Colombian Navy
Colombian Navy | |
---|---|
Armada de la República de Colombia | |
Commanders | |
Commander-in-Chief | President Gustavo Petro |
Minister of Defense | Iván Velásquez Gómez |
Commander of the Military Forces | General Commander Helder Férnan Giraldo |
National Navy Commander | Admiral Francisco Cubides |
Notable commanders | José Prudencio Padilla |
Insignia | |
Naval ensign | |
Naval jack | |
Flag | |
Standard |
The Colombian Navy, officially the Colombian National Navy (Spanish: Armada Nacional de la República de Colombia), also known as the "Armada Nacional" or just the "Armada" in Spanish, is the naval branch of the military forces of Colombia. The Navy is responsible for security and defence in the Colombian zones of both the Atlantic (Caribbean) and Pacific oceans, the extensive network of rivers inside the country, and a few small land areas under its direct jurisdiction.
The Colombian Navy has a strength of 35,086 personnel as of September 2013[update] including approximately 22,000 in the Marine Infantry corps.[2]
The acronym "ARC", (Spanish: Armada de la República de Colombia) is used both as the official ship prefix for all the Colombian Navy ships, as well as a common short name for the Navy itself.
Mission
- "Protecting the blue of our flag"
As stated in its institutional site, the mission of the Colombian Navy is:
“Contribute with the defense of the Nation through the effective use of flexible naval power in the maritime, river and land spaces under its responsibility, in order to fulfill the constitutional role and participate in the development of sea power and the protection of the interests of Colombians". [4]
In order to accomplish its mission, the Colombian navy establishes four strategic objectives:[5]
- Protection of the population and resources and consolidation of territorial control.
- Neutralization of illegal drug trafficking.
- Strategic deterrence.
- Maritime and riverine safety.
In addition to functions of security and defense the Navy is called to participate in missions aimed to ensure the integral use of the sea by the Nation. For this purpose it must fulfill both military and diplomatic activities along with implementation and enforcement of law and order.
Its formal motto has been historically, "Plus Ultra" (
Its former slogan was "Sailing our pride" (Spanish: Navega nuestro orgullo).
History
The history of the Colombian Navy is closely tied to, and somewhat reflects the
19th century and origins
The Colombian Navy celebrates its birthday on July 24, the anniversary of the
During 1815, a Spanish army headed by Pablo Morillo besieged Cartagena, as the first step of its "Pacifying Expedition" (Spanish: Expedición Pacificadora). The five-month siege was so harsh that earned the city its title of "Heroic" (Spanish: La Heróica). The small independent navy was impotent against the large fleet commanded by Morillo, but nevertheless managed some daring actions, in particular that of Luis Brión, who attempted to run the blockade with his corvette Dard with a load of guns and powder to the city before fleeing again to Haiti. In 1816, Simón Bolívar attempted his first campaign, the Cayos expedition, sailing from Haiti with seven schooners and corvettes: Bolivar, Mariño, Piar, Constitución, Brión, Fénix, and Conejo.[6]: 47–48 But this expedition fizzled out due to infighting amongst its generals shortly after the liberation of Margarita Island.
It was only after the Liberation Campaign of 1819 that General Francisco de Paula Santander created the Naval School on June 28, 1822, and issued additional decrees for the provision of the navy. Admiral José Prudencio Padilla would go on reorganizing and building the fleet, to support Bolívar's plans for the campaign of Zulia and the complete liberation of the east. This fleet then engaged in the Battle of Lake Maracaibo, which crushed the Spanish naval aspirations in South America.
In 1824 the first – and only – eight cadet officers graduated from naval school. On March 3, 1826, the Ministry of the Navy was created, with Lino de Clemente as minister. By 1826, both from bought and captured vessels, the Colombian Navy had become a respectable force, commanding a relatively large number of ships, including a ship of the line, a frigate, six corvettes, five brigantines, 10 schooners, 13 gunboats, and many minor vessels.[6]: 195
But the fledgling government was strapped financially, and in a decree of December 7, 1826, Bolívar decommissioned the Naval school, abolished the Ministry of the Navy, and slashed the budget for all navy and marine affairs by more than half. [n 1][6]: 195–196 The Navy would not recover from this blow for almost a hundred years. The incipient navy of 1825 saw its ships slowly sold, scrapped, or abandoned, and by the late 1830s there were no more than a handful of serviceable ships, mostly assigned to the Army.
