Cleft lip and cleft palate
Cleft lip and palate | |
---|---|
Other names | Hare-lip, cleft lip and palate |
developed world)[2] | |
Deaths | 3,800 (2017)[3] |
A cleft lip contains an opening in the
Cleft lip and palate are the result of tissues of the face not joining properly during
A cleft lip or palate can be successfully treated with surgery.
Cleft lip and palate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the
Signs and symptoms
Cleft lip
If the cleft does not affect the palate structure of the mouth, it is referred to as cleft lip. Cleft lip is formed in the top of the lip as either a small gap or an indentation in the lip (partial or incomplete cleft), or it continues into the nose (complete cleft). Lip cleft can occur as a one-sided (unilateral) or two-sided (bilateral) condition. It is due to the failure of fusion of the maxillary prominence and medial nasal processes (formation of the primary palate).
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Unilateral incomplete
-
Unilateral complete
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Bilateral complete
A mild form of a cleft lip is a microform cleft.
-
Six-month-old girl before going into surgery to have her unilateral complete cleft lip repaired
-
The same girl, one month after the surgery
-
The same girl, age eight, the scar almost gone
Cleft palate
Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the
Palate cleft can occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the
The hole in the roof of the mouth caused by a cleft connects the mouth directly to the inside of the nose.
Note: the next images show the roof of the mouth. The top shows the nose, the lips are colored pink. For clarity the images depict a toothless infant.
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Incomplete cleft palate
-
Unilateral complete lip and palate
-
Bilateral complete lip and palate
A result of an open connection between the
Submucous cleft palate can also occur, which is a cleft of the soft palate with a split uvula, a furrow along the midline of the soft palate, and a notch in the back margin of the hard palate.[12] The diagnosis of submucous cleft palate often occurs late in children as a result of the nature of the cleft.[13] While the muscles of the soft palate are not joined, the mucosal membranes covering the roof of the mouth appear relatively normal and intact.[14]
Teeth
Tooth development can be delayed with increasing severity of CLP. Some of the dental problems affect the primary teeth, but most of the problems arise after the permanent teeth erupts. Problems may include fused teeth, missing teeth, and extra teeth erupting behind normal teeth. Missing teeth or extra teeth are both normal occurrences. Typically, the lateral incisors are missing. The enamel (outermost layer of the tooth) is commonly found to be hypomineralized and hypoplastic, making the teeth more likely to decay. As CLP can make oral hygiene more difficult, there is an increased rate of cavities.[15] In addition, abnormal positioning of individual teeth may affect occlusion, which can create an open bite or cross bite. This in turn can then affect the patient's speech.[16][17]
Complications
Cleft may cause problems with feeding, ear disease, speech, socialization, and cognition.
Due to lack of suction, an infant with a cleft may have trouble feeding. An infant with a cleft palate will have greater success feeding in a more upright position. Gravity will help prevent milk from coming through the baby's nose if he/she has cleft palate. Gravity feeding can be accomplished by using specialized equipment, such as the Haberman Feeder. Another equipment commonly used for gravity feeding is a customized bottle with a combination of nipples and bottle inserts. A large hole, crosscut, or slit in the nipple, a protruding nipple and rhythmically squeezing the bottle insert can result in controllable flow to the infant without the stigma caused by specialized equipment.
Individuals with cleft also face many middle ear infections which may eventually lead to hearing loss. The Eustachian tubes and external ear canals may be angled or tortuous, leading to food or other contamination of a part of the body that is normally self-cleaning. Hearing is related to learning to speak. Babies with palatal clefts may have compromised hearing and therefore, if the baby cannot hear, it cannot try to mimic the sounds of speech. Thus, even before expressive language acquisition, the baby with the cleft palate is at risk for receptive language acquisition. Because the lips and palate are both used in pronunciation, individuals with cleft usually need the aid of a speech therapist.
