Basque Country (greater region)
Basque Country Euskal Herria | |
---|---|
Motto: Basque | |
Area | |
• Total | 20,947 km2 (8,088 sq mi) |
Population | |
• 2017 estimate | 3,155,597 |
• Density | 150.65/km2 (390.2/sq mi) |
Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
Internet TLD | .eus |
The Basque Country (
Comprising the
Etymology
The name in
The two earliest references (in various spelling guises) are in Joan Perez de Lazarraga's manuscript, dated around 1564–1567 as eusquel erria and eusquel erriau and heuscal herrian ('in the Basque Country') and Heuscal-Herrian in Joanes Leizarraga's Bible translation, published in 1571.[7]
Territory
The term Basque Country refers to a collection of regions inhabited by the
Northern Basque Country
The
The French Basque Country is traditionally subdivided into three provinces:
- Labourd, historical capital Ustaritz, main settlement today Bayonne
- Lower Navarre, historical capitals Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and Saint-Palais, main settlement today Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port
- Soule, historical capital Mauléon (also current main settlement)
This summary presentation suggests difficulty in justifying the inclusion of a few communes in the lower Adour region. Jean Goyhenetche suggests it would be more accurate to depict the region as the reunion of five entities: Labourd, Lower Navarre, Soule but also Bayonne and Gramont.[11]
Southern Basque Country
The Southern Basque Country, known in Basque as Hegoalde (literally, "the southern part"), is the part of the Basque region that lies completely within Spain. It is frequently known as Spanish Basque Country (País Vasco español in Spanish). It is the largest and most populated part of the Basque Country. It includes two main regions: the Basque Autonomous Community (Vitoria-Gasteiz is the capital) and the Chartered Community of Navarre (capital city Pamplona).
The Basque Autonomous Community (7,234 km²)[12] consists of three provinces, specifically designated "historical territories":
- Álava (capital: Vitoria-Gasteiz)
- Biscay (capital: Bilbao)
- Gipuzkoa (capital: Donostia-San Sebastián)
The Chartered Community of
In addition to those, two
- The Treviño enclave (280 km²),[15] a Castilian enclave in Álava
- Valle de Villaverde (20 km²), a Cantabrian exclave in Biscay
- Navarre holds two small administrative strips in Aragon, organised as Petilla de Aragón.
Climate
The Basque Country region is dominated by a warm, humid and wet
Location | August (°C) | August (°F) | January (°C) | January (°F) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bilbao | 26/15 | 79/59 | 13/5 | 55/41 |
Vitoria-Gasteiz | 26/12 | 78/53 | 8/1 | 47/34 |
Hondarribia |
25/17 | 78/63 | 13/4 | 55/40 |
Pamplona | 28/14 | 83/57 | 9/1 | 49/34 |
History
Ancient period
According to some theories, Basques may be the least assimilated remnant of the Paleolithic inhabitants of Western Europe (specifically those of the Franco-Cantabrian region known as Azilian) to the Indo-European migrations. Basque tribes were mentioned by Greek writer Strabo and Roman writer Pliny, including the Vascones, the Aquitani, and others. There is considerable evidence to show their Basque ethnicity in Roman times in the form of place-names, Caesar's reference to their customs and physical make-up, the so-called Aquitanian inscriptions recording names of people and gods (approx. 1st century, see Aquitanian language), etc.
Geographically, the Basque Country was inhabited in
The territory of the Cantabri encompassed probably present-day
: 123All other tribes in the
Middle Ages
In the Early Middle Ages (up to the 9th century) the territory between the
By the turn of the millennium, a receding
These westerly territories pledged intermittent allegiance to Navarre in their early stages, but were annexed to the
Modern period
In Navarre, the civil wars between the
"Basque (Country) [Vasco (País)], Euscalerria or Euskalerria: Region of south-western Europe, an area inhabited especially by the 'Basques': they keep unity with regards to race and language, in spite of one sector belonging to Spain (see Spanish Basque Country [País Vasco-Español]) and the other to France (see French Basque Country [País Vasco-Francés]). The Basque Country extends over 21,023 sq km, and is home to 1,585,409 inhabitants." |
Diccionario Geográfico Universal, Madrid (1953)[23] |
From 1525, witchcraft allegations originating in a number of Pyrenean valleys on the rearguard of the Lower Navarre front and recent theatre of war (Salazar, Roncal, Burguete, etc.) were followed by the intervention of newly reformed and recent institutions, such as Spain's central tribunal Inquisition, the (Navarrese) Royal Tribunals, and the Diocesan Tribunal, who organized a series of trials for alleged witchcraft and heretical practices. In the heat of the Wars of Religion and the struggle for Navarre, persecution came to a head in the hysteria of the 1609–1611 Basque witch trials on both sides of the Spanish-French border, easing afterwards.
