Spanish Brazilians

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Spanish Brazilians
Hispano-brasileiros
Hispano-brasileños
Catholicism, some Protestantism
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Spanish Brazilians are Brazilians of full or partial Spanish ancestry.

Spanish immigration was the third largest among immigrant groups in Brazil; about 750,000 immigrants entered Brazil from Spanish ports.[2] How many Spaniards came to Brazil before independence are unknown. Brazilian censuses do not research "ethnic origins" or ancestry, which makes it very difficult to give accurate numbers of Brazilians of Spanish descent. Brazilians of Spanish descent can be estimated as being 1.5 million people in the 6 main metropolitan areas (around 5% of their total population in 1998) [3] or 10 and 15 million in the whole country, according to Brazilian media and the Spanish government respectively.[4][1]

History

Colonial Brazil

More than half of modern Brazil's territory was attributed to Spain by the Treaty of Tordesillas. However, Spain was unable to settle that region.

During the

Center-West. Silva Leme, in his work Genealogia Paulistana ("Paulistana Genealogy"), addresses several of these families.[7]

The expansion of Portuguese-Brazilian settlements into Spanish-claimed territory was a long and gradual process, which took the form of Portuguese-Brazilian expeditions and settlements led by the

Missions, no Spanish settlements actually existed in the territory of future Brazil by the middle of the 18th century, when most of it was under Portuguese control. This de facto control was legally recognized in 1750 when sovereignty over the vast area – including the Missions – was transferred from Spain to Portugal by the Treaty of Madrid.[8][9]

While there is no historic evidence of Spanish settlements in the area that is now Rio Grande do Sul

gaúchos suggests that they may be mostly descended from mixed indigenous and Spanish ancestry rather than from Portuguese and indigenous ancestry.[12] The study itself cautions that there may be difficulties with its identification of the respective Iberian (Portuguese and Spanish) contributions to the gaúcho population of southern Brazil (some caution is warranted because differentiation between Iberian Peninsula populations, as well as between them and their derived Latin American populations, at the Y-chromosome level, was not observed in other investigations).[12]

Immigration

Main article: Spanish immigration to Brazil

Spanish emigration to South America peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was concentrated to Argentina and Cuba. Between 1882 and 1930, 3,297,312 Spaniards emigrated, of whom 1,594,622 went to Argentina and 1,118,960 went to Cuba.[13] Brazil only started to be an important destination for immigrants from Spain in the 1880s, and the country received the third largest number of immigrants from that country, after Argentina and Cuba.[13]

It is estimated that approximately 750,000 Spaniards have immigrated to Brazil since Brazil's independence in 1822. This figure represents between 12.5% and 14% of all foreigners entering Brazil since its independence and puts the Spaniards in the third place among immigrant nationalities in Brazil, but it possibly includes Portuguese emigrating on false Spanish passports, or Galicians who, while Spanish citizens, spoke a language similar to Portuguese; in fact, Portuguese immigrants in Rio de Janeiro are popularly known as galegos (Galicians).[14] Spanish immigrants were among those who had a higher rate of permanent residence in Brazil, overtaken by the Japanese but above nationalities such as Portuguese, Italian or German.[citation needed] This may be due to the large number of families traveling with passage paid by the Brazilian government that left their native Spain to work on coffee plantations of the state of São Paulo.[citation needed] Most Spanish immigrants entered Brazil between 1880 and 1930, with the peak period between 1905 and 1919, when their annual entrances overcame those of Italians.[2]

Origins and destinations

In the state of São Paulo, destination of the majority of Spanish immigrants (about 75% of the total), 60% were from Andalusia,[13] had their travel by ship paid by the Brazilian government, emigrated in families and were taken to the coffee farms to replace African slave manpower.

Spanish Immigration to São Paulo - Percentage by Region[15]
Region 1893-1902 1903-1912 1913-1922
Andalusia 43,6 53% 50%
Aragon 0,8% 2,0% 1,4%
Asturias 1,1% 0,4% 0,7%
Balearic Islands 0,2% 0,4% 0,3%
Basque Country 2,9% 1,0% 1,0%
Canary Islands 2,0% 0,7% 0,3%
Cantabria 0,3% 0,1% 0,2%
Castille and León
 10,4% 12% 10,6%
Castile-La Mancha
 1,1% 1,2% 3,0%
Catalonia 6,9% 2,3% 1,8%
Extremadura 0,7% 1,2% 6,2%
Galicia 22,6% 14,5% 10,3%
Madrid 1,9% 0,7% 0,7%
Murcia 0,7% 5,2% 8,5%
Navarra
 1,3% 2,0% 0,9%
Valencia 2,1% 1,9% 1,8%
La Rioja
 0,7% 0,6% 0,9%
Others 0,7% 0,8% 1,4%

After São Paulo, the second largest contingent came to

Andalusian peasants who worked in the coffee plantations, mainly in rural areas of São Paulo State.[16][17]

Spaniards in São Paulo City
Year Percentage of the City
1900 12%[18]
1920 4,3%[15]

The profile of the Spanish immigrants during the period 1908–26 shows that 82.7% immigrated in families, 81.4% were farmers, only 2.2% were artisans or skilled workers and 16.3% were in category of "others"[citation needed]. These data reflect that Spanish immigration was not very diversified and qualified and had a low mobility since it was subsidized by the Brazilian Government, so immigrants were not free to decide where to work. In this way, the vast majority of those who came to São Paulo were directly taken to the coffee farms without having the opportunity to settle rural communities as land owners, or work in urban jobs[citation needed].

