Chromosome 2
Chromosome 2 | |
---|---|
Type | Autosome |
Centromere position | Submetacentric[2] (93.9 Mbp[3]) |
Complete gene lists | |
CCDS | Gene list |
HGNC | Gene list |
UniProt | Gene list |
NCBI | Gene list |
External map viewers | |
Ensembl | Chromosome 2 |
Entrez | Chromosome 2 |
NCBI | Chromosome 2 |
UCSC | Chromosome 2 |
Full DNA sequences | |
RefSeq | NC_000002 (FASTA) |
GenBank | CM000664 (FASTA) |
Chromosome 2 is one of the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 2 is the second-largest human chromosome, spanning more than 242 million base pairs[4] and representing almost eight percent of the total DNA in human cells.
Chromosome 2 contains the HOXD homeobox gene cluster.[5]
Chromosomes
Humans have only twenty-three pairs of chromosomes, while all other extant members of Hominidae have twenty-four pairs.[6] It is believed that Neanderthals and Denisovans had twenty-three pairs.[6]
Human chromosome 2 is a result of an end-to-end fusion of two ancestral chromosomes.[7][8][9] The evidence for this includes:
- The correspondence of chromosome 2 to two
- The presence of a vestigial centromere. Normally a chromosome has just one centromere, but in chromosome 2 there are remnants of a second centromere in the q21.3–q22.1 region.[12]
- The presence of vestigial telomeres. These are normally found only at the ends of a chromosome, but in chromosome 2 there are additional telomere sequences in the q13 band, far from either end of the chromosome.[13]
We conclude that the locus cloned in cosmids c8.1 and c29B is the relic of an ancient telomere-telomere fusion and marks the point at which two ancestral ape chromosomes fused to give rise to human chromosome 2.
— Jacob W. Ijdo[13]
Genes
Number of genes
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 2. Because researchers use different approaches to
Estimated by | Protein-coding genes
|
Non-coding RNA genes | Pseudogenes | Source | Release date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCDS | 1,194 | — | — | [1] | 2016-09-08 |
HGNC | 1,196 | 450 | 931 | [15] | 2017-05-12 |
Ensembl | 1,292 | 1,598 | 1,029 | [16] | 2017-03-29 |
UniProt | 1,274 | — | — | [17] | 2018-02-28 |
NCBI | 1,281 | 1,446 | 1,207 | [18][19][20] | 2017-05-19 |
List of genes
The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 2. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.
p-arm
Partial list of the genes located on p-arm (short arm) of human chromosome 2:
- ACTR2: encoding protein Actin-related protein 2
- ADI1: encoding enzyme 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase
- AFF3: encoding protein AF4/FMR2 family member 3
- AFTPH: encoding protein Aftiphilin
- ALMS1: Alstrom syndrome 1
- ABCG5 and ABCG8: ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, members 5 and 8
- ASXL2: Additional sex combs like 2, transcriptional regulator
- ATOH8: encoding protein Atonal bHLH transcription factor 8
- ATRAID: encoding protein Apoptosis-related protein 3
- BCYRN1: BC200 lncRNA
- C2orf16: unknown protein C2orf16
- CAPG: capping acting protein
- CCDC104: Coiled-coil domain containing 104
- CCDC142: Coiled-coil domain containing 142
- CCDC142: Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 142
- CGREF1: encoding protein Cell growth regulator with EF-hand domain 1
- CLEC4F: encoding protein C-type lectin domain family 4 member F
- CTLA4: cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4
- CYTOR: Cytoskeleton regulator RNA
- DHX57: DExH-box helicase 57
- DPYSL5: Dihydropyrimidinase like 5
- ERLEC1: Endoplasmic reticulum lectin 1
- EVA1A: encoding protein Eva-1 homolog A (C. elegans)
- EXOC6B: encoding protein Exocyst complex component 6b
- FAM49A: Family with sequence similarity 49 member A
- FAM98A: Family with sequence similarity 98 member A
- FAM136A: Family with sequence similarity 136 member A
- FBXO11: F-box protein 11
- FTH1P3: encoding protein Ferritin heavy chain 1 pseudogene 3
- GEN1 encoding protein GEN1, Holliday junction 5' flap endonuclease
- GCKR: Glucokinase regulator
- GFPT1: glutamine—fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1
- GKN1: gastrokine 1