In the
Since then, attempts were made to find a new framework for self-empowerment. The occasion seemed to have arrived on the proclamation of the
Demographics
The Basque Country has a population of approximately 3 million as of early 2006. The population density, at about 140/km² (360/sq. mile) is above average for both Spain and France, but the distribution of the population is fairly unequal, concentrated around the main cities. A third of the population is concentrated in the Greater Bilbao metropolitan area, while most of the interior of the French Basque Country and some areas of Navarre remain sparsely populated: density culminates at about 500/km² for Biscay but falls to 20/km² in the northern inner provinces of Lower Navarre and Soule.[24]
A significant majority of the population of the Basque country live inside the
José Aranda Aznar writes[26] that 30% of the population in the Basque Country Autonomous Community were born in other regions of Spain and that 40% of the people living in that territory do not have a single Basque parent.
Most of these peoples of
Over the last 25 years, some 380,000 people have left the Basque Autonomous Community, of which some 230,000 have moved to other parts of Spain. While certainly many of them are people returning to their original homes when starting their retirement, there is also a sizable tract of Basque natives in this group who have moved due to a Basque nationalist political environment (including ETA's killings) which they perceive as overtly hostile.[27] These have been quoted to be as high as 10% of the population in the Basque Community.[28]
Largest cities
Rank | Province | Pop. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilbao Vitoria-Gasteiz |
1 | Bilbao | Biscay | 350,184 | Pamplona San Sebastián | ||||
2 | Vitoria-Gasteiz | Álava | 253,996 | ||||||
3 | Pamplona | Navarre | 203,944 | ||||||
4 | San Sebastián | Gipuzkoa | 188,240 | ||||||
5 | Barakaldo | Biscay | 101,486 | ||||||
6 | Getxo | Biscay | 77,770 | ||||||
7 | Irun | Gipuzkoa | 61,983 | ||||||
8 | Bayonne | Labourd | 51,411 | ||||||
9 | Portugalete | Biscay | 49,118 | ||||||
10 | Santurtzi | Biscay | 46,069 |
Metropolitan areas
- Greater Bilbao: 984 745 inhabitants (2014)
- Greater San Sebastian: 447 844 inhabitants (2014)
- Greater Pamplona: 346 716 inhabitants (2012)
- Metropolitan area of Vitoria: 277 812 inhabitants (2015)
- Metropolitan area of Eibar: 70 000 inhabitants (2012)
- Agglomération Côte Basque Adour: 126 072 inhabitants (2013)
Non-Basque minorities
Historical minorities
Various Romani groups existed in the Basque Country and some still exist as ethnic groups. These were grouped together under the generic terms ijituak (Gypsies) and buhameak (Bohemians) by Basque speakers.[citation needed]
- The Cagots also were found north and south of the mountains. They lived as untouchables in Basque villages and were allowed to marry only among themselves.[29] Their origin is unclear and has historically been surrounded with superstitions.[30] Nowadays, they have mostly assimilated into the general society.
- The Cascarots were a Roma subgroup found mainly in the Northern Basque Country.
- A subgroup of Kalderash Roma resident in the Basque Country were the Erromintxela who are notable for speaking a rare mixed language. This is based on Basque grammar but using Romani-derived vocabulary.[31]
- The Quinqui-speakers, travelling as cattle merchants and artisans. Following the industrialization, they settled in slums near big cities.
In the
Recent immigration
Much as has been the case for Spain's two other major economic poles (Madrid and Catalonia), the Basque Country received significant immigration from other poorer regions of Spain, due to its higher level of economic development and early industrialization. During the second half of the 20th century, such immigrants were commonly referred to by some Basques as maketos, a derogatory term which is less used today.[33]
Since the 1980s, as a consequence of its considerable economic prosperity, the Basque Country has received an increasing number of immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe, North Africa, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and China, settling mostly in the major urban areas. Nevertheless, foreign immigrant population is lower in the Basque country than in Madrid and Catalonia, despite having similar GDP per capita and significantly lower levels of unemployment.