Under President
During the rest of the 19th century, there was no formal navy to speak of. Some vessels and naval units were assigned to the Army, and throughout the civil wars of the 1880s, some transport vessels were hurriedly bought, and similarly disposed of, but no formal navy appeared.[6] [12]
On January 11, 1895, an important step was made in re-establishing the formal Colombian Navy when the three gunboats of the coastguard and the Magdalena were transferred from the Ministry of the Treasury to the Ministry of War.[13]
Early 20th century
By 1907, when President Rafael Reyes Prieto created the Naval Academy, through decree 783 of July 6, 1907, only to be closed off yet again by his successor, Ramón González Valencia on December 28, 1909.
The conflict with Peru in 1932 made the Colombian Navy reappear, this time to stay. New ships were acquired and the "Escuela de Grumetes" (Navy Sailors School) was founded in 1934 and the "Escuela de Cadetes" (Navy Officers School) was founded in 1935. Nowadays both schools continue their work of instructing the Colombian men and women of the sea.
World War II
During World War II, Colombia initially declared its neutrality, but nevertheless leaned towards the Allied cause; between 1939 and 1941 nothing much changed either in political relations nor in the sea, as the war was seen as a mostly European issue. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 changed things somewhat and prompted Colombia to break diplomatic relations with the Axis countries, but not to formally declare war. By 1942 the Colombian Navy found itself performing regular patrols in the Caribbean Sea-something that was only occasionally done in the years previous to the war-due to German U-boats marauding the Panama Canal access routes, mostly hunting for American and British vessels entering or leaving the canal.[14]
These German hunting runs, despite the Colombian Navy patrols, eventually resulted in the sinking of three Colombian ships during 1942–43, under circumstances that were never fully cleared up.[15] The three vessels were: Resolute, a 52-tonne[n 2][16] schooner sunk on June 23, 1942, by U-172;[17] Roamar (originally registered as Urious), a 110-tonne schooner sunk on July 27, 1942, by U-505[18] and finally, Rubby, a 39-tonne schooner sunk on November 1, 1943, by the German submarine U-516.[19] Rubby's sinking led to Colombia formally declaring a 'belligerent status' against Germany and the other Axis powers on November 23, 1943[20] and as a result the Colombian Navy significantly stepped up its presence in the Caribbean after this date and throughout the rest of the war.
Perhaps the most well-known engagement of the Colombian Navy during the war occurred on March 29, 1944, as the tanker MC Cabimas was en route from Cartagena to Panama City escorted by the destroyer ARC Caldas, the latter under the command of Captain Federico Diago Díaz. Around 8:00 pm, Caldas detected the periscope of a U-boat and proceeded to engage it with cannon fire and depth charges. Later accounts identified this U-boat as U-154. While badly shaken and perhaps damaged, U-154 managed to escape, and was sunk four months later in another engagement with USS Frost and USS Inch. For his quick reaction in defence of the national seas, Captain Diago Díaz was later decorated by the Colombian government.[21] [22] [23]
Korean War
Colombia was signatory to the
Perhaps not surprisingly, there were multiple opinions in the US about accepting this help: On the one side, the State Department wanted to make sure the UN-sponsored operation had indeed the collaboration of multiple countries, the Treasury viewed it with disbelief and worried about the underlying extra cost that such 'help' would likely represent and might need to be paid by the US in the end, and the Defense Department wanted as much external help as possible, while also losing sleep about the logistics nightmare of integrating foreign units with little knowledge of its standards and even the language. Finally, the Colombian offer was accepted, and with Government Decree 3230 of October 23, 1950, Colombia's participation becomes formal and the Navy Ops Chief would receive orders to incorporate the Colombian frigate to the Order of Battle, under the 7th Fleet's Task Force 95. Eventually, Colombia provided three frigates that would rotate their service throughout 1951–1955.[25]
The frigate ARC Almirante Padilla
The frigate ARC Capitán Tono,[n 5] under command of CC Hernando Berón Victoria replaced Almirante Padilla in January, and performed patrol and coast operations also around Wonsan and Seongjin, and submarine patrol around the Sasebo naval base; it received the Republic of Korea Merit medal for its support to the naval operations in the area; it finished its first tour on November 12, 1952.
