
As Senna rounded the high-speed Tamburello corner on lap 7, his car left the racing line at around 307 km/h (191 mph), ran in a straight line off the track, and hit the concrete retaining wall at around 233 km/h (145 mph), after what telemetry showed to be an application of the brakes for around two seconds. The
At 18:40 CEST (16:40 GMT), the head of the hospital's emergency department, Maria Teresa Fiandri,
State funeral
Senna's death was considered by many of his Brazilian fans to be a national tragedy, and the government of Brazil declared three days of national mourning. The
Over half a million people flocked to the streets of Senna's home city of São Paulo to offer him their salute, the largest funeral procession Sao Paulo had ever seen.
A testament to the adulation he inspired among fans worldwide was the scene at the Tokyo headquarters of Honda, where McLaren-Honda cars were typically displayed after each race. Upon his death, so many floral tributes were received, they overwhelmed the large exhibition lobby.
Italian prosecution
Italian law requires that accidents resulting in a fatality must be investigated for any criminal culpability, with the associated scene of the accident secured and the activities that led to the fatality, suspended forthwith. Senna's death was thus the subject of criminal proceedings in Italy, which saw key Williams team members investigated and charged with manslaughter. The original trial in 1997 concluded with acquittals on the grounds that the prosecution had failed to prove its case.[153] This prosecution culminated with verdict No. 15050 handed down by Italy's Supreme Court of Cassation on 13 April 2007, which stated: "It has been determined that the accident was caused by a steering column failure. This failure was caused by badly designed and badly executed modifications. The responsibility of this falls on Patrick Head, culpable of omitted control." Head was never arrested because the Italian statute of limitation for manslaughter is 7 years and 6 months, and the final verdict was pronounced thirteen years after the accident.[154]
The criminal charges focused on the car's steering column, which was found to have sheared off at a point where a modification had been made. The prosecution alleged that the column had failed, causing the accident, and the Williams team conceded to this failure but only as caused by the impact at the Tamburello corner. Senna had not liked the position of his Williams FW16's steering wheel relative to the seating position and had asked for the former to be changed. Head and Adrian Newey satisfied Senna's request by having the existing column cut and extended with a smaller-diameter piece of tubing, which was welded together with reinforcing plates. The modification was carried out in this manner as there was no time to manufacture a new longer steering column in time for the race.[155]
Motorsport career outside Formula One
Senna did not participate in many other forms of motorsport once he reached Formula One. He took part in the 1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, an exhibition race where all drivers competed in identical examples of the then-new Mercedes 190E 2.3–16 with minor race modifications. The race was held on the then newly-opened Nürburgring Grand Prix track, before the European Grand Prix. Notably, this race involved several past and present Formula One drivers, including Stirling Moss and past World Champions Jack Brabham, Denny Hulme, and Alan Jones, driving identical touring cars. Alain Prost started from pole position. Senna, who was a last-minute inclusion in the Mercedes race taking over from Emerson Fittipaldi, took the lead in the first corner of the first lap, winning the race ahead of Niki Lauda and Carlos Reutemann.[156] After the race, Senna was quoted as saying: "Now I know I can do it."[157]