Tentative evidence has found that those with clefts perform less well at language.[18]
Psychosocial issues
There is research dedicated to the
Research has shown that during the early preschool years (ages 3–5), children with cleft lip or cleft palate tend to have a self-concept that is similar to their peers without a cleft. However, as they grow older and their social interactions increase, children with clefts tend to report more dissatisfaction with peer relationships and higher levels of
The relationship between parental attitudes and a child's self-concept is crucial during the preschool years. It has been reported that elevated stress levels in mothers correlated with reduced social skills in their children.[23] Strong parent support networks may help to prevent the development of negative self-concept in children with cleft palate.[24] In the later preschool and early elementary years, the development of social skills is no longer only impacted by parental attitudes but is beginning to be shaped by their peers. A cleft lip or cleft palate may affect the behavior of preschoolers. Experts suggest that parents discuss with their children ways to handle negative social situations related to their cleft lip or cleft palate. A child who is entering school should learn the proper (and age-appropriate) terms related to the cleft. The ability to confidently explain the condition to others may limit feelings of awkwardness and embarrassment and reduce negative social experiences.[25]
As children reach adolescence, the period of time between age 13 and 19, the dynamics of the parent-child relationship change as peer groups are now the focus of attention. An adolescent with cleft lip or cleft palate will deal with the typical challenges faced by most of their peers including issues related to self-esteem, dating and social acceptance.
Cause
Most clefts are polygenic and multifactorial in origin with many genetic and environmental factors contributing. Genetic factors cause clefts in 20% to 50% of the cases and the remaining clefts are attributable to either environmental factors (such as teratogens) or gene-environment interactions. The polygenic/multifactorial inheritance model predicts that most individuals will be born without clefts; however with a number of genetic or environmental factors, it can result in cleft formation.[30]
The development of the face is coordinated by complex morphogenetic events and rapid proliferative expansion, and is thus highly susceptible to environmental and genetic factors, rationalising the high incidence of facial malformations. During the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy, the shape of the embryo's head is formed. Five primitive tissue lobes grow:
- a) one from the top of the head down towards the future upper lip (frontonasal prominence);
- b-c) two from the cheeks, which meet the first lobe to form the upper lip (maxillar prominence);
- d-e) and just below, two additional lobes grow from each side, which form the chin and lower lip (mandibular prominence).
If these tissues fail to meet, a gap appears where the tissues should have joined (fused). This may happen in any single joining site, or simultaneously in several or all of them. The resulting birth defect reflects the locations and severity of individual fusion failures (e.g., from a small lip or palate fissure up to a completely malformed face).
The upper lip is formed earlier than the palate, from the first three lobes named a to c above. Formation of the palate is the last step in joining the five embryonic facial lobes, and involves the back portions of the lobes b and c. These back portions are called palatal shelves, which grow towards each other until they fuse in the middle.[31] This process is very vulnerable to multiple toxic substances, environmental pollutants, and nutritional imbalance. The biologic mechanisms of mutual recognition of the two cabinets, and the way they are glued together, are quite complex and obscure despite intensive scientific research.[31]
Orofacial clefts may be associated with a syndrome (syndromic) or may not be associated with a syndrome (nonsyndromic). Syndromic clefts are part of syndromes that are caused by a variety of factors such as environment and genetics or an unknown cause. Nonsyndromic clefts, which are not as common as syndromic clefts, also have a genetic cause.[32]
Genetics
Genetic factors contributing to cleft lip and cleft palate formation have been identified for some syndromic cases. Many clefts run in families, even though in some cases there does not seem to be an identifiable syndrome present.[33] A number of genes are involved including cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1 and GAD1,[34] One study found an association between mutations in the HYAL2 gene and cleft lip and cleft palate formation.[35]
Syndromes
- The Van der Woude syndrome is caused by a specific variation in the gene IRF6 that increases the occurrence of these deformities threefold.[36][37][38] Mutations in interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) that cause cleft lip palate are also implicated in neural tube defects such as spina bifida.[39]
- Another syndrome, Siderius X-linked intellectual disability, is caused by mutations in the PHF8 gene (OMIM: 300263); in addition to cleft lip or palate, symptoms include facial dysmorphism and mild intellectual disability.[40]
In some cases, cleft palate is caused by syndromes that also cause other problems:
- Stickler syndrome can cause cleft lip and palate, joint pain, and myopia.[41][42]
- Intestinal obstruction and other symptoms.[44]
- Cleft lip/palate may be present in many different chromosome disorders including Patau syndrome (trisomy 13).