The frigate ARC Almirante Brión,[n 6] under command of CC Carlos Prieto Silva formally relieved Capitán Tono in November 1952. However, it only arrived in the area by June 1953, as it had to be refitted in Japan due to some damages during its previous tour as USS Burlington. It performed patrols at the same areas as its sister ships and would finish its first tour on May 17, 1954.
An uncommon detail about the two newer frigates, Capitán Tono and Almirante Brión is that they were both already in the region after serving in World War II first with the US Navy and then the
All three frigates continued their service tours, until October 1955, and distinguished themselves in their duty along with other units from United States, Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea and Thailand, amongst others.[25] [27] [28] [29]
21st century
Anti-piracy operations in the Horn of Africa
On 27 July 2015, the Colombian
Engagements and Conflicts
- Battle of Lake Maracaibo
- Thousand Days War(Civil war)
- Colombia-Peru War
- World War II
- Korean War
- Colombian Armed Conflict
- Operation Atalanta[38]
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
Organization
The Navy is part of the executive branch of the Colombian Government, the President of Colombia being the commander-in-chief of all military forces, via the civilian Minister of Defense, and the General Commander of Military Forces (Spanish: Comandante General Fuerzas Militares), who is a senior officer appointed by the president from any of the 3 services (Army, Aerospace Force or Navy). The most senior officer organic to the Navy is the Commander of the Navy (Spanish: Comandante de la Armada Nacional).
Forces and Commands
The Colombian Navy operates with 8 specialized forces or commands across the territory:
- Marine Infantry Command: Land, amphibious and riverine operations across all territory.
- Naval Force of the Pacific: Surface and submarine defense and patrol of the Colombian Pacific sea.
- Naval Force of the Caribbean: Surface and submarine defense and patrol of the Colombian Caribbean sea.
- Naval Force of the South: Riverine operations across the Southern and Southeastern areas of the country.
- Naval Force of the East[40]
- Comando de Guardacostas: Maritime security, control, monitoring and interdiction in both Caribbean and Pacific seas.
- Navy Aviation Command: Naval air support, surveillance, transport and logistics and Search and Rescue.
- Specific Command of San Andres y Providencia: Surface and submarine defense and patrol of the Colombian Caribbean sea around the San Andres Archipelago.
Along with the 7 operational commands above, the Colombian Navy maintains 3 major training schools for its personnel:
- Naval Academy: Escuela Naval de Cadetes "Almirante Padilla"
- Navy NCO School: Escuela Naval de Suboficiales ARC Barranquilla
- Marine Infantry Basic School: Escuela de Formación Infantería de Marina
The Navy also has 12 other post graduate schools aimed at sharpening and intensifying the needed capacities and personnel of the various naval services and the Marine Corps.
Operating Bases
The ARC maintains a number of major bases in both Caribbean and Pacific littorals, as well as multiple operational riverine bases scattered over the territory.
The principal naval bases are:
- Naval Base ARC Bolívar (BN-1), near Cartagena, 10°24′42.91″N 75°32′55.62″W / 10.4119194°N 75.5487833°W
- Naval Base Buenaventura, 3°58′8.64″N 77°19′1.09″W / 3.9690667°N 77.3169694°W
- Naval Base ARC Leguízamo (BN-3), near Puerto Leguízamo, 0°12′10.92″S 74°46′37.29″W / 0.2030333°S 74.7770250°W
- Naval Base ARC San Andrés (BN-4), at
- Naval Base ARC Puerto Carreño (BN-5), near Puerto Carreño, 6°10′43.63″N 67°28′54.49″W / 6.1787861°N 67.4818028°W
some of the more important operational bases are:
- Riverine and Coast Guard Post, near Tumaco, 1°48′43.56″N 78°45′59.33″W / 1.8121000°N 78.7664806°W
- Riverine and Marine Infantry Post, near
- Riverine and Marine Infantry Post, near Puerto Berrío 6°29′27.32″N 74°23′44.91″W / 6.4909222°N 74.3958083°W
- Riverine and Marine Infantry Post, near Puerto Carreño 6°10′43.63″N 67°28′54.49″W / 6.1787861°N 67.4818028°W
- Riverine and Marine Infantry Post, near Puerto Inírida 3°52′7.35″N 67°55′43.41″W / 3.8687083°N 67.9287250°W
The Colombian Navy also plans to establish a naval base in Antarctica, to be called the "Almirante Padilla Summer Scientific Station".[41][42]
Personnel
In 2013, the Colombian Navy had approximately 35,000 personnel, including roughly 22,000 Marine Infantry, 8,000 sailors and NCOs, 2,500 officers, 1,300 personnel in training and some 2,000 civilians (these usually deployed to specialty technical or medical posts).[2]
