Draupadi
Draupadi | |
---|---|
Member of Kuru dynasty by marriage |
Draupadi (
In the Mahabharata, Draupadi and her twin brother,
The most notable incident in Draupadi's life is the game of dice at Hastinapura where Yudhishthira lost all his possessions, and she was humiliated by the Kaurava brothers and Karna. An attempt was made by Dushasana to disrobe her, but she was saved by the divine intervention of Krishna. Following the subsequent episodes, Draupadi and the Pandavas were exiled for thirteen years, with the last year being a period of hiding when she assumed the identity of the maid Sairandhri. The exile was followed by the Kurukshetra War, where Draupadi lost her father, brothers, and her five children. After the war, she resumed her role as the empress for thirty six years, after which she retired to the Himalayas along with her husbands.[4]
Draupadi's story has been an inspiration for various arts, performances and secondary literature.[5] In Hinduism, she is extolled as one of the panchakanya (five virgins), archetypes of female chastity whose names are believed to dispel sin when recited.[6] In some parts of the sub-continent, a sect of Draupadi exists, where she is worshipped as a goddess.[7]
Etymology and epithets
The word Draupadī (lit. 'daughter of Drupada') is a patronymic, derived from the word Drupada, which means 'pillar'.[8][9] Like other epic characters, she is referred to by multiple names in the Mahabharata. Some of her other names and epithets are as follows:
- Krishnā (Kṛṣṇā) – 'one who has a dark complexion'. It is the birth name of Draupadi.[10][11]
- Panchali (Pāñcālī) – 'one from
- Yajnaseni (Yajñasenī) – another patronymic derived from Drupada's another name Yajnasena (lit. 'he whose army is sacrificial'); or the name can also mean 'one born from a Yajña (sacrificial fire)'.[14][10]
- Drupadakanya (Drupadakanyā) – 'the daughter of Drupada'.
- Sairandhri (Sairandhrī) – 'an expert maid'. This pseudonym was assumed by Draupadi during her incognito life.[15]
- Parshati (Parṣatī) – 'granddaughter of Prishata', or 'daughter of Prishati'. Both the names—Parshati and Prishati—are derived from Prishata, Drupada's father.[16]
- Nityayuvani (Nityayuvanī) – 'one who remains young forever and never becomes old'.
- Mahabharati – the virtuous wife of great descendants of Bharata (Pandavas)
- Agnisutā – 'Daughter of fire'
- Kalyani – 'One who brings fortune'. Yudhishthira addressed her by this name.
- Malini (Mālinī) – fragrant, one who makes garlands.[17]
- Panchavallabha (Pancavallabhā) – 'Beloved of the five Pandavas'.[18]
- Pandusharmila (Pāṇḍuśarmilā) – 'Daughter-in-law of Pandu'.[18]
Literary background
The story of Draupadi is told in the great indian script Mahabharata, one of the Sanskrit epics from the Indian subcontinent. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text probably date to about 400 BCE.[19]
The Mahabharata manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the
Life and Legends
Birth
Most
The youth and the maiden are named Dhrishtadyumna and Krishnaa, but the latter one is better known by the patronymic "Draupadi". They accept Drupada and Prishati as their parents and are raised in Drupada's palace.[24][16]
Draupadi is described to be extremely beautiful. Vyasa—the author of the Mahabharata—describes her having a dark complexion, lotus-like eyes, beautiful copper nails, dark curly hair and an enchanting fragrance like that of a blue lotus.[24][22]
Mahabharata includes an exceedingly flattering description of Draupadi as she arose from the fire,
"The fire-born woman was extremely beautiful. Her eyes were black and large as lotus-petals, her complexion was dark, and her locks were blue and curly. Her nails were beautifully convex and bright as burnished copper; her eyebrows were fair, and her bosom was deep