The Galegos

In Northeastern Brazil, people with light or blue eyes or light colored hair are often called galegos (Galicians), even if not of Galician descent, probably explained due to the fact Galicians came to Brazil among Portuguese colonizers. In

Galician immigrants were so present that Iberian and Portuguese immigrants were referred to as galegos.[14][19]

Numbers of immigrants

Spanish immigration to Brazil
Period
1884–1893 1894–1903 1904–1913 1914–1923 1924–1933 1945–1949 1950–1954 1955–1959
113,116 102,142 224,672 94,779 52,405 40,092 53,357 38,819
Source: (IBGE)[20]

Notable people

Education

There is one Spanish international school in Brazil, Colégio Miguel de Cervantes in São Paulo.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish Brazilians.

References

  1. ^ a b "Nota País Brasil" [Notes on the country Brazil]. Embassy of Spain in Brazil (in Portuguese). May 12, 2008. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009.
  2. ^
    doi:10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003
    .
  3. ^ Schwartzman, Simon (November 1999). "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidades étnicas no Brasil" (PDF). Novos Estudos CEBRAP. 55: 83–96. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 10, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
  4. ^ "Los diez millones de brasileños de origen español". Vientos de Brasil. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
  5. ^ "Bartolomeu Bueno de Ribeira". geneall.net. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
  6. ^ "Jorge de Barros: Inventário e Testamento" [Jorge de Barros: Inventory and Testament] (in Portuguese). Projetocompartilhar.org. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  7. ^ da Silva Leme, Luiz Gonzaga (April 24, 2001). "Genealogia Paulistana" [Genealogy of Paulistana] (in Portuguese). buratto.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  8. ^ a b "Tratado de Madri". terragaucha.com.br. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007.
  9. ^
    ISBN 9788574970226. Archived
    from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  10. ISBN 9780559416682. Archived
    from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  11. ISBN 9788574303109. Archived
    from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  12. ^
    ProQuest 222295228
    .
  13. ^ a b c d FAUSTO, Boris. Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina.
  14. ^
    PMID 12233706
    .
  15. ^
    doi:10.11606/T.8.2007.tde-08112007-161310
    .
  16. ^ "Etni-Cidade.net". Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
  17. ^ Quintela, Antón Corbacho (October 2002). "Os periódicos dos imigrantes espanhóis". Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
  18. ^ "Folha Online - Especial - 2005 - São Paulo 451". uol.com.br. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  19. ^ IBGE. "IBGE - Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento - território brasileiro e povoamento - espanhóis - o imigrante espanhol no coidiano urbano brasileiro". ibge.gov.br. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  20. ^ "Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento. Território Brasileiro e Povoamento; Estatísticas do Povoamento" [Brazil: 500 years of settlement. Brazilian Territory and Population; Population Statistics]. IBGE (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on March 6, 2002.
  21. ^ "Folha Online - Ilustrada - Morre aos 89 anos o carnavalesco Clóvis Bornay - 09/10/2005". uol.com.br. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  22. ^ "Página de". prelaziasaofelixdoaraguaia.org.br. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009.
  23. ^ "Raul Cortez". uol.com.br. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  24. ^ "Mário Covas". uol.com.br. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  25. ^ "Nélida Piñon". nelidapinon.com.br. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010.
  26. ^ "Tonico e Tinoco, a dupla coração Brasil" [Tonico and Tinoco, the double heart Brazil] (in Portuguese). widesoft.com.br. Archived from the original on November 24, 2002.
  27. ^ "Revista Contra-Relógio - Drauzio Varella - No Foco". revistacontrarelogio.com.br. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2009.

Further reading

  • Sanchez Albornoz, N. La Población de América Latina. Ed. Alianza América.
  • Diegues Junior, M. Regioes culturais do Brasil. Centro de pesquisas educacionais. INEP-MEC.1960.
  • Meijide Pardo, A. Brasil, la gran potencia del siglo XXI.
  • De Souza Martins, J. La inmigración española en Brasil. Dentro de Españoles hacia América. La emigración en masa, 1880–1930. De Sanchez Albornoz.
  • Pinto Do Carmo. Algunas figuras españolas en la prosa brasileña de ficción. Revista de Cultura Brasileña. nº35. 1973.
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