Language
Currently, the predominant languages in the Spanish and French Basque Countries are Spanish and French, respectively. In the historical process of forging themselves as
Despite being spoken in a relatively small territory, the rugged features of the Basque countryside and the historically high population density resulted in a heavy dialectal fragmentation throughout history, which increased the value of both Spanish and French respectively as lingua francas.[citation needed] In this regard, the current Standard form of Basque was only introduced in the late 1960s, which helped Basque move away from being perceived – even by its own speakers – as a language unfit for educational purposes.[35]
While the French Republic has historically attempted to absorb ethnic minority groups – including the French Basques – into a linguistically unified state, Spain in turn has accepted intermittently in its history some degree of linguistic, cultural, and political autonomy to the Basques. Altogether there was a gradual language shift towards Spanish language in the Basque-speaking areas of the Spanish Basque Country, a phenomenon initially restricted to the upper urban classes, but progressively reaching the lower classes. Western Biscay, most of Alava and southern Navarre have been Spanish-speaking (or Romance-speaking) for centuries.
But under the
Nowadays, the Basque Autonomous Community enjoys some cultural and political autonomy and Basque is an official language along with Spanish. Basque is favoured by a set of language policies sponsored by the Basque regional government which aim at the generalization of its use. However, the actual implementation of this official status is patchy and problematic, relying ultimately on the will of the different administrative levels to enforce it—Justice, Health, Administration. It is spoken by approximately a quarter of the total Basque Country, its stronghold being the contiguous area formed by Gipuzkoa, northern Navarre and the Pyrenean French valleys. It is not spoken natively in most of Álava, western Biscay and the southern half of Navarre. Of a total estimation of some 650,000 Basque speakers, approximately 550,000 live in the Spanish Basque country, the rest in the French.[36]
The Basque education system in Spain has three types of schools differentiated by their linguistic teaching models: A, B and D. Model D, with education entirely in Basque, and Spanish as a compulsory subject, is the most widely chosen model by parents. In Navarre, there is an additional G model, with education entirely in Spanish.
The ruling anti-Basque conservative government of
The European Commission for Regional or Minority Languages to which Spain is signatory has issued a number of recommendations in order to guarantee a real official status for Basque language (2004), e.g. the suppression of the administrative linguistic divides of Navarre for considering it an obstacle to the normal use of Basque and discriminating against Basque speakers,
The situation of the Basque language in the French Basque Country is vulnerable (as rated by Unesco). The pressure of French as a well-established mainstream language and different administrative obstacles to the consolidation of Basque-language schooling make the language's future prospects uncertain. On 14 June 2013, pointing to the 1850 Falloux act and declaring thereafter that French is the official language of France, the regional subprefect declared illegal the Hendaye council's subsidies to finance a new building for a Basque-language school.[40] On 6 November 2013, the Basque language school network in the French Basque Country, Seaska, bitterly criticized the French state before UNESCO for not complying with its international commitments and actually failing to accept minorities by violating their linguistic rights.[41] In November 2013, France decided not to ratify the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[citation needed]
Universities
The earliest university in the Basque Country was the University of Oñati, founded in 1540 in Hernani and moved to Oñati in 1548. It lasted in various forms until 1901.[42] In 1868, in order to fulfill the need for college graduates for the thriving industry that was flourishing in the Bilbao area, there was an unsuccessful effort to establish a Basque-Navarrese University. Nonetheless, in 1897 the Bilbao Superior Technical School of Engineering (the first modern faculty of engineering in Spain), was founded as a way of providing engineers for the local industry; this faculty is nowadays part of the University of the Basque Country. Almost at the same time, the urgent need for business graduates led to the establishment of the Commercial Faculty by the Jesuits, and, some time thereafter, the Jesuits expanded their university by formally founding the University of Deusto in Deusto (now a Bilbao neighbourhood) by the turn of the century, a private university where the Commercial Faculty was integrated. The first modern Basque public university was the Basque University, founded 18 November 1936 by the autonomous Basque government in Bilbao in the midst of the Spanish Civil War. It operated only briefly before the government's defeat by Francisco Franco's fascist forces.[43]
Several faculties, originally teaching only in Spanish, were founded in the Basque region in the
In
There are numerous other significant Basque cultural institutions in the Basque Country and elsewhere. Most Basque organizations in the United States are affiliated with NABO (North American Basque Organizations, Inc.).