- GPATCH11: G-patch domain containing protein 11
- GTF2A1L: General transcription factor IIA subunit 1 like
- HADHA: hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit
- HADHB: hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit
- HSPC159: Galectin-related protein
- ID2-AS1: encoding protein Id2 antisense rna 1 (head to head)
- LCLAT1: encoding protein Lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1
- LEPQTL1: Leptin, serum levels of
- MBOAT2: encoding protein Membrane bound o-acyltransferase domain containing 2
- MEMO1: Mediator of cell motility 1
- MPHOSPH10: M-phase phosphoprotein 10
- E. coli)
- E. coli)
- MTHFD2: Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase, mitochondrial
- MTIF2: mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2
- NDUFAF7: Protein arginine methyltransferase NDUFAF7, mitochondrial
- NRBP1: Nuclear receptor-binding protein 1
- ODC1: Ornithine decarboxylase
- OTOF: otoferlin
- PAIP2B: Poly(a) binding protein interacting protein 2b
- PARK3 encoding protein Parkinson disease 3 (autosomal dominant, Lewy body)
- PCBP1-AS1: encoding protein PCBP1 antisense RNA 1
- PCYOX1: prenylcysteine oxidase 1
- PELI1: Ubiquitin ligase
- PLGLB2: Plasminogen-related protein B
- POLR1A: DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA1
- PREPL: Prolyl endopeptidase-like
- PXDN: Peroxidasin homolog
- QPCT: Glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase
- RETSAT: All-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase
- RNF103: encoding protein Ring finger protein 103
- RNF103-CHMP3: encoding protein RNF103-CHMP3 readthrough
- SH3YL1: SH3 and SYLF domain-containing 1
- SLC35F6: encoding protein Transmembrane protein SLC35F6
- TGOLN2: Trans-Golgi network integral membrane protein 2
- THADA: encoding protein Thyroid adenoma associated
- TIA1: TIA1 cytotoxic granule-associated RNA binding protein
- TMEM150: Transmembrane protein 150A
- TP53I3: Putative quinone oxidoreducatse
- TPO: thyroid peroxidase
- TTC7A: familial multiple intestinal atresia
- WBP1: WW domain-binding protein 1
- WDCP: WD Repeat and Coiled Coil Containing Protein
- WDPCP: encoding protein Wd repeat containing planar cell polarity effector
q-arm
Partial list of the genes located on q-arm (long arm) of human chromosome 2:
- ABCA12: ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A (ABC1), member 12
- ACTR1B: encoding protein Beta-centractin
- AGXT: alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (oxalosis I; hyperoxaluria I; glycolicaciduria; serine-pyruvate aminotransferase)
- ALS2: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 (juvenile)
- ALS2CR8: encoding protein Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 chromosomal region candidate gene 8 protein also known as calcium-response factor (CaRF)
- ARMC9: encoding protein LisH domain-containing protein ARMC9
- B3GNT7: encoding protein UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 7
- BCS1L: GRACILE (Finnish heritage disease) related gene
- BMPR2: bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II (serine/threonine kinase)
- C2orf40: encoding protein Augurin
- C2orf54: Chromosome 2 open reading frame 54
- CCDC115: encoding protein Coiled-coil domain containing 115
- CCDC138: Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 138
- CCDC74A: Coiled-coil domain containing 74a
- CCDC88A: Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 88A
- CCDC93: Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 93
- CDCA7: Cell division cycle associated protein 1
- CHPF: Chondroitin sulfate synthase 2
- CKAP2L: encoding protein Cytoskeleton associated protein 2 like
- COL3A1: collagen, type III, alpha 1 (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, autosomal dominant)
- COL4A3: collagen, type IV, alpha 3 (Goodpasture antigen)
- COL4A4: collagen, type IV, alpha 4
- COL5A2: collagen, type V, alpha 2
- DES: Desmin protein
- DIS3L2: DIS3 mitotic control homolog-like 2
- ECEL1: Endothelin converting enzyme like 1
- EPC2: Enhancer of polycomb homolog 2
- EPB41L5: encoding protein Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 5
- ERICH2: encoding protein Glutamate rich protein 2
