Bitter orange

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the Chinese bitter orange, see trifoliate orange. For the Asian bitter orange, see daidai.

Citrus × aurantium
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species:
C. × aurantium
Binomial name
Citrus × aurantium
L., 1753[1]
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Aurantium × acre Mill.
    • Aurantium × bigarella Poit. & Turpin
    • Aurantium × corniculatum Mill.
    • Aurantium × corniculatum Poit. & Turpin
    • Aurantium × coronatum Poit. & Turpin
    • Aurantium × distortum Mill.
    • Aurantium × humile Mill.
    • Aurantium × myrtifolium Descourt.
    • Aurantium × orientale Mill.
    • Aurantium × silvestre Pritz.
    • Aurantium × sinense (L.) Mill.
    • Aurantium × variegatum Barb.Rodr.
    • Aurantium × vulgare (Risso) M. Gómez
    • Citrus bigaradia Risso & Poit.
    • Citrus humilis (Mill.) Poir.
    • Citrus × amara Link
    • Citrus × benikoji Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × bigaradia Loisel.
    • Citrus × calot Lag.
    • Citrus × canaliculata Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × changshan-huyou Y.B.Chang
    • Citrus × communis Poit. & Turpin
    • Citrus × dulcimedulla Pritz.
    • Citrus × dulcis Pers.
    • Citrus × florida Salisb.
    • Citrus × funadoko Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × fusca Lour.
    • Citrus × glaberrima Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × humilis (Mill.) Poir.
    • Citrus × intermedia Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × iwaikan Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × iyo Yu.Tanaka nom. inval.
    • Citrus × kotokan Hayata
    • Citrus × medioglobosa Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × mitsuharu Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × myrtifolia (Ker Gawl.) Raf.
    • Citrus × natsudaidai (Yu.Tanaka) Hayata
    • Citrus × omikanto Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × pseudogulgul Shirai
    • Citrus × rumphii Risso
    • Citrus × sinograndis Yu.Tanaka nom. inval.
    • Citrus × subcompressa (Tanaka) Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × sulcata Yu.Tanaka nom. inval.
    • Citrus × taiwanica Yu.Tanaka & Shimada
    • Citrus × tengu Yu.Tanaka nom. inval.
    • Citrus × tosa-asahi Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × vulgaris Risso
    • Citrus × yatsushiro Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus × yuge-hyokan Yu.Tanaka

Bitter orange, sour orange, Seville orange, bigarade orange, or marmalade orange is in a narrow sense the

Citrus reticulata
.

Citrus aurantium in the broadest sense

In some new systems, the species Citrus × aurantium includes not only the bitter orange proper (Citrus × aurantium), but also all other crosses between the pomelo (Citrus maxima) and the wild mandarin (Citrus reticulata sensu stricto, other name: Citrus daoxianensis), i.e. mainly:

  • the
    sweet orange
    (Citrus × aurantium Sweet Orange Group, other names: Citrus × aurantium var. sinensis, Citrus sinensis)
  • the grapefruit (Citrus × aurantium Grapefruit Group, other names: Citrus × aurantium var. paradisi, Citrus paradisi)
  • and all cultivated mandarins (Citrus × aurantium Mandarin Group and Tangerine Group and Satsuma Group etc., other names: Citrus × aurantium var. tangerina and var. deliciosa and var. nobilis and var. unshiu etc., Citrus × aurantium f. deliciosa, Citrus reticulata sensu lato [pro parte majore, i.e. excluding the wild mandarins]).[4][5][6]

The following text of this article only deals with the bitter orange proper.

History

The bitter orange spread from Southeast Asia via India and Iran to the Islamic world as early as 700 C.E.[7]

The bitter orange was introduced to Spain in the 10th century by the Moors.[8][9]

It was introduced to Florida and the Bahamas from Spain,[3] and wild trees are found near small streams in generally secluded and wooded areas.