Ranks & Insignias
The tables below display the rank structures and rank insignias for the Colombian Navy personnel.[43][44][n 7]
Officers
Rank group | General/flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colombian National Navy[45]
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Almirante | Vicealmirante | Contralmirante | Capitán de navío | Capitán de fragata | Capitán de corbeta | Teniente de navío | Teniente de fragata | Teniente de corbeta | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abbr. | - | ALM | - | VALM | CALM | CN | CF | CC | TN | TF | TK | - |
Enlisted
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colombian National Navy[45]
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Suboficial jefe técnico de comando conjunto | Suboficial jefe técnico de comando | Suboficial jefe técnico | Suboficial jefe | Suboficial primero | Suboficial segundo | Suboficial tercero | Marinero primero | Marinero segundo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abbr. | SJTCC | SJTC | SJT | SJ | S1 | S2 | S3 | MA1 | MA2 | - |
Equipment
Ships
In keeping with its three major operational scenarios: blue-water operations, littoral/riverine operations and coast guard, the ARC maintains a mix of ships suited to each of those profiles. The scope of its operation has been historically oriented towards lightly armed coastal patrol, and as such, the majority of its vessels had been usually mid-size
Similar to other navies in the Latin-American region, the Colombian Navy acquired many vessels in the postwar years of the 1950s and 1960s, usually as war surplus from the US Navy, and then went through a somewhat dormant period during the 1960s to 1980s, during which few major acquisitions were performed.
In more recent years, the Colombian Navy has seen two major periods of upgrading and modernization of its equipment:
The first period, as a result of the rise of the drug trade in the late 1970s and 1980s as well as, at the time, increased political tensions in the Caribbean due to territorial disputes with some of its neighbors -with Nicaragua over the
The second period, as a consequence of the deepening in the internal
Currently, the ARC is working on additional medium and long-term programs, including the development and acquisition of a number of coastal patrol vessels (Fassmer CPV-40) [n 8][47] in 2011–2012, two oceanic patrol vessels (Fassmer OPV-80) (2011–2013),[48] and the research and development of an indigenous corvette or frigate-class vessel ("Plataforma Estratégica de Superficie"), planned towards 2018–2020.[48]
7 October 2011,
In September 2022, the Colombian Navy signed a contract for the design & construction of 5 new fregates as part of the PES programma with Cotecmar shipyard and Damen Shipyards based on the SIGMA10514 design for delivery from 2026 onwards [51]
Aircraft
The Navy Aviation Command operates approximately 17 fixed and rotary wing aircraft for naval surveillance and patrol, Search and Rescue (SAR), and logistical support of naval facilities and operations.
Colombian Navy – Aircraft[52] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aircraft | Origin | Type | Versions | In service | Notes |
Fixed Wing | |||||
CASA C-212 Aviocar |
Spain / Indonesia | Transport | C-212-100 | 1 | |
CASA CN-235 |
Spain / Indonesia | Maritime patrol | 3 | ||
Cessna 208 |
United States | utility | 2 | ||
Beechcraft Super King Air | Transport | King Air 350 | 1 | ||
Rotary Wing | |||||
Bell UH-1N Twin Huey | United States | Transport helicopter | 5 | ||
Bell 412HP | Utility helicopter | Unknown | One lost on 6 January 2013.[53] | ||
MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 | Germany / Japan | Transport helicopter | 1 | ||
MBB Bo 105 | Germany | ASW/utility Helicopter | Bo 105CB | 2 | |
Eurocopter AS 555 Fennec | France | Utility helicopter | AS 555 | 2 |
Bell 412 EP 4
See also
- Colombian Marine Infantry
- Military Forces of Colombia
- Military ranks of the Colombian Armed Forces
Notes
- ^ The marine budget of 1826 was $4,809,077 pesos. The budget for 1827 was $2.026.422, apx. 42%
- ^ German sources rate it at 35-tonne, but Colombian archives of the time, including the diplomatic note of protest sent on June 26, 1942, via the Switzerland delegation, rate it at 52-tonne
- unincorporated territoryof the United States
- ^ ARC Almirante Padilla was the former USS Groton
- ^ ARC Capitán Tono was the former USS Bisbee
- ^ ARC Almirante Brión was the former USS Burlington
- ^ Colombia is not a member of NATO, so there is not an official equivalence between the Colombian military ranks and those defined by NATO. The displayed parallel is approximate and for illustration purposes only.