- Malpuech facial clefting syndrome
- Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes
- Popliteal pterygium syndrome
- Cornelia de Lange syndrome
- Treacher Collins syndrome
- Pierre Robin syndrome[45][32]
Specific genes
Type | OMIM
|
Gene | Locus |
---|---|---|---|
OFC1 | 119530 | ? | 6p24 |
OFC2 | 602966 | ? | 2p13 |
OFC3 | 600757 | ? | 19q13 |
OFC4 | 608371 | ? | 4q |
OFC5 | 608874 | MSX1
|
4p16.1 |
OFC6 | 608864 | ? | 1q |
OFC7 | 600644) | PVRL1
|
11q |
OFC8 | 129400 | TP63 | 3q27 |
OFC9 | 610361 | ? | 13q33.1-q34 |
OFC10 | 601912 | SUMO1 | 2q32.2-q33 |
OFC11 | 600625 | BMP4
|
14q22 |
OFC12 | 612858 | ? | 8q24.3 |
Many genes associated with syndromic cases of cleft lip/palate (see above) have been identified to contribute to the incidence of isolated cases of cleft lip/palate. This includes in particular sequence variants in the genes
Environmental factors
Environmental influences may also cause, or interact with genetics to produce, orofacial clefts. An example of the link between environmental factors and genetics comes from a research on mutations in the gene
Cleft lip and other
Maternal
Current research continues to investigate the extent to which
Diagnosis
Traditionally, the diagnosis is made at the time of birth by physical examination. Recent advances in
Clefts can also affect other parts of the face, such as the eyes, ears, nose, cheeks, and forehead. In 1976, Paul Tessier described fifteen lines of cleft. Most of these craniofacial clefts are even rarer and are frequently described as Tessier clefts using the numerical locator devised by Tessier.[57]
Classification
Cleft lip and cleft palate is an "umbrella term" for a collection of orofacial clefts. It includes clefting of the upper lip, the maxillary alveolus (dental arch), and the hard or soft palate, in various combinations. Proposed anatomic combinations include:[58]
- cleft lip
- cleft lip and alveolus
- cleft lip, alveolus, and palate
- cleft lip and palate (with an intact alveolus)
- cleft palate
Prenatal diagnosis
Cleft lip with or without palate is classified as the most common congenital birth defect. It has been noted that the prevalence of orofacial clefts varies by race. The highest number of cases have been recorded among Asians and Native Americans, followed by Europeans, Hispanics and African-Americans. The critical period for cleft development ranges from the 4th to the 12th week of intrauterine life. Clefts of the primary palate develop between the 4th and 7th weeks of intrauterine life, while clefts of the secondary palate develop between the 8th and 12th embryonic weeks.
Accurate evaluation of craniofacial malformations is usually possible with the ultrasound scan performed during pregnancy. This is however not a routine procedure according to the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. The accuracy of ultrasonography for prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip +/- palate is dependent on the experience of the sonologist, maternal body type, foetal position, the amount of amniotic fluid and the type of cleft.
Prenatal diagnosis enables appropriate and timely education and discussion with parents by the cleft team. This helps improve the quality of treatment received by the child and improves quality of life.
An accurate prenatal diagnosis of the CLP anomaly is critical for establishing long-term treatment planning, prediction of treatment outcome, and discussion and education of the parent. Although there is no intrauterine treatment for CLP, both mother and child benefit from early diagnosis and education. A multidisciplinary team approach is now accepted as the standard of care in dealing with CLP patients.
