Bàng-uâ-cê
(Redirected from
Foochow Romanized
)Bàng-uâ-cê | |
---|---|
Script type | (modified) |
Creator | Eastern Min language |
Related scripts | |
Child systems | Hinghwa Romanized, Kienning Colloquial Romanized |
Romanization of Chinese |
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Mandarin |
Wu |
Yue |
Min |
Gan |
Hakka |
Xiang |
Polylectal |
See also |
Bàng-uâ-cê (
abbr. BUC; Chinese: 平話字) or Fuzhou romanization (福州話羅馬字), is a Latin alphabet for the Fuzhou dialect of Eastern Min adopted in the middle of the 19th century by Western missionaries. It had varied at different times, and became standardized in the 1890s. Bàng-uâ-cê was mainly used inside of church circles, and was taught in some mission schools in Fuzhou.[1] However, unlike its counterpart Pe̍h-ōe-jī for Hokkien, even in its prime days Bàng-uâ-cê was by no means universally understood by Christians.[2]
History
After
Treaty of Nanjing at the end of First Opium War (from 1839 to 1842), many Western missionaries arrived in the city. Faced with widespread illiteracy, they developed Latin alphabets for the Fuzhou dialect
.
The first attempt in romanizing the Fuzhou dialect was made by the
vowels of Latin alphabet, four diacritic-marked letters ⟨è⟩, ⟨ë⟩, ⟨ò⟩ and ⟨ü⟩ were also introduced, representing [ɛ], [ø], [ɔ], and [y], respectively. This system is described at length in White's linguistic work The Chinese Language Spoken at Fuh Chau
.
Subsequent missionaries, including
diacritical marks were all shifted to underneath the vowels, this left room above the vowels which was occupied by the newly introduced tonal marks. Thus Bàng-uâ-cê avoids the potentially awkward diacritic stacking seen for instance in the Vietnamese script
, where tone and vowel quality marks both sit above the vowel.
Alphabet
The sample characters are taken from the Qing Dynasty. The pronunciations are recorded in standard IPA symbols.
Initials
BUC | Sample character | Pronunciation |
b | 邊 | /p/ |
p | 波 | /pʰ/ |
m | 蒙 | /m/ |
d | 低 | /t/ |
t | 他 | /tʰ/ |
n | 日 | /n/ |
l | 柳 | /l/ |
g | 求 | /k/ |
k | 氣 | /kʰ/ |
ng | 語 | /ŋ/ |
h | 喜 | /h/ |
c | 爭 | /ts/ |
ch | 出 | /tsʰ/ |
s | 時 | /s/ |
None | 鶯 | Null Initial |
Finals
Finals without codas
BUC | Sample character | Traditional pronunciation | Modern pronunciation |
a | 嘉 | /a/ | /a/ |
ia | 奇 | /ia/ | /ia/ |
ua | 花 | /ua/ | /ua/ |
a̤ | 西 | /ɛ/ | /e/ or /a/ |
ie | 雞 | /ie/ | /ie/ |
o̤ | 歌 | /ɔ/ | /o/ or /ɔ/ |
io | 橋 | /io/ | /yo/ |
uo | 過 | /uo/ | /uo/ |
e̤ / ae̤ | 初 | /ø/ or /aø/ | /ø/ or /ɔ/ |
au | 郊 | /au/ | /au/ |