- ^ Some sources have cited the acquisition of up to 4 CPV-40 vessels,[46] however, as of April 2011, only one has been confirmed launched,[47] and budgetary constraints may change this number in the future.
References
- ^ "Colombia's National Navy turns 190 years old". 24 July 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "Logros de la Política Integral de Seguridad y Defensa para la Prosperidad - PISDP - Septiembre 2013" (PDF) (in Spanish). Republic of Colombia Ministry of National Defense. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-13. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
- ^ Infodefensa.com (9 March 2015). "Colombia se une a la operación multinacional Atalanta-2015 - Noticias Infodefensa América". infodefensa.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Armada Nacional de la Republica de Colombia (July 2014). "Mission of the Colombian Navy". Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ Armada Nacional de la Republica de Colombia (July 2014). "Objectives of the Colombian Navy". Archived from the original on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ a b c d Flórez, L. (September 1919). Acción de la Marina Colombiana en la guerra de Independencia [Action of the Colombian Navy during the Independence War] (PDF) (in Spanish). Estado Mayor del Ejército de Colombia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ Estados Unidos de Colombia (1867). "Causa contra el presidente de los Estados Unidos de Colombia: ciudadano gran jeneral Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera, i otros altos funcionarios federales". Imprenta de la nacion, Colombia (1867), p119. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ Estados Unidos de Colombia. "DIARIO OFICIAL. AÑO III. N. 947. 11, JUNIO, 1867. PÁG. 1". suin-juriscol. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^
Edited by James L. Mooney (1959). "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: V. 6: R Through S, Appendices, Submarine Chasers, Eagle-Class Patrol Craft". Government Printing Office (1959), p9. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
{{cite web}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ "The Evansville journal. [volume], December 02, 1867, Image 1". chronclingamercia.loc.gov. The Evansville Journal. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ Estados Unidos de Colombia. "DIARIO OFICIAL. AÑO VIII. N. 2732. 24, DECIEMBRE, 1872. PÁG. 1-2" (PDF). sidn.ramajudicial. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ CA Luis Carlos Jaramillo Peña. "Pañol de la historia #39: Una mirada retrospectiva a nuestra Marina de Guerra". Cyber-corredera. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ Estados Unidos de Colombia. "DIARIO OFICIAL. AÑO XXXI. N. 9680. 15, ENERO DE 1895. PÁG. 1" (PDF). sidn.ramajudicial. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
- ^ David Bushnell (2 July 1995). "Colombia y la causa de los aliados en la segunda guerra mundial". Credencial Historia (in Spanish) (67). Archived from the original on 2011-05-02. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ "La "Resolute" fue hundida por un submarino nazi?" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 27 June 1986. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ "Satisfacciones morales y materiales exige Colombia del gobierno Alemán" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 27 June 1942. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-172, Departure 11 May 1942". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505, Departure 7 Jun 1942". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Archived from the original on 2008-09-04. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-516, Departure 4 Oct 1943". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
- ^ "Estado de beligerancia con Alemania" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 27 November 1943. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
- ^ "Clave 1944 ARC Caldas hunde submarino nazi" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 22 April 1991. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
- ^ "Brillante victoria de la Marina Colombiana" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 31 March 1944. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ García, C.N. Ricardo; Bernal (February 2011). "El "M.C. Cabimas", Primer buque petolero de la Armada Nacional". Revista Armada (98, February 2011). Armada de la República de Colombia: 60–63. from the original on 2014-07-30. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- ^ United Nations Security Council (27 July 1950). "Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea". Archived from the original on 2014-06-08. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