The time period immediately after the diagnosis and the first year after the birth is most challenging for parents. A systematically planned treatment plan and support system will help assist parents. The ultimate aim is to help educate parents and create awareness so as to improve care provided for the child.[59]
Treatment
Cleft lip and palate is very treatable; however, the kind of treatment depends on the type and severity of the cleft.
Most children with a form of clefting are monitored by a cleft palate team or craniofacial team through young adulthood.[60] Care can be lifelong and are looked after by craniofacial cleft teams often consist of: cleft surgeons, orthodontists, speech and language therapists, restorative dentists, psychologists, ENT surgeons and audio-logical physicians.[61] Treatment procedures can vary between craniofacial teams. For example, some teams wait on jaw correction until the child is aged 10 to 12 (argument: growth is less influential as deciduous teeth are replaced by permanent teeth, thus saving the child from repeated corrective surgeries), while other teams correct the jaw earlier (argument: less speech therapy is needed than at a later age when speech therapy becomes harder). Within teams, treatment can differ between individual cases depending on the type and severity of the cleft.
Cleft lip
Within the first 2–3 months after birth, surgery is performed to close the cleft lip. While surgery to repair a cleft lip can be performed soon after birth, often the preferred age is at approximately 10 weeks of age, following the "rule of 10s" coined by surgeons Wilhelmmesen and Musgrave in 1969 (the child is at least 10 weeks of age; weighs at least 10 pounds, and has at least 10g hemoglobin).[62][63] If the cleft is bilateral and extensive, two surgeries may be required to close the cleft, one side first, and the second side a few weeks later. The most common procedure to repair a cleft lip is the Millard procedure pioneered by Ralph Millard. Millard performed the first procedure at a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) unit in Korea.[64]
Often an incomplete cleft lip requires the same surgery as complete cleft. This is done for two reasons. Firstly the group of muscles required to purse the lips run through the upper lip. To restore the complete group a full incision must be made. Secondly, to create a less obvious scar the surgeon tries to line up the scar with the natural lines in the upper lip (such as the edges of the philtrum) and tuck away stitches as far up the nose as possible. Incomplete cleft gives the surgeon more tissue to work with, creating a more supple and natural-looking upper lip.
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The blue lines indicate incisions.
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Movement of the flaps; flap A is moved between B and C. C is rotated slightly while B is pushed down.
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Pre-operation
-
Post-operation, the lip is swollen from surgery and will look more natural within weeks. See photos in the section above.
Pre-surgical devices
In some cases of a severe bilateral complete cleft, the premaxillary segment will be protruded far outside the mouth.
Nasoalveolar molding prior to surgery can improve long-term nasal symmetry where there is complete unilateral cleft lip–cleft palate, compared to correction by surgery alone, according to a retrospective cohort study.[65] In this study, significant improvements in nasal symmetry were observed in multiple areas including measurements of the projected length of the nasal ala (lateral surface of the external nose), position of the superoinferior alar groove, position of the mediolateral nasal dome, and nasal bridge deviation. "The nasal ala projection length demonstrated an average ratio of 93.0 percent in the surgery-alone group and 96.5 percent in the nasoalveolar molding group," this study concluded. A systematic review found in conclusion that nasoalveolar molding had a positive effect on the primary surgery of cleft lip/or palate treatment and aesthetics.[66]
Cleft palate
Often a cleft palate is temporarily covered by a palatal obturator (a prosthetic device made to fit the roof of the mouth covering the gap). This device re-positions displaced alveolar segments and helps reduce the cleft lip separation. The obturator will improve speech as there's now proper airflow and improve feeding and breathing as the gap in the hard and soft palate is closed over so cannot affect it.[67]
Cleft palate can also be corrected by surgery, usually performed between 6 and 12 months. Approximately 20–25% only require one palatal surgery to achieve a competent velopharyngeal valve capable of producing normal, non-hypernasal speech. However, combinations of surgical methods and repeated surgeries are often necessary as the child grows. One of the new innovations of cleft lip and cleft palate repair is the Latham appliance.[68] The Latham is surgically inserted by use of pins during the child's fourth or fifth month. After it is in place, the doctor, or parents, turn a screw daily to bring the cleft together to assist with future lip or palate repair.