- FASTKD1: FAST kinase domain-containing protein 1
- IMP4: U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein
- INPP1: Inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase
- INPP4A: inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type A
- ITM2C: Integral membrane protein 2C
- KANSL3: KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 3
- KIAA1211L: Uncharacterized Protein KIAA1211- Like
- LANCL1: LanC like 1
- LINC00607: Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 607
- LOC100287387: LOC100287387
- MALL: MAL-like protein
- MBD5: encoding protein Methyl-cpg binding domain protein 5
- MFSD2B: encoding protein Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2b
- MGAT5: mannosyl (alpha-1,6-)-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase
- MIR375: encoding protein MicroRNA 375
- MIR561: encoding protein MicroRNA 561
- NABP1: Nucleic acid binding protein 1
- NEURL3: encoding protein Neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3
- NCL: Nucleolin
- NR4A2: nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2
- OLA1: Obg-like ATPase 1
- PARD3B encoding protein Partitioning defective 3 homolog B
- PAX3: paired box gene 3 (Waardenburg syndrome 1)
- PAX8: paired box gene 8
- PID1: Phosphotyrosine interaction domain containing 1
- POLR1B: DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA2
- PRR21: Proline-rich protein 21
- PRSS56: Putative serine protease 56
- RBM44: Rna binding motif protein 44
- RFX8: Rfx family member 8, lacking rfx dna binding domain
- RIF1: replication timing regulatory factor 1
- RNU4ATAC: RNA, U4atac small nuclear (U12-dependent splicing)
- RPL37A: encoding protein 60S ribosomal protein L37a
- SATB2: Homeobox 2
- SCARNA5: Small Cajal body-specific RNA 5
- SDPR: Serum deprivation-response protein
- SGOL2: Shugoshin-like 2
- SH3BP4: SH3 domain-binding protein 4
- SLC9A4: solute carrier family 9 member A4
- SLC40A1: solute carrier family 40 (iron-regulated transporter), member 1
- SMPD4: Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 4
- SP140: encoding protein SP140 nuclear body protein
- SP140L: encoding protein Sp140 nuclear body protein like
- SPATS2L: spermatogenesis associated, serine-rich 2-like protein
- SSB: Sjögren syndrome antigen B
- SSFA2: Sperm-specific antigen 2
- STK11IP: encoding protein Serine/threonine kinase 11 interacting protein
- TBR1: T-box, brain, 1
- THAP4: THAP domain-containing protein 4
- TMBIM1: Transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif-containing protein 1
- TMEM182: encoding protein Transmembrane protein 182
- TNRC15: PERQ amino acid-rich with GYF domain-containing protein 2
- TSGA10 encoding protein Testis specific 10
- TTN: titin
- TUBA4B: encoding protein Tubulin alpha 4b
- UBE2F: encoding protein Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 F (putative)
- UBXD2: UBX domain-containing protein 4
- UXS1: UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase 1
- VIL1: encoding protein Villin 1
- XIRP2: Xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein 2
- ZEB2-AS1: encoding protein ZEB2-AS1
- ZNF142: zinc finger protein 142
- ZNF2: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 2
Related disorders and traits
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2015) |
The following diseases and traits are related to genes located on chromosome 2:
- 2p15-16.1 microdeletion syndrome
- Autism[21]
- Alport syndrome
- Alström syndrome
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Brachydactyly type D
- Cleft chin[22]
- Congenital hypothyroidism
- Crigler–Najjar syndrome types I/II
- Dementia with Lewy bodies
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, classical type
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, vascular type
- Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
- Gilbert's syndrome
- Harlequin-type ichthyosis
- Hemochromatosis
- Hemochromatosis type 4
- Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
- Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis
- Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis
- Lactose intolerance
- Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