Senna took part in the Nürburgring round of the 1984 World Sportscar Championship, driving a Porsche 956 for New-Man Joest Racing, alongside Henri Pescarolo and Stefan Johansson.[21] He finished in 8th place but impressed the team and his co-drivers. He took part in the Masters Karting Paris Bercy event in 1993, an indoor karting competition held on a temporary circuit at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy. This event is notable for being the stage for the last on-track duel between Prost and Senna.[158]
Personal life
Senna was a devout
Senna was awarded the No. 1 driver of the year by the editor of the Autocourse annual 3 times, in 1988, 1991, and 1993, as well as taking the runner-up spot in 1985, 1989, 1990, and 1992. Senna was so outraged by the editor dropping him from No. 1 to No. 2 in the 1990 listings as a result of Senna's first corner crash at Suzuka in 1990 with Alain Prost—a piece of driving the editor considered completely reckless—that despite being given the No. 1 driver award in 1991, Senna refused to write the usually customary foreword by the year's World Champion; Honda's Head of Racing wrote the foreword instead. The Autocourse editor wrote in 1993 that Senna had "intense egocentricity and uniquely flawed genius" and "matchless genius in the wet".[164] In the 2000 edition of Autocourse celebrating 50 years of Formula 1, the editor acknowledged that "Senna was the one driver who genuinely cared where he was ranked in the Top 10 drivers by the AUTOCOURSE editorial" and that Senna took being placed below his rivals as a personal slight.[165]
Senna was often quoted as using driving as a means for self-discovery and racing as a metaphor for life, saying: "The harder I push, the more I find within myself. I am always looking for the next step, a different world to go into, areas where I have not been before. It's lonely driving a Grand Prix car, but very absorbing. I have experienced new sensations, and I want more. That is my excitement, my motivation."[166] Towards the end of his career, Senna became increasingly preoccupied with the dangers of his profession. On the morning of his death, he initiated the reformation of the GPDA safety organisation, with which he had intended to work to improve the safety of his sport.[167] Senna owned several properties, including an organic farm in Tatuí, Brazil (where he built a go-kart track in 1991), a beach house in Angra dos Reis, Brazil, an apartment in São Paulo, Brazil, an apartment in Monaco, an estate in Sintra, on the Portuguese Riviera, and a house in Algarve, Portugal.[168]
Senna enjoyed a range of physical activities including running,
Senna was close friends with McLaren teammate Gerhard Berger, and the two were always playing practical jokes on each other.[173] Berger is quoted as saying: "He taught me a lot about our sport, I taught him to laugh."[174] In the documentary film The Right to Win, made in 2004 as a tribute to Senna, Frank Williams notably recalls that as good a driver as Senna was, ultimately "he was an even greater man outside of the car than he was in it." In 1992, Senna received a fine and a temporary driving ban in the United Kingdom after driving a Porsche at speeds up to 121 mph (194.7 km/h) on the M25 near London.[175]
Senna was married to Lilian de Vasconcelos Souza from 1981 until 1982. Vasconcelos, whom he had known since childhood, had difficulty adapting to her husband's racing life in England. Vasconcelos later said: "I was his second passion. His first passion was racing... There was nothing more important in the world for him, not family, not wife, nothing."[176] Although he did not have much of an income early in his racing career, Senna insisted on supporting his wife with no help from his father out of a sense of pride.[177] The marriage ended in divorce. Senna then courted Adriane Yamin, daughter of an entrepreneur from São Paulo, who was 15 years old when they began the relationship in 1985 and often chaperoned by her mother during meetings with Senna. They were briefly engaged, but the relationship was broken off by Senna in late 1988.[178] Senna dated Brazilian TV star Xuxa from late 1988 until 1990. He then dated Christine Ferracciu, who lived with him at his homes in Monaco and Portugal, on and off between 1990 and 1991.[178] Senna also had an affair with American model Carol Alt,[179] and briefly dated models Marjorie Andrade and Elle Macpherson.[178][180] At the time of his death, Senna was in a relationship with Brazilian model, and later TV personality, Adriane Galisteu.[181]