Politics
Since the last quarter of the 20th century, there have been very different political views on the significance of the Basque Country, with some Basque nationalists aiming to create an independent state including the whole area, and Spanish nationalism denying the very existence of the Basque Country. The dynamics of controversial decisions imposed by Spanish tribunals on Basque nationalist parties ideologically close to ETA left for over a decade a distorted representation of the Basque politics in local councils and regional parliaments, as well as a swiftly changing array of disbanded party names, new alliances, and re-accommodations (since 1998).
During the 2011 Spanish parliamentary elections, the coalition
Despite Amaiur's results, the group was refused a parliamentary group in an unprecedented decision in the Spanish Parliament, on the grounds that the coalition's MPs represented two different constituencies. As a result, Amaiur (5th political group in the
However, in December 2015, the Spanish parliamentary elections saw the rise of Podemos (7 MPs) and the Basque Nationalist Party (6 MPs) at the expense of EH Bildu (2 MPs), while Madrid-based mainstream parties continued their steady decline trend, with the Spanish Conservatives (allied with UPN in Navarre) getting 4 MPs, and the Socialists 4 MPs.
In the Northern Basque Country, the French right is the most popular political faction, but since its creation the coalition
Parties with presence in all the Basque Country
- The Christian-democrat and has evolved towards rather moderate positions though it still keeps the demand for self-determination and eventual independence. It is the main party in the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) and is the most voted party (about 40% population), but its presence in Navarre is minor and subsumed in Geroa Bai, while it remains marginal in the French Basque Country.
- EH Baiin the North.
- EH Baiin the North.
Parties with presence only in the French Basque Country
- Abertzaleen Batasuna (Patriots' Union), the main radical left wing Basque nationalist party in the North.
- Euskal Herria Bai (EH Bai), a left-wing coalition formed by Abertzaleen Batasuna, Sortu and Eusko Alkartasuna (Batasuna also took part in its creation). EH Bai has become the main nationalist force in the North, and has taken a more moderate stance on historical nationalist demands than its predecessors.
- Renaissance (formerly La République En Marche), the party of liberal French President Emmanuel Macron. In the Basque Country it is allied with the traditional French right and other center-right parties.
- The Republicans, the traditional French conservative party, and one of the main forces in the Northern Basque Country.
- Union of Democrats and Independents, a center-right France-wide party, an ally of The Republicans and Renaissance, and the party of the president of the Northern Basque Country Jean-René Etchegaray.
- French Socialist Party, formerly the hegemonic center-left party in France. Even though it has lost much support in recent years it has remained relevant in Basque politics.
- Europe Ecology – The Greens, the main French green party. The greens are one of the main allies of the left-wing Basque nationalists in France.
- National Rally, far-right, France-wide.
Parties with presence in all of the Spanish Basque Country
- Euskal Herria Bildu (Basque Country Gather), a left-wing Basque nationalist coalition formed by EA, Sortu and Alternatiba. It is the main opposition in the BAC and the fourth party in the Navarrese parliament (as of 2022). Even though the coalition is considered the successor of Batasuna, it is much more moderate and officially rejects political violence.
- social-democraticparty of Spanish politics, with its regional branches:
- PSE-EE(mixed Spanish and Basque acronym for: Socialist Party of the Basque Country – Basque Country's Left) in the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC).
- PSN(Socialist Party of Navarre) in Navarre.
- People's Party (PP), the main conservative party in Spain, with its branches:
- Partido Popular de Navarra (People's Party of Navarre) in Navarre
- Partido Popular del País Vasco (People's Party of The Basque Country) in the BAC
- United Left (IU), a Spain-wide left-wing coalition, the former Spanish Communist Party, federalist and republican, with its branches:
- Ezker Anitza (Plural Left) (EzAn-IU) in the BAC
- Izquierda Unida de Navarra-Nafarroako Ezker Batua (United Left of Navarre) (IUN-NEB) in Navarre
- Podemos-Ahal Dugu (We can), a Spain-wide leftist party. In the BAC it is inside the coalition Elkarrekin Podemos alongside United Left, and in Navarre it is part of the coalition government.