- ^ a b CN Mario Rubianogroot Román , Asociacion Colombiana de los Descendientes de Veteranos de la Guerra de Corea (2012). "Participación de la Armada Nacional de Colombia en la Guerra de Corea". Archived from the original on 2014-07-26. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
- ^ "Zarpa la Fragata Padilla" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 1 November 1950. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ Asociacion Colombiana de los Descendientes de Veteranos de la Guerra de Corea (2012). "La Participacion de Colombia en la Guerra de Corea". Archived from the original on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
- ^ Guia de Estudio Historia Militar III, Bogota: Escuela Militar de Cadetes General Jose Maria Cordova, Ejercito de Colombia, 2008, p. 100 & ss, archived from the original on 2016-03-04, retrieved 19 July 2014
- ^
Edwards, Paul M. (2013), United Nations Participants in the Korean War, McFarland, p. 80 & ss, ISBN 9780786474578, retrieved 19 July 2014
- ^ "#ARCenAtalanta". atalantacolombia.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ "#ARCenAtalanta : Maniobras Navales". Archived from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
- ^ Operaciónatalantacolombia (26 October 2015). "#ARCenAtalanta : Encuentro Fragata "Victoria" de la Real Marina de España - 11 de Octubre". atalantacolombia.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Operaciónatalantacolombia (2 October 2015). "#ARCenAtalanta : Encuentro con el buque español BAM "Meteoro" - 06 de Septiembre". atalantacolombia.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Operaciónatalantacolombia (7 November 2015). "#ARCenAtalanta : Ejercicios navales destructor japonés DD "Akizuki" - 15 de Octubre". atalantacolombia.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Operaciónatalantacolombia (7 November 2015). "#ARCenAtalanta : Mensaje del Comandante del buque danés "Absalon" - 18 de Octubre". atalantacolombia.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Infodefensa.com (13 October 2015). "La OPV colombiana '7 de Agosto' instruye a la Marina de las Islas Seychelles - Noticias Infodefensa América". infodefensa.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ "El ARC 7 de Agosto finaliza las operaciones de seguridad marítima en África". www.webinfomil.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ "Colombia se une a la operación multinacional Atalanta-2015". infodefensa.com. 10 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
- ^ ""Fuerzas Militares pueden enfrentar cualquier amenaza interna o externa": Mindefensa". elcolombiano.com. 28 June 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ "Forces and commands" (in Spanish). armada.mil.co. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ "Colombia's Navy plans to establish permanent base on Antarctica". The City Paper Bogotá. February 2, 2018. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
The Colombian Navy – Armada Nacional – will test icy waters after announcing plans to establish a naval base on Antarctica.
- Jane's Information Group. Archivedfrom the original on February 8, 2018.
A 24 January Ministry of Defence statement revealed plans to construct Colombia's first scientific base in Antarctica, to be named Almirante Padilla.
- ^ Armada Republica de Colombia (2006). "Insignias de la Armada" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ Congreso de la República de Colombia (28 July 2010). "Ley 1405 de 2010 Nuevos Grados Militares" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Infodefensa.com. "Las Fuerzas Armadas de Colombia estrenan nuevo armamento" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ a b Fassmer Shipbuilding. "Launching of Colombian Navy 40m Coastal Patrol Vessel (CPV40)". Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ a b </ in 2011–2012 Colombian Navy introduced ARC 20, First ship built in Colombia by COTECMAR />
Fr.Cpt. Germán H Locarno (October 2010). "Porqué un OPV para la ARC?". Revista Armada (in Spanish) (97). ISSN 1692-1097. Archived from the originalon 2011-09-28. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
- ^ Defense Market Intelligence. "Colombia; Navy granted ex-S. Korean missile Corvette". Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- Donghae class corvette
- ^ "COTECMAR on LinkedIn: #SeguimosAvante #Cotecmar #Colombia".
- ^ World Air Forces 2013 Archived 2013-11-02 at the Wayback Machine - Flightglobal.com, pg 13, December 11, 2012
- ^ Air Forces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire: Key Publishing Ltd. March 2013. p. 32.
External links
- Colombian Navy Official site (in Spanish)
- Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Colombia—Colombian Defense Ministry Official site (in Spanish)
- Colombia: Seguridad & Defensa—Extensive information about Colombian military forces (in Spanish)
- UNFFMM página no oficial de las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia—Unofficial fan site for the Military Forces of Colombia (in Spanish)