One of the most extravagant claims involving Senna's past partners was made by Edilaine de Barros, a former model better known as Marcella Praddo. She alleged that the couple dated from 1992 to 1994. Barros' child, Victoria, was born weeks after Senna's death, and claims that Senna was the father were soon made but abandoned following their rejection by the Senna family. Years later, after joining a religious sect, the former model was convinced to sue against the estate of Senna. In 2000, DNA tests of hair and saliva samples given by Senna's parents conclusively proved that he was not the father of de Barros' child.[182]
In his early years in Formula One, Senna was the subject of a smear campaign orchestrated by Nelson Piquet, ranging from Senna being regarded as a taxi driver to being homosexual given his failed marriage.[183] According to a 1990 interview by Brazilian edition of Playboy, Senna declared that he lost his virginity at 13 years of age to a prostitute arranged by his cousin, and he also insinuated that he had a relationship with Piquet's would-be wife, hence Piquet's acrimony.[183]
Former Formula One driver Bruno Senna is the nephew of Senna (being his sister Viviane's son) of whom he said in 1993: "If you think I'm fast, just wait until you see my nephew Bruno."[184] Due to the death of his uncle, Bruno initially gave up motor racing at his family's insistence.[185] He eventually raced in Formula One between 2010 and 2012, in the latter year for the Williams team, which was a decision that, reportedly, had a significant emotional impact on the Senna family and was seen by some as a signing only resulting from Bruno's big name and the money it could bring.[186]
Non-racing commercial activities
In the late 1980s, to take advantage of the relationship Honda had formed with Senna, the Japanese company asked him to help fine-tune the Honda NSX's suspension setting during its final development stages. Test runs were conducted at various circuits, including five sessions with prototypes at the Suzuka Circuit where chief NSX engineer Shigeru Uehara and his team were present to gather Senna's direct input.[187] Senna found the prototype NSX initially lacked chassis stiffness to the level to which he was accustomed, so the final production version was further reinforced to his satisfaction.[188]
Senna reportedly had access to three of these cars: a black 1993 NSX in Brazil, which he ordered to his specifications, bearing license plate BSS-8888, which represents his initials for "Beco" – his childhood nickname – "Senna da Silva" and 8 to commemorate his first Formula One World Championship in 1988; a red one with licence plate SX-25-59, which was loaned to him by Honda Portugal; a black one purchased by Antonio Carlos de Almeida Braga, who was a close personal friend, manager, and mentor of Senna.[189]
Senna appeared in different commercials for the 4th generation Honda Prelude, and was instrumental in bringing
In the early 1990s, Senna developed his own merchandise brand represented by a logo with a double S, after his full surname, "Senna da Silva".[193] This logo is meant to represent an S chicane on a racing circuit. The Senna brand was used for apparel, watches, bicycles (Carraro), motorcycles and boats. Hublot, TAG Heuer, and Universal Genève have created limited-edition watches to honour Senna, both during his lifetime and after his death.[194][195][196]
Legacy
This section may be too long and excessively detailed. (April 2023) |