If the cleft extends into the maxillary alveolar ridge, the gap is usually corrected by filling the gap with bone tissue. The bone tissue can be acquired from the individual's own chin, rib or hip.
At age 1–7 years the child is regularly reviewed by the cleft team.[67]
Age 7–12 years, for the children born with alveolar clefts, they may need to have a secondary alveolar bone graft. This is where autogenous
Other surgeries
Orthognathic surgery – surgical cutting of bone to realign the upper jaw (osteotomy). The bone is cut then re-positioned and held together by wires or rigid fixation plates to ensure there's no anterior-posterior discrepancy, also to reduce scarring as it reduces growth. Single piece or multi-piece osteotomy exist. Single piece osteotomy is carried out where there is sufficient alveolar continuity achieved from a successful bone graft. Multi piece osteotomy is performed when there is a notable residual alveolar defect with a dental gap and oronasal fistula (communication between the oral and nasal cavities). The goal of both single and multi piece osteotomy is to displace the maxilla forward to obtain adequate occlusion as well to provide better support for upper lip and the nose and to close any fistulae.[70]
Distraction osteogenesis – bone lengthening by gradual distraction. This involves cutting bone and moving ends apart incrementally to allow new bone to form in the gap. This consists of several phases. After attachment of the distracting device and the bone cuts, there is a latency phase of 3–7 days when a callus forms. In the activation phase distraction of the callus induces bony ingrowth which can last up to 15 days depending on the required distraction. Once the required bone length is reached, the distraction device is left to remain in situ as it acts as a rigid skeletal fixation device until the new bone has matured (known as the consolidation period).[70]
Speech
Hearing
Children with cleft palate have a very high risk of developing a middle ear infection, specifically otitis media. This is due to the immature development of the different bones and muscles in the ear. Otitis media is caused by the obstruction of the Eustachian tube, negative middle ear pressure and fluid build-up in the normally air-filled space of the middle ear.[72] This is associated with hearing impairment or loss. The insertion of a ventilation tube into the eardrum is a surgical treatment option commonly used to improve hearing in children with otitis media.[73] In addition, breast milk has been proven to decrease the incidence of otitis media in infants with clefts.[16]
Feeding
There are different options on how to feed a baby with cleft lip or cleft palate which include: breast-feeding, bottle feeding, spoon feeding and syringe feeding. Although breast-feeding is challenging, it improves weight-gain compared to spoon-feeding.[74] Nasal regurgitation is common due to the open space between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. Bottle feeding can help (with squeezable bottles being easier to use than rigid bottles). In addition, maxillary plates can be added to aid in feeding. Whatever feeding method is established, it is important to keep the baby's weight gain and hydration monitored. Infants with cleft lip or palate may require supplemental feeds for adequate growth and nutrition. Breast feeding position as suggested by specialists can also improve success rate.[75]
Breast-feeding
Babies with cleft lip are more likely to breastfeed successfully than those with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate. Larger clefts of the soft or hard palate may not be able to generate suction as the oral cavity cannot be separated from the nasal cavity when feeding which leads to fatigue, prolonged feeding time, impaired growth and nutrition. Changes in swallowing mechanics may result in coughing, choking, gagging and nasal regurgitation. Even after cleft repair, the problem may still persist as significant motor learning of swallowing and sucking was absent for many months before repair.[76] These difficulties in feeding may result in secondary problems such as poor weight gain, excessive energy expenditure during feeding, lengthy feeding times, discomfort during feeding, and stressful feeding interactions between the infant and the mother. A potential source of discomfort for the baby during or after feeding is bloating or frequent "spit up" which is due to the excessive air intake through the nose and mouth in the open cleft.[16] Babies with cleft lip and or palate should be evaluated individually taking into account the size and location of the cleft and the mother's previous experience with breastfeeding.[74]
Another option is feeding breast milk via bottle or syringe. Since babies with clip lip and cleft palate generate less section when breastfeeding, their nutrition, hydration and weight gain may be affected. This may result in the need for supplemental feeds. Modifying the position of holding the baby may increase the effectiveness and efficiency of breastfeeding.