eu / aiu | 溝 | /eu/ or /aiu/ | /eu/ or /au/ |
ieu | 燒 | /ieu/ | /iu/ |
iu / eu | 秋 | /iu/ or /eu/ | /iu/ |
oi / o̤i | 催 | /oi/ or /ɔi/ | /øy/ or /ɔy/ |
ai | 開 | /ai/ | /ai/ |
uai | 歪 | /uai/ | /uai/ |
uoi | 杯 | /uoi/ | /ui/ |
ui / oi | 輝 | /ui/ or /oi/ | /ui/ |
i / e | 之 | /i/ or /ei/ | /i/ or /ɛi/ |
u / o | 孤 | /u/ or /ou/ | /u/ or /ɔu/ |
ṳ / e̤ṳ | 須 | /y/ or /øy/ | /y/ or /œy/ |
Finals with coda [ʔ]
BUC | Traditional pronunciation | Modern pronunciation |
ah | /aʔ/ | /aʔ/ |
iah | /iaʔ/ | /iaʔ/ |
uah | /uaʔ/ | /uaʔ/ |
a̤h | /ɛʔ/ | /eʔ/ |
ieh | /ieʔ/ | /ieʔ/ |
o̤h | /ɔʔ/ | /oʔ/ or /ɔʔ/ |
ioh | /ioʔ/ | /yoʔ/ |
uoh | /uoʔ/ | /uoʔ/ |
e̤h | /øʔ/ | /øʔ/ |
Finals with codas [-ŋ] and [-k]
BUC | Sample character | Traditional pronunciation | Modern pronunciation |
ang | 山 | /aŋ/ | /aŋ/ |
iang | 聲 | /iaŋ/ | /iaŋ/ |
uang | 歡 | /uaŋ/ | /uaŋ/ |
ieng | 天 | /ieŋ/ | /ieŋ/ |
iong | 香 | /ioŋ/ | /yoŋ/ |
uong | 光 | /uoŋ/ | /uoŋ/ |
ing / eng | 賓 | /iŋ/ or /eiŋ/ | /iŋ/ or /ɛiŋ/ |
ung / ong | 春 | /uŋ/ or /ouŋ/ | /uŋ/ or /ɔuŋ/ |
ṳng / e̤ṳng | 銀 | /yŋ/ or /øyŋ/ | /yŋ/ or /œyŋ/ |
eng / aing | 燈 | /eiŋ/ or /aiŋ/ | /eiŋ/ or /aiŋ/ |
ong / aung | 釭 | /ouŋ/ or /auŋ/ | /ouŋ/ or /ɔuŋ/ |
e̤ng / ae̤ng | 東 | /øŋ/ or /aøŋ/ | /øyŋ/ or /ɔyŋ/ |
Tones
Name | Tone numeral | BUC symbol | Example |
Shàngpíng (上平, BUC: Siông-bìng) | 55 | ◌̆ | 君 Gŭng |
Shǎngshēng (上聲, BUC: Siōng-siăng) | 33 | ◌̄ | 滾 Gūng |
Shàngqù (上去, BUC: Siông-ké̤ṳ) | 213 | ◌́ | 貢 Góng |
Shàngrù (上入, BUC: Siông-ĭk) | 24 | ◌́ | 谷 Gók |
Xiàpíng (下平, BUC: Hâ-bìng) | 53 | ◌̀ | 群 Gùng |
Xiàqù (下去, BUC: Hâ-ké̤ṳ) | 242 | ◌̂ | 郡 Gông |
Xiàrù (下入, BUC: Hâ-ĭk) | 5 | ◌̆ | 掘 Gŭk |
Note that Bàng-uâ-cê uses the breve, not the caron (ˇ), to indicate Yīnpíng and Yángrù tones of Fuzhou dialect.
Sample text
Original | Translation | Audio | |
---|---|---|---|
Bàng-uâ-cê | Characters | ||
Báe̤k-hŭng gâe̤ng Nĭk-tàu[a] | 《北風共日頭》 | The North Wind and the Sun | ⓘ |
Ô sŏ̤h huòi, Báe̤k-hŭng gâe̤ng Nĭk-tàu duŏh hī dó̤i căng, káng diê-nè̤ng buōng-sê̤ṳ duâi.[b] | 有蜀回,北風共日頭著許塊爭,看底儂本事大。 | Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. | ⓘ |
Căng lì căng kó̤ mò̤ suŏ iàng.[c] | 爭來爭去無輸贏。 | They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. | ⓘ |
Ciā sèng-hâiu, duô lā̤ ô sŏ̤h ciéh nè̤ng giàng lā̤, sĭng lā̤ sê̤ṳng duŏh sŏ̤h iông gâu-gâu gì duâi-ĭ.[d] | 者辰候,墿𡅏有蜀隻儂行𡅏,身𡅏頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。 | Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. | ⓘ |
Ĭ lâng ciéh gōng hō̤, diê-nè̤ng ô buōng-sê̤ṳ sĕng gáe̤ cī ciéh nè̤ng gâe̤ng duâi-ĭ táung lâi gó̤, cêu sáung diê-nè̤ng buōng-sê̤ṳ duâi.[e] | 伊兩隻講好,底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去,就算底儂本事大。 | The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. | ⓘ |