Many safety improvements were made in the sport following Senna's and Ratzenberger's deaths and Barrichello's crash. These include improved crash barriers, redesigned tracks, higher crash safety standards, such as larger sills along the driver cockpit, and major cuts to engine power. Revised on-track medical procedures also saw personnel hold up curtains at crash sites to prevent the public from viewing distressing images as had occurred on live television with Senna. The Tamburello corner and other parts of the Imola circuit were altered for 1995. This was despite calls for action in 1989, after a serious high-speed crash in which Senna's friend, Gerhard Berger, suffered burns to his hand. No action took place after that crash because, following an inspection by Senna and Berger, they ended up siding with officials who had, for years, claimed that the wall could not be moved further back due to a river nearby.[197]
In July 1994, the
A few months before his death, Senna had discussed with his sister the foundation of a charitable organization, based on a desire to contribute to those less fortunate in a more organised and effective manner. After his death, Viviane Senna set up the
In his home country of Brazil, the main freeway from the international airport to São Paulo and a tunnel along the route to the heart of the city are named in his honour. One of the most important freeways of Rio de Janeiro is named after Senna (Avenida Ayrton Senna). The main road in Senna's Portuguese resort at Quinta do Lago, Algarve, was also dedicated to him, because his villa there was very near but not on this road. A portion of the Interlagos Circuit in São Paulo is named the Senna Esse Chicane in his honour and decorated with commissioned art from beloved Brazilian artist Luciana Bermelho. In the English town of Reading, Berkshire, where Senna lived for a short period of time, a street in the suburb of Tilehurst was named after him.[206]
In April 2000, Senna was inducted into the
To mark the 10th anniversary of Senna's death, on 21 April 2004, over 10,000 people attended a charity match in a football stadium near Imola. The game was organised by several devoted Italian and Canadian fans of Senna, bringing the Brazil team that won the 1994 World Cup to face the Nazionale Piloti, an exhibition team composed exclusively of top race car drivers. Senna had been a part of the latter in 1985. Michael Schumacher,
Since his death, Senna has been the subject of several songs,
Between 1996 and 1998, to pay tribute to Senna, the Italian motorcycle manufacturer Ducati produced three special Senna editions of the
Since 1995, the first season after Senna's tragic death, every Williams Formula One car displayed a small S logo on its nose to honour their former driver and in support of the IAS.[215][216] A revised logo was featured in 2014 for the 20th anniversary of the driver's death.[215] In February 2022, the S logo was removed from the livery of the Williams FW44, the team's first car to have been developed wholly under new owners, Dorilton Capital.[216] When asked about this decision, team principal Jost Capito stated that the team wanted to "move on in the future" and stop reminding its drivers of Senna's fatal accident, while also revealing plans to open a new space fully dedicated to the Brazilian driver in Williams' own museum instead.[216] Capito admitted that Senna's family did not get involved in the decision to remove the logo but said that efforts to tighten the team's ties with the Instituto Ayrton Senna were under way.[216]
The organisers of the former Formula One Grand Prix street circuit in Adelaide, South Australia, renamed the first chicane the Senna Chicane in his honour in 1994, and also a road in the Adelaide suburb of Wingfield is named Senna Road.
Senna has been voted the best driver of all time in various motorsport polls, including
In 2007,
In July 2013, Honda released a video of an audio-visual tribute on the Suzuka circuit in the dark, titled "Sound of Honda – Ayrton Senna 1989". Using the telemetry and sound of the Honda-powered McLaren MP4/5 driven by the Brazilian driver, Honda recreated the then lap record lap of 1:38.041 minutes by positioning speakers and lights along the 5.8 km track and activating them in synchronization with the race car's position during that lap.
In March 2014, during the