Alternative Feeding Methods
Preoperative feeding – using a squeezable bottle instead of a rigid bottle can allow a higher volume of food intake and less effort to extract food. Using a syringe is practical, easy to perform and allows greater administered volume of food. It also means there will be weight gain and less time spent feeding.[77]
Post-operative feeding (isolated lip repair, or lip repair associated or not with
Treatment schedule
Each person's treatment schedule is individualized. The table below shows a common sample treatment schedule. The colored squares indicate the average timeframe in which the indicated procedure occurs. In some cases, this is usually one procedure, for example lip repair. In other cases, it is an ongoing therapy, for example speech therapy. In most cases of cleft lip and palate that involve the alveolar bone, patients will need a treatment plan including the prevention of cavities, orthodontics, alveolar bone grafting, and possibly jaw surgery.[78]
Age | 0m
|
3m
|
6m
|
9m
|
1y
|
2y
|
3y
|
4y
|
5y
|
6y
|
7y
|
8y
|
9y
|
10y
|
11y
|
12y
|
13y
|
14y
|
15y
|
16y
|
17y
|
18y
|
Palatal obturator | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Repair cleft lip | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Repair soft palate | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Repair hard palate | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Tympanostomy tube | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Speech therapy/pharyngoplasty
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
Alveolar cleft grafting | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Orthodontics | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Orthognathic surgery |
Cleft team
People with CLP present with a multiplicity of problems. Therefore, effective management of CLP involves a wide range of specialists. The current model for delivery of this care is the multidisciplinary cleft team. This is a group of individuals from different specialist backgrounds who work closely together to provide patients with comprehensive care from birth through adolescence. This system of delivery of care enables the individuals within the team to function in an interdisciplinary way, so that all aspects of care for CLP patients can be provided in the best way possible.[79]
Outcomes assessment
Measuring the outcomes of CLP treatment has been laden with difficulty due to the complexity and longitudinal nature of cleft care, which spans birth through young adulthood. Prior attempts to study the effectiveness of specific interventions or overall treatment protocols have been hindered by a lack of data standards for outcomes assessment in cleft care.[citation needed]
The International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM) has proposed the Standard Set of Outcome Measures for Cleft Lip and Palate.[80][81] The ICHOM Standard Set includes measures for many of the important outcome domains in cleft care (hearing, breathing, eating/drinking, speech, oral health, appearance and psychosocial well-being). It includes clinician-reported, patient-reported, and family-reported outcome measures.
Epidemiology
Cleft lip and palate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the
Rates for cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate alone varies within different ethnic groups.
According to CDC, the prevalence of cleft palate in the United States is 6.35/10000 births and the prevalence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is 10.63/10000 births.
