Brussels massacre
Anti-Semitism (Alleged host desecration at the Brussels synagogue) | |
Casualties | |
---|---|
6–20 Jews dead | |
Jewish community banished |
The Brussels massacre was an
The supposedly recovered hosts became objects of veneration for local Christians as the Sacrament of Miracle.
Background
In 1369, two priests in Brussels were arrested for
Allegations
The version of the allegations attested from 1403 was that a rich Jew from
Cult of the Miracle
The hosts were placed in reliquaries and preserved in the then collegiate church of
Emperor
In the early 1580s, during a period of Calvinist rule in Brussels, all Catholic ceremonies were suppressed. From 1579 to 1585 the relics had been hidden in a house in the Korte Ridderstraat. After the end of Calvinist rule in 1585, a procession of citizens and officeholders had retrieved the hosts and carried them back to the church. The re-emergence of the cult in 1585 was primarily as a celebration of the end of Calvinist rule.[13] The Archdukes Albert and Isabella, who ruled in Brussels 1598–1621, made the annual procession a state occasion:
The Blessed Sacrament of Miracles ... had emerged as doubly miraculous after the end of Calvinist rule in Brussels in 1585 when it became clear that the sacred hosts had survived intact. The annual procession in honour of the Sacrament now became as much a commemoration of the second anti-Calvinist miracle as of the first anti-Semitic one and, after their accession, the Archdukes conscientiously attended the procession every year while also turning it into a veritable state event.[14]
Five windows added in the nineteenth century depict the development of the cult of the Miracle; these were donated by Belgian kings Leopold I and Leopold II and other nobles, this time linking the Miracle to the contemporary Catholic opposition to secularism.[1]
The 1870 quincentenary jubilee of the Miracle would have been marked with extraordinary celebrations,[15] but tension between catholic and liberal circles was increasingly rising.[16] Liberals, including the anti-Semite Edmond Picard, had called for a boycott of the festivities. A pamphlet by Charles Potvin (under the pseudonym Dom Liber) gave rise to a violent controversy with the young priest Hyacinthe De Bruyn, which was also fueled by imminent elections. As a consequence, church authorities decided to cancel these celebrations.
Retraction
After the Second World War, in light of
See also
Footnotes
- ^ In fact, in 1370 Joanna was suo jure Duchess of the Duchy of Brabant.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Commission Nationale Catholique pour les Relations avec le Monde Juif. "Le Miracle du St Sacrament" (in French). Brussels Cathedral. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ Au nom de l'antisionisme: l'image des Juifs et d'Israël dans la ... p. 27 Joël Kotek, Dan Kotek – 2005 "Des émeutes antijuives s'ensuivent. La profanation de l'hostie, que les chrétiens identifient à la personne même du Christ, serait la répétition du crime du calvaire. En 1370, une vingtaine de Juifs sont brûlés à Bruxelles."
- ^ "Jewish History 1370–1379".
- ^ C. Caspers and T. Brekelmans, "The Power of Prayer and the Agnus Dei", in Popular religion, liturgy and evangelization, edited by Jozef Lamberts (Studies in Liturgy 15; Leuven, 1998), p. 67: "the famous Sacrament of Miracle at Brussels"
- ^ Religious and Theological Abstracts, vols. 26–27 (1983), p. 188: "the tendentious nature of the accusation and the legendary character of the so called Sacrament of Miracle"
- ^ ISBN 978-0230293106.
- ^ "Résumé du rapport de la Commission d'enquête de l'ostensoir du Très-Saint Sacrement de Miracle" (PDF). June 19, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: A–J p. 204 Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder. 2001. "Brussels (Fr. Bruxelles) capital of Belgium. Jews are believed to have lived in B. from the middle of the 13th cent. ... The community revived later, but another massacre followed in 1370 in the wake of a Host desecration libel."
- .
- .
- ^ Dan Mikhman Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans (1998), p. 121: the annual St. Gudule procession in Brussels in which relics were shown of hosts said to have been profaned by Jews in the year 1370.
- ^ "Het Sacrament van Mirakel". Kerknet (in Dutch). December 19, 1999. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
- ^ Margit Thøfner, A Common Art: Urban Ceremonial in Antwerp and Brussels during and after the Dutch Revolt (Zwolle, 2007), pp. 255–258.
- ^ Monica Stensland, "Peace or No Peace?", Pamphlets and Politics in the Dutch Republic, edited by Femke Deen, David Onnekink, Michel Reinders (Library of the Written Word 12; The Handpress World 7; Leiden, 2010), pp. 247–248.
- ^ W. Lourdaux, Werner Verbeke Cultura mediaevalis: p. 174. 1992 "... terecht uit de middeleeuwse samenleving geweerde joden zich in 1370 wel degelijk aan hostieprofanatie hadden schuldig gemaakt ... Le jubilé d'un vrai miracle (Brussel, 1870). 33 H. Matagne, Le Saint-Sacrement de Miracle a Bruxelles
- ^ Tollebeek, Jo (1995). "Schrijven vanuit betrokkenheid: honderdvijftig jaar historiografie van het laatmiddeleeuwse jodendom in de Nederlanden (1800–1949)". Serta Devota in Memoriam Guillelmi Lourdaux. Pars Posterior: Cultura Mediaevalis.
- ISBN 9782354130008.[page needed]