Identification

Citrus × aurantium can be identified through its orange fruit with a distinctly bitter or sour taste. The tree has alternate simple leaves and thorns on its petiole.

Usage

Many varieties of bitter orange are used for their essential oil, and are found in perfume, used as a flavoring or as a solvent, and also for consumption. The Seville orange variety is used in the production of marmalade and also used to make French bigarade.[10]

Bitter orange is also employed in

appetite suppressant, due to its active ingredient, synephrine.[11][12] Bitter orange supplements have been linked to a number of serious side effects and deaths, and consumer groups advocate that people avoid using the fruit medically.[13][14] Whether bitter orange affects medical conditions of heart and cardiovascular organs, by itself or in formulae with other substances, is inconclusive.[15] Standard reference materials are released concerning the properties in bitter orange by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for ground fruit, extract, and solid oral dosage form, along with those packaged together into one item.[16][17]

Varieties

See also: Citrus taxonomy § Oranges

Related species

  • Citrus bergamia, the
    limetta hybrid; it is cultivated in Italy for the production of bergamot oil, a component of many brands of perfume and tea, especially Earl Grey tea.[19]

Cooking

While the raw pulp is not edible,[20] bitter orange is widely used in cooking.

English marmalade is traditionally homemade in the winter

The Seville orange (the usual name in this context) is prized for making British orange marmalade, being higher in pectin than the sweet orange, and therefore giving a better set and a higher yield. Once a year, oranges of this variety are collected from trees in Seville and shipped to Britain to be used in marmalade.[21] However, the fruit is rarely consumed locally in Andalusia.[22] This reflects the historic Atlantic trading relationship with Portugal and Spain; the earliest recipe for 'marmelat of oranges' dates from 1677.[23][page needed]

Bitter orange—bigarade—was used in all early recipes for duck à l'orange, originally called canard à la bigarade.[24]

The bitter orange, whole and sectioned

It is also used in

thayir sadam. The fresh fruit is also used frequently in pachadis
.

The Belgian

Witbier (white beer
) is often spiced with the peel of the bitter orange.

In Finland and Sweden, bitter orange peel is used in dried, ground form (called pomeranssi in Finnish, pomerans in Swedish) in

glögi
.

In Greece and Cyprus, the nerántzi or κιτρομηλο, respectively, is one of the most prized fruits used for spoon sweets, and the C. aurantium tree (nerantziá or kitromiliá) is a popular ornamental tree. In Albania as well, nerënxa or portokalli i hidhur is used commonly in spoon sweets.

In Malta, bitter oranges are known as larinġ tal-bakkaljaw, and are used for marmalade and as root-stock for other citrus trees.[25][26] The Maltese soft drink Kinnie is also made from bitter oranges.

In Turkey, juice of the ripe fruits can be used as salad dressing, especially in Çukurova region. However, in Iraqi cuisine, a bitter orange or raranj in Iraqi is used to complement dishes such as charred fish (samak or simach maskouf, tomato stew morgat tamata, qeema, a dish that has the same ingredients as an Iraqi tomato stew with the addition of minced meat, boiled chickpeas lablabi, salads, as a dressing, and on essentially any dish one might desire to accompany bitter orange. Iraqis also consume it as a citrus fruit or juice it to make bitter orange juice 'aseer raranj. Throughout Iran (where the fruit is commonly known as narenj), the juice is popularly used as a salad dressing, souring agent in stews and pickles or as a marinade. The blossoms are collected fresh to make a prized sweet-smelling aromatic jam (bitter orange blossom jam, morabba bahar-narenj), or added to brewing tea.

In

buñuelos. In Suriname, its juice is also used in the well-known dish pom
.