- Native Americans: 3.74/1000
- Japanese: 0.82/1000 to 3.36/1000
- Chinese: 1.45/1000 to 4.04/1000
- White Americans: 1.43/1000 to 1.86/1000
- Latin Americans: 1.04/1000
- Africans: 0.18/1000 to 1.67/1000
Cleft lip and cleft palate caused about 3,800 deaths globally in 2017, down from 14,600 deaths in 1990.[4]
Prevalence of "cleft
Society and culture
Handicap law and abortion controversies
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2024) |
In some countries, cleft lip or palate deformities are considered reasons (either generally tolerated or officially sanctioned) to perform an abortion beyond the legal
Works of fiction
The eponymous hero of
In the first edition of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, one of the people Gilderoy Lockhart stole credit from was a witch with a harelip who banished the Bandon Banshee. In later editions, this was changed to a witch with a hairy chin.[89]
In chapter 26 of
Cleft lip and cleft palate are often portrayed negatively in popular culture. Examples include Oddjob, the secondary villain of the James Bond novel Goldfinger by Ian Fleming (the film adaptation does not mention this but leaves it implied) and serial killer Francis Dolarhyde in the novel Red Dragon and its screen adaptations, Manhunter, Red Dragon, and Hannibal.[90] The portrayal of enemy characters with cleft lips and cleft palates, dubbed mutants, in the 2019 video game Rage 2 left Chris Plante of Polygon wondering if the condition would ever be portrayed positively.[91][92]
Notable cases
Name | Comments | |
---|---|---|
Jerry Byrd | American sportswriter for the Shreveport Journal, 1957–1991, and Bossier Press-Tribune, 1993–2012; born with cleft lip and without cleft palate | [93] |
John Henry "Doc" Holliday | American Old West, who is usually remembered for his friendship with Wyatt Earp and the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
|
[94] |
Tutankhamen
|
Egyptian pharaoh who may have had a slightly cleft palate according to diagnostic imaging | [95] |
Thorgils Skarthi | Thorgils 'the hare-lipped'—a 10th-century Viking warrior and founder of Scarborough, England. | [96] |
Tad Lincoln | Fourth and youngest son of President Abraham Lincoln | [97] |
Carmit Bachar | American dancer and singer | [98][99] |
Jürgen Habermas | German philosopher and sociologist
|
[100] |
Ljubo Milicevic | Australian professional footballer | [101] |
Stacy Keach | American actor and narrator | [102] |
Cheech Marin | American actor and comedian | [103] |
Owen Schmitt | fullback
|
[104] |
Tim Lott | English author and journalist | [105] |
Richard Hawley | English musician | [105] |
Dario Šarić | Croatian professional basketball player | [106] |
Antoinette Bourignon | Flemish mystic | [107] |
Tom Burke | English actor | [108] |
Franz Rogowski | German actor | [109] |
Other animals
Cleft lips and palates are occasionally seen in cattle and dogs, and rarely in goats, sheep, cats, horses,
Difficulty with nursing is the most common problem associated with clefts, but aspiration pneumonia, regurgitation, and malnutrition are often seen with cleft palate and is a common cause of death. Providing nutrition through a feeding tube is often necessary, but corrective surgery in dogs can be done by the age of twelve weeks.[110] For cleft palate, there is a high rate of surgical failure resulting in repeated surgeries.[115] Surgical techniques for cleft palate in dogs include prosthesis, mucosal flaps, and microvascular free flaps.[116] Affected animals should[opinion] not be bred due to the hereditary nature of this condition.[citation needed]
-
Cleft lip in a Boxer
-
Cleft lip in a Boxer with premaxillary involvement
-
Same dog as picture on left, one year later
See also
- Smile Pinki
- Palatal obturator
- Vomer flap surgery
- Cleft lip and palate organisations
- Face and neck development of the embryo
References
Notes
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ignored (help) - PMID 21618603.
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- ^ Sandoiu A (January 17, 2017). "Scientists find genetic mutation that causes cleft lip and palate, heart defects". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
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Dass ihm, der Hasenscharte, dem Lispeln und der hellen Stimme wegen auf der Bühne Grenzen gesetzt sind, ist ihm klar.
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Further reading
- FIGURE 1 | Development of the lip and palate and FIGURE 2 | Types of cleft in Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011). "Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 12 (3): 167–78. PMID 21331089.
- Berkowitz S (February 26, 2013). Cleft Lip and Palate: Diagnosis and Management. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-30770-6.
External links
- Cleft lip and cleft palate at Curlie