In May and July 2014, the Republic of
On 1 October 2018, Nike and
Helmet design
In his karting days, Senna's helmet consisted of a plain white background with notable features absent. He experimented with several designs to satisfy him, such as a white, yellow, and green helmet,[263] before settling on a design by Sid Mosca that included a yellow background with a green stripe surrounding the upper visor and a light metallic blue stripe surrounding the lower visor (both stripes are delineated in the other stripe's color) that was first seen in 1979; Mosca also painted helmets for Emerson Fittipaldi and Nelson Piquet. According to Mosca, the blue and green stripes symbolised movement and aggression, while the overall yellow colour symbolised youth;[10] the three colors were also identifiable with the flag of Brazil. The helmet never had significant changes, apart from sponsorship. One such change was that Senna occasionally altered the stripe from blue to black. The tone of yellow changed a number of times, while usually a rich sunburst yellow, in 1985 and 1986 in some races, he used a fluorescent neon yellow colour. In 1994, the helmet was a lighter, paler yellow to complement the blue and white of the Williams car. He used a number of helmet brands throughout his career. From 1977 to 1989, he used Bell (Star from 1977 to 1982 and XFM-1 from 1983 to 1989). From 1990 to 1991, he used Honda's own Rheos brand. From 1992 to 1993, he used Shoei (X-4). For 1994, he returned to using Bell (M3 Kevlar).[264] The helmet worn by Senna in the fatal race was returned to Bell in 2002 and was incinerated while family members watched.[265]
Third-party adaptations
His nephew Bruno wore a modified version of his helmet design (a yellow helmet with a green and blue stripe) during his Formula One career, but the stripes are shaped after an S rather than being straight, under the chin area it has a green stripe, and it has a blue rounded rectangle in the top area. Bruno sported a modified helmet design for the final three races of the 2011 season to honour the 20th anniversary of Ayrton winning his last world championship.[266]
At the 1995 Brazilian Grand Prix, Rubens Barrichello incorporated part of Senna's helmet design into his own.[267] For the 2011 Brazilian Grand Prix, another variant of Senna's helmet was used by Lewis Hamilton and by Barrichello too. Hamilton used the design with permission from Senna's sister Viviane and the helmet was later sold in support of the IAS.[268] At the 2015 Brazilian Grand Prix, Hamilton again varied his helmet design (this time, the rear only given FIA restrictions on design changes in force from 2015) accompanied with a Twitter announcement stating: "Just for you, Brazil!! A tribute to the greatest."[269]
Outside of motor racing, Brazilian cyclist Murilo Fischer wore a helmet based on Senna's helmet colour scheme of yellow with green and blue stripes on stage 11 of the 2015 Giro d'Italia, which finished on the Imola circuit.[270] For the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix at Imola, Pierre Gasly wore a special helmet with Senna's colours and the Senna Sempre (Senna Forever) badging on top.[271]
Karting record
Karting career summary
Season | Series | Team | Position |
---|---|---|---|
1977 | South American Championship | 1st | |
1978 | FIA World Championship — Kart | DAP | 6th |
1979 | FIA World Championship — Kart | DAP | 2nd |
1980 | FIA World Championship — Kart | DAP | 2nd |
1981 | FIA World Championship — Formula K | DAP | 4th |
1982 | FIA World Championship — Formula K | DAP | 14th |
Sources:[272] |
Racing record
Career summary
Complete British Formula 3 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year | Entrant | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | DC | Pts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1983 | West Surrey Racing | Toyota | SIL 1 |
THR 1 |
SIL 1 |
DON 1 |
THR 1 |
SIL 1 |
THR 1 |
BRH 1 |
SIL 1 |
SIL Ret |
CAD DNS |
SNE Ret |
SIL 1 |
DON 2 |
OUL Ret |
SIL 1 |
OUL Ret |
THR Ret |
SIL 2 |
THR 1 |
1st | 132 |
Sources:[273]
|