- Lowry-Wood syndrome[23]
- Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 6
- Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency
- Nonsyndromic deafness
- Photic sneeze reflex[24]
- Primary hyperoxaluria
- Primary pulmonary hypertension
- Sitosterolemia (knockout of either ABCG5 or ABCG8)
- Sensenbrenner syndrome
- Synesthesia
- Waardenburg syndrome
Cytogenetic band
Chr. | Arm[29] | Band[30] | ISCN start[31] |
ISCN stop[31] |
Basepair start |
Basepair stop |
Stain[32] | Density |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | p | 25.3 | 0 | 388 | 1 | 4,400,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 25.2 | 388 | 566 | 4,400,001 | 6,900,000 | gpos | 50 |
2 | p | 25.1 | 566 | 954 | 6,900,001 | 12,000,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 24.3 | 954 | 1193 | 12,000,001 | 16,500,000 | gpos | 75 |
2 | p | 24.2 | 1193 | 1312 | 16,500,001 | 19,000,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 24.1 | 1312 | 1565 | 19,000,001 | 23,800,000 | gpos | 75 |
2 | p | 23.3 | 1565 | 1789 | 23,800,001 | 27,700,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 23.2 | 1789 | 1908 | 27,700,001 | 29,800,000 | gpos | 25 |
2 | p | 23.1 | 1908 | 2027 | 29,800,001 | 31,800,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 22.3 | 2027 | 2296 | 31,800,001 | 36,300,000 | gpos | 75 |
2 | p | 22.2 | 2296 | 2415 | 36,300,001 | 38,300,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 22.1 | 2415 | 2609 | 38,300,001 | 41,500,000 | gpos | 50 |
2 | p | 21 | 2609 | 2966 | 41,500,001 | 47,500,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 16.3 | 2966 | 3220 | 47,500,001 | 52,600,000 | gpos | 100 |
2 | p | 16.2 | 3220 | 3294 | 52,600,001 | 54,700,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 16.1 | 3294 | 3548 | 54,700,001 | 61,000,000 | gpos | 100 |
2 | p | 15 | 3548 | 3757 | 61,000,001 | 63,900,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 14 | 3757 | 3935 | 63,900,001 | 68,400,000 | gpos | 50 |
2 | p | 13.3 | 3935 | 4114 | 68,400,001 | 71,300,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 13.2 | 4114 | 4248 | 71,300,001 | 73,300,000 | gpos | 50 |
2 | p | 13.1 | 4248 | 4353 | 73,300,001 | 74,800,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 12 | 4353 | 4860 | 74,800,001 | 83,100,000 | gpos | 100 |
2 | p | 11.2 | 4860 | 5307 | 83,100,001 | 91,800,000 | gneg | |
2 | p | 11.1 | 5307 | 5545 | 91,800,001 | 93,900,000 | acen | |
2 | q | 11.1 | 5545 | 5724 | 93,900,001 | 96,000,000 | acen | |
2 | q | 11.2 | 5724 | 6022 | 96,000,001 | 102,100,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 12.1 | 6022 | 6261 | 102,100,001 | 105,300,000 | gpos | 50 |
2 | q | 12.2 | 6261 | 6395 | 105,300,001 | 106,700,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 12.3 | 6395 | 6559 | 106,700,001 | 108,700,000 | gpos | 25 |
2 | q | 13 | 6559 | 6812 | 108,700,001 | 112,200,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 14.1 | 6812 | 7036 | 112,200,001 | 118,100,000 | gpos | 50 |
2 | q | 14.2 | 7036 | 7334 | 118,100,001 | 121,600,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 14.3 | 7334 | 7602 | 121,600,001 | 129,100,000 | gpos | 50 |
2 | q | 21.1 | 7602 | 7826 | 129,100,001 | 131,700,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 21.2 | 7826 | 8050 | 131,700,001 | 134,300,000 | gpos | 25 |
2 | q | 21.3 | 8050 | 8169 | 134,300,001 | 136,100,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 22.1 | 8169 | 8437 | 136,100,001 | 141,500,000 | gpos | 100 |
2 | q | 22.2 | 8437 | 8497 | 141,500,001 | 143,400,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 22.3 | 8497 | 8646 | 143,400,001 | 147,900,000 | gpos | 100 |
2 | q | 23.1 | 8646 | 8735 | 147,900,001 | 149,000,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 23.2 | 8735 | 8795 | 149,000,001 | 149,600,000 | gpos | 25 |
2 | q | 23.3 | 8795 | 9078 | 149,600,001 | 154,000,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 24.1 | 9078 | 9361 | 154,000,001 | 158,900,000 | gpos | 75 |
2 | q | 24.2 | 9361 | 9585 | 158,900,001 | 162,900,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 24.3 | 9585 | 9928 | 162,900,001 | 168,900,000 | gpos | 75 |