Herbal stimulant

Bitter oranges

The

epinephrine, which act on the α1 adrenergic receptor to constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure and heart rate.[28][29] Several low-quality clinical trials have had results of p-synephrine (alone or in combination with caffeine or some other substances) increasing weight loss slightly.[30]

Similarities to ephedra

Following bans on the herbal stimulant

adverse events (harmful side effects) as ephedra.[32] The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health found, "currently little evidence [shows] that bitter orange is safer to use than ephedra."[12]

Case reports have linked bitter orange supplements to strokes,[33][34] angina,[27] and ischemic colitis.[35] Following an incident in which a healthy young man suffered a heart attack linked to bitter orange, a case study found that dietary supplement manufacturers had replaced ephedra with its analogs from bitter orange.[36]

Drug interactions

Bitter orange may have serious interactions with drugs such as statins (to lower cholesterol), nifedipines (to lower blood pressure), some anti-anxiety drugs, some antihistamines, etc., in a similar way to grapefruit (see grapefruit–drug interactions).[37]

Other uses

This orange is used as a rootstock in groves of sweet orange.[3] The fruit and leaves make lather and can be used as soap.[3] The hard, white or light-yellow wood is used in woodworking and made into baseball bats in Cuba.[3]

Notes

  1. ×
    ⟩ denotes a hybrid of two species.

References

  1. ^ "Citrus × aurantium". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  2. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f C. aurantium. Purdue Horticulture.
  4. ISBN 978-0-12-812217-4
    . p. 69-70
  5. ^ David J. Mabberley. A classification for edible citrus: an update, with a note on Murraya (Rutaceae). Journal of Plant Systematics. Volume 25: 271–284. Publication date: 6 September 2022.
  6. ^ "Citrus × aurantium L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  7. ^ Andrew M. Watson, Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques 700-1100 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 81.
  8. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0
    .
  9. ISBN 9788478073528
    .
  10. ^ Turgeon, Charlotte Snyder. The new Larousse gastronomique: the encyclopedia of food, wine & cookery.
  11. PMID 17126636
    .
  12. ^ a b "Bitter Orange". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. April 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  13. ^ Sources are claimed to be the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database 2007 and Consumers Union's medical and research consultants on the latter’s website. "Dietary supplements to avoid: Hazardous ingredients". Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. January 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-05-31. Retrieved 2017-10-08.
  14. ^ "Dangerous Supplements: Twelve Supplements You Should Avoid". Consumer Reports Magazine. September 2010.
  15. ^ "Bitter Orange: What Do We Know About Safety?". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). Retrieved 2017-10-08.
  16. ^ "NIST Bitter Orange Reference Material Now Available". National Institute of Health. Retrieved 2017-10-08.
  17. ^ "Material Details: SRM 3261 - Bitter Orange Dietary Supplemental Suite". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2017-10-08.
  18. ^ Roger M. Grace. "Cadbury Schweppes Reigns Supreme Over Orange Soda Market". metnews.com.
  19. ^ "Citrus bergamia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
  20. ISBN 0394507614
    .
  21. ^ Campaña de recogida de la naranja amarga.[permanent dead link] sevilla.org.
  22. ^ Apenas se aprovechará la naranja que se recoja en la capital este año. 20minutos.es.
  23. ISBN 978-1845336752
    .
  24. ^ Louis Eustache Ude, The French Cook, 6th ed, 1819 p. 212
  25. ^ MCA (2021-04-19). "Orange Marmalade". MCA Malta. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  26. ^ "Ċitru f'Malta". Dilettanti tal-Agrikoltura Siġar u Pjanti. 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  27. ^
    PMID 16610576
    .
  28. S2CID 19625077
    .
  29. S2CID 28294405
    .
  30. PMID 22991491
    .
  31. ^ Duenwald, Mary (2005-10-11). "Bitter Orange Under Scrutiny as New Ephedra". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  32. PMID 15497209
    .
  33. PMID 15819293
    .
  34. PMID 18700609
    .
  35. PMID 17165643
    .
  36. PMID 20069086
    .
  37. ^ "Grapefruit Juice and Some Drugs Don't Mix". FDA. 14 July 2021.

External links

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