Dăng nĭ, Báe̤k-hŭng cêu sāi lĭk sī-miâng dék chuŏi, bók-guó ĭ muōng chuŏi dék lê-hâi, cī ciéh lā̤ giàng-duô gì nè̤ng cêu ciŏng hī iông duâi-ĭ muōng bău muōng gīng gó̤.[f] | 仱呢,北風就使力死命的吹,不過伊罔吹的利害,玆隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。 | Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. | ⓘ |
Gáu muōi-hâiu, Báe̤k-hŭng mò̤ bâing-huák, cêu cūng-kuāng láe̤k gó̤.[g] | 遘尾後,北風無辦法,就總款〇去。 | At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. | ⓘ |
Guó nék-òng, Nĭk-tàu chók lì.[h] | 過仂暅,日頭出來。 | After a while, the Sun came out. | ⓘ |
Iĕk-pĕ̤-pĕ̤ sāi sāi lĭk sŏ̤h puŏh, hī ciéh lā̤ giàng-duô gì nè̤ng ché̤ṳk-káik cêu ciŏng hī iông duâi-ĭ táung lŏ̤h lì.[i] | 熱〇〇使使力蜀曝,許隻𡅏行墿其儂〇刻就將許件大衣褪落來。 | He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. | ⓘ |
Cī-hâ Báe̤k-hŭng cêu nâ diông sìng-nêng, lâng gá nè̤ng diē-sié, gó sê Nĭk-tàu gì buōng-sê̤ṳ duâi.[j] | 玆下北風就僅長承認,兩個儂底勢,故是日頭其本事大。 | And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two. | ⓘ |
- ^ [pàøʔ.húŋ.kǎøŋ.níʔ.tʰâu]
- ^ [ǒu.sóʔ.hwôi.pàøʔ.húŋ.kǎøŋ.níʔ.tʰâu.twóʔ.hī.tòi.tsáŋ,kʰàŋ.tjě.nø̂ŋ.pwōŋ.sø̌y.twǎi]
- ^ [tsáŋ.lî.tsáŋ.kʰǒ.mô.swó.jâŋ]
- ^ [tsjá.sêiŋ.hǎjǔ,twǒ.lē.ǒu.sóʔ.tsjěʔ.nø̂ŋ.kjâŋ.lē,síŋ.sø̌yŋ.twóʔ.sóʔ.jǒŋ.kǎu.kǎu.kî.twǎi.í]
- ^ [í.jǎŋ.tsjěʔ.kóuŋ.hó.tjě.nø̂ŋ.ǒu.pwōŋ.sø̌y.séiŋ.kàø.tsī.tsjěʔ.nø̂ŋ.kǎøŋ.twǎi.í.tʰàuŋ.lǎi.kò,tsěu.sàuŋ.tjě.nø̂ŋ.pwōŋ.sø̌y.twǎi]
- ^ [táŋ.ní,pàøʔ.húŋ.tsěu.sāi.líʔ.sī.mjǎŋ.tèiʔ.tsʰwói,pòuʔ.kwò.í.mwōŋ.tsʰwói.těiʔ.lěi.hǎi,tsī.tsjěʔ.lē.kjáŋ.twǒ.kî.nø̌ŋ.tsěu.tsjóŋ.hī.jǒŋ.twǎi.í.mwōŋ.páu.mwōŋ.kīŋ.kò]
- ^ [kàu.mwōi.hǎjǔ,pàøʔ.húŋ.mó.pǎiŋ.hwǎʔ,tsěu.tsūŋ.kʰwāŋ.lǎøʔ.kò]
- ^ [kwò.něiʔ.óuŋ,níʔ.tʰâu.tsʰǒuʔ.lî]
- ^ [jéʔ.pʰǿ.pʰǿ.sāi.sāi.líʔ.sóʔ.pʰwóʔ,hī.tsjěʔ.lē.kjâŋ.twǒ.kî.nø̂ŋ.tsʰø̌yʔ.kʰǎiʔ.tsěu.tsjóŋ.hī.jǒŋ.twǎi.í.tʰàuŋ.lóʔ.lî]
- ^ [tsī.hǎ.pàøʔ.húŋ.tsěu.nǎ.tjǒŋ.sîŋ.něiŋ,lǎŋ.kà.nø̂ŋ.tjē.sjè,kòu.sěi.níʔ.tʰâu.lî.pwōŋ.sø̌y.twǎi]
References
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Mindong edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Everything You Want To Know About Bàng-uâ-cê (in Foochowese)
- Gô Iók Cŭ: The Old Testament, in Bàng-uâ-cê. (in Min Dong Chinese)
- Sĭng Iók Cŭ: The New Testament, in Bàng-uâ-cê. (in Min Dong Chinese)
- An English-Chinese Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect, by T. B. Adam, 1905
- Learning material of Foochow Romanized at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 February 2012)
- Chinese Character to Eastern Min Transliterator