Brunner syndrome
| Brunner syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Monoamine oxidase A deficiency |
X-linked recessive manner. | |
Brunner syndrome is a rare
Signs and symptoms
The following signs and symptoms occur in people with monoamine oxidase A deficiency, which causes Brunner syndrome:[5]
- lack of impulse control
- aggressive or violent outbursts
- ADHD-like behavioral features
- obsessive behaviors
- difficulties forming friendships
- problems focusing attention
- sleep problems
- trouble falling asleep
- night terrors
- skin flushing
- sweating
- headaches
- diarrhea
Causes
Brunner syndrome is caused by a
Diagnosis
Upon suspicion of Brunner syndrome and after having eliminated other potential suspects via means of differential diagnosis, Brunner syndrome is diagnosed by genetic testing for specific mutations of the MAOA gene. Since the syndrome is so rare, it is usually only suspected and tested for if there are other diagnosed instances of the syndrome in one's direct family.[citation needed]
Treatment
Progesterone & Rauwolfia serpentina (containing Reserpine) are a possible treatment as they both increase MAO-A activity.[citation needed]
History
Brunner Syndrome was described in 1993 by H.G. Brunner and his colleagues upon the discovery of a particular genetic defect in male members of a large Dutch family.
A letter published by Hebebrand and Klug (1995)[8] criticized Brunner's findings for not using strict DSM criteria.
Society and culture
Brunner's findings have been used to argue that genetics, rather than decision-making processes, can cause criminal activity.[9] Evidence supporting the genetic defense stems from both Brunner's findings and a series of studies on mice.[10] To prove the correlation between MAO-A deficiency and aggression in courts, it is often contended that individuals cannot be held accountable for their genes, and as a result, should not be held responsible for their dispositions and resulting actions.[9][10]