2 | q | 31.1 | 9928 | 10435 | 168,900,001 | 177,100,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 31.2 | 10435 | 10599 | 177,100,001 | 179,700,000 | gpos | 50 |
2 | q | 31.3 | 10599 | 10733 | 179,700,001 | 182,100,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 32.1 | 10733 | 11091 | 182,100,001 | 188,500,000 | gpos | 75 |
2 | q | 32.2 | 11091 | 11225 | 188,500,001 | 191,100,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 32.3 | 11225 | 11538 | 191,100,001 | 196,600,000 | gpos | 75 |
2 | q | 33.1 | 11538 | 11925 | 196,600,001 | 202,500,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 33.2 | 11925 | 12060 | 202,500,001 | 204,100,000 | gpos | 50 |
2 | q | 33.3 | 12060 | 12283 | 204,100,001 | 208,200,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 34 | 12283 | 12641 | 208,200,001 | 214,500,000 | gpos | 100 |
2 | q | 35 | 12641 | 13014 | 214,500,001 | 220,700,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 36.1 | 13014 | 13237 | 220,700,001 | 224,300,000 | gpos | 75 |
2 | q | 36.2 | 13237 | 13297 | 224,300,001 | 225,200,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 36.3 | 13297 | 13595 | 225,200,001 | 230,100,000 | gpos | 100 |
2 | q | 37.1 | 13595 | 13893 | 230,100,001 | 234,700,000 | gneg | |
2 | q | 37.2 | 13893 | 13998 | 234,700,001 | 236,400,000 | gpos | 50 |
2 | q | 37.3 | 13998 | 14400 | 236,400,001 | 242,193,529 | gneg |
References
- ^ a b "Search results – 2[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) – Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2.
- ^ a b c Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
- PMID 15815621.
- ^ Vega Homo sapiens genome browser: HoxD cluster on Chromosome 2
- ^ PMID 22936568.
- ^ It has been hypothesized that Human Chromosome 2 is a fusion of two ancestral chromosomes by Alec MacAndrew; accessed 18 May 2006.
- ^ "Chromosome 2 in the Great Apes – YouTube". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Chromosome 2--Re-Upload – YouTube". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2020 – via YouTube.
- PMID 7063861.
- ^ Human and Ape Chromosomes Archived 6 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 8 September 2007.
- S2CID 1441285.
- ^ PMID 1924367.
- PMID 20441615.
- ^ "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 2". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 12 May 2017. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
- ^ "Chromosome 2: Chromosome summary – Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
- ^ "Human chromosome 2: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM". UniProt. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
- ^ "Search results – 2[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) – Gene". NCBI. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ^ "Search results – 2[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) – Gene". NCBI. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ^ "Search results – 2[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) – Gene". NCBI. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ^ Swaminathan, Nikhil. "Largest Ever Autism Study Identifies Two Genetic Culprits". Scientific American. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ^ "Cleft Chin | AncestryDNA® Traits Learning Hub". ancestry.com. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- S2CID 53079178.
- ^ "Photic Sneeze Reflex | AncestryDNA® Traits Learning Hub". ancestry.com. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
- ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
- ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7.
- S2CID 16666470.
- ^ "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
- ^ For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
- ^ a b These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
- ^ gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.
External links
- National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 2". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
- "Chromosome 2". Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003. Retrieved 6 May 2017.