Complete Macau Grand Prix results
Year | Team | Chassis/Engine | Qualifying | Race1 | Race2 | Overall ranking | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1983 | West Surrey Racing | Ralt・Toyota | 1st | 1 | 1 | 1st | [275] |
Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year | Team | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | WDC | Pts[1] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1984 | Toleman Group Motorsport | Toleman TG183B | L4 t
|
BRA Ret |
RSA 6 |
BEL 6 |
SMR DNQ |
9th= | 13 | ||||||||||||
Toleman TG184 | FRA Ret |
MON 2‡ |
CAN 7 |
DET Ret |
DAL Ret |
GBR 3 |
GER Ret |
AUT Ret |
NED Ret |
ITA | EUR Ret |
POR 3 | |||||||||
1985 | John Player Special Team Lotus
|
Lotus 97T | V6 t
|
BRA Ret |
POR 1 |
SMR 7† |
MON Ret |
CAN 16 |
DET Ret |
FRA Ret |
GBR 10† |
GER Ret |
AUT 2 |
NED 3 |
ITA 3 |
BEL 1 |
EUR 2 |
RSA Ret |
AUS Ret |
4th | 38 |
1986 | John Player Special Team Lotus
|
Lotus 98T | V6 t
|
BRA 2 |
ESP 1 |
SMR Ret |
MON 3 |
BEL 2 |
CAN 5 |
DET 1 |
FRA Ret |
GBR Ret |
GER 2 |
HUN 2 |
AUT Ret |
ITA Ret |
POR 4† |
MEX 3 |
AUS Ret |
4th | 55 |
1987 | Honda
|
Lotus 99T | V6 t
|
BRA Ret |
SMR 2 |
BEL Ret |
MON 1 |
DET 1 |
FRA 4 |
GBR 3 |
GER 3 |
HUN 2 |
AUT 5 |
ITA 2 |
POR 7 |
ESP 5 |
MEX Ret |
JPN 2 |
AUS DSQ |
3rd | 57 |
1988 | Marlboro McLaren
|
McLaren MP4/4 | V6 t
|
BRA DSQ |
SMR 1 |
MON Ret |
MEX 2 |
CAN 1 |
DET 1 |
FRA 2 |
GBR 1 |
GER 1 |
HUN 1 |
BEL 1 |
ITA 10† |
POR 6 |
ESP 4 |
JPN 1 |
AUS 2 |
1st | 90 (94) |
1989 | Marlboro McLaren
|
McLaren MP4/5 | Honda RA109E 3.5 V10
|
BRA 11 |
SMR 1 |
MON 1 |
MEX 1 |
USA Ret |
CAN 7† |
FRA Ret |
GBR Ret |
GER 1 |
HUN 2 |
BEL 1 |
ITA Ret |
POR Ret |
ESP 1 |
JPN DSQ |
AUS Ret |
2nd | 60 |
1990 | Marlboro McLaren
|
McLaren MP4/5B | Honda RA100E 3.5 V10
|
USA 1 |
BRA 3 |
SMR Ret |
MON 1 |
CAN 1 |
MEX 20† |
FRA 3 |
GBR 3 |
GER 1 |
HUN 2 |
BEL 1 |
ITA 1 |
POR 2 |
ESP Ret |
JPN Ret |
AUS Ret |
1st | 78 |
1991 | Marlboro McLaren
|
McLaren MP4/6 | Honda RA121E 3.5 V12
|
USA 1 |
BRA 1 |
SMR 1 |
MON 1 |
CAN Ret |
MEX 3 |
FRA 3 |
GBR 4† |
GER 7† |
HUN 1 |
BEL 1 |
ITA 2 |
POR 2 |
ESP 5 |
JPN 2 |
AUS 1‡ |
1st | 96 |
1992 | Marlboro McLaren
|
McLaren MP4/6B | Honda RA122E 3.5 V12
|
RSA 3 |
MEX Ret |
4th | 50 | ||||||||||||||
McLaren MP4/7A | Honda RA122E/B 3.5 V12 | BRA Ret |
ESP 9† |
SMR 3 |
MON 1 |
CAN Ret |
FRA Ret |
GBR Ret |
GER 2 |
HUN 1 |
BEL 5 |
ITA 1 |
POR 3 |
JPN Ret |
AUS Ret | ||||||
1993 | Marlboro McLaren
|
McLaren MP4/8 | Ford HBE7 3.5 V8 | RSA 2 |
BRA 1 |
EUR 1 |
SMR Ret |
ESP 2 |
MON 1 |
CAN 18† |
FRA 4 |
GBR 5† |
2nd | 73 | |||||||
Ford HBA8 3.5 V8 | GER 4 |
HUN Ret |
BEL 4 |
ITA Ret |
POR Ret |
JPN 1 |
AUS 1 | ||||||||||||||
1994 | Williams FW16 | Renault RS6 3.5 V10 | BRA Ret |
PAC Ret |
SMR Ret |
MON | ESP | CAN | FRA | GBR | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | POR | EUR | JPN | AUS | NC | 0 | |
‡ Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.
† Driver did not finish the Grand Prix but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.
Complete World Sportscar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year | Entrant | Class | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Pos. | Pts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1984 | New-Man Joest Racing | C1 | Porsche 956 | F6t
|
MNZ |
SIL | LMS |
NÜR 8 |
BRH | MOS | SPA |
IMO
|
FUJ |
KYA | SAN | 82nd | 3 |
Formula One records
Senna holds the following
- ^ Record shared with Lewis Hamilton at the Spanish Grand Prix.
- ^ Record shared with Alain Prost (1993) and Damon Hill (1996).
References
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{{cite web}}
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External links
- Official website (in English and Portuguese)
- A Tribute to Life Network – Home of European fans
- Ayrton Senna Legacy Matters
- Ayrton Senna career summary at DriverDB.com
- Ayrton Senna driver statistics at Racing-Reference
- Ayrton Senna at IMDb
- Instituto Ayrton Senna
- Formula One's Hall of Fame driver profile
- BBC Sport: Formula 1's Greatest Drivers
- Senna Documentary with Reviews and Discussion
- Imolayrton