- Navarrese People's Union (UPN), a conservative party formerly attached to People's Party. It was the ruling party in Navarre from 1996 to 2015, and a firm opponent of Basque nationalism, the idea of a Basque Country including Navarre, and virtually all matters Basque. It emphasizes the Spanish character of Navarre, its distinct institutional make-up, and taxation system.
- Navarra Suma, a right-wing coalition formed by UPN, PP and Citizens. It won the 2019 Navarrese regional election but it was unable to form a government.
- Geroa Bai (Yes to the Future), a progressive Basque nationalist coalition with ties to the Basque Nationalist Party. It ruled Navarre from 2015 to 2019, and entered the PSN led government in 2019. Currently it is the biggest Basque nationalist party in Navarre.
- Izquierda-Ezkerra, a leftist coalition formed by United Left and Batzarre.
Basque nationalism
Political status
Since the 19th century, Basque nationalism (abertzaleak) has demanded the right of some kind of self-determination,[citation needed] which is supported by 60% of Basques in the Basque Autonomous Community, and independence, which would be supported in this same territory, according to a poll, by approximately 36%[48] of them. This desire for independence is particularly stressed among leftist Basque nationalists. The right of self-determination was asserted by the Basque Parliament in 1990, 2002 and 2006.[49]
According to Article 2 of the
There are not many sources on the issue for the French Basque country, but the establishment of an autonomic regime in the Northern Basque Country and the officiality of the Basque language are two of the main demands of Basque nationalists.
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) was an armed
A Basque Country including Navarre has proved controversial. The
Among other controversies in 2018 the Supreme Court of Navarre (Spanish: Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Navarra) ruling against the use of some school books that had in their content a map that displayed the Chartered Community of Navarre within the Basque Country area, claiming it distorted the natural, historic, legal, social, geographic and politic reality of Navarre.[44] The same court has also ruled against considering the knowledge of the Basque language when hiring in the public administration, and the establishment of Basque-medium schools has usually been opposed by Navarrese and municipal governments. The Navarrese government and courts have also taken measures to remove Basque symbols from public buildings. As an example, the Administrative Court of Navarre (Spanish: Tribunal Administrativo de Nafarroa) recently ordered the removal of the Basque coat of arms from a fronton, placed by the municipal government.[54]
Culture
Culture of Basque Country |
---|
Mythology |
Literature |
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015) |
Sports
The Basque Country has also contributed many sportsmen, primarily in
The main sport in the Basque Country, as in the rest of Spain and much of France, is
The most renowned Basque footballer of all time is possibly
At international level,
Football is slightly less popular in Northern Basque country but the region has produced two well known and successful French players, Bixente Lizarazu and Didier Deschamps, who were among 22 players that won the 1998 World Cup. In the 2010s, Aviron Bayonnais FC developed international players Stéphane Ruffier and Kévin Rodrigues (capped by Portugal) and Aymeric Laporte who eventually played for Spain based on his residency in the southern Basque country. The club has also played in the French third tier.
The territory has an unofficial 'national' team which plays occasional friendlies, but not competitive matches, against conventional national teams. Navarre has its own representative side which convenes rarely.
Cycling as a sport is popular in the Basque Country.
Movistar Team, a top level cycling team, hails from Navarre, and is a continuation from the Banesto team for which Indurain ran. [55] Euskaltel–Euskadi was a team operating at the same level until 2013 which was commercially sponsored, but also worked as an unofficial Basque national team and was partly funded by the Basque Government. Its riders were Basque, or at least grew up in the region's cycling culture; members of the team were sometimes strong contenders in the Tour de France or Vuelta a España. The races often saw Basque fans lining the roads during Pyrenean stages of the Tour de France. Team leaders included riders such as Iban Mayo, Haimar Zubeldia, Samuel Sánchez and David Etxebarria. Another team of the same name was raised to ProTeam level in 2019.
In the north,
A Basque club was the last to win the cup [
One of the top
In recent years surfing has taken off on the Basque shores, and Mundaka and Biarritz have become spots on the world surf circuit.
Traditional Basque sports
The Basque country sporting tradition is linked to agricultural pursuits such as
See also
- Basque Country (autonomous community)
- Basque cuisine
- Carnivals from the Basque Country
- Basque mythology
- Basque people
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of Basques
- Nationalities in Spain
- Navarre
- Northern Basque Country, in France
- Vasconia
References
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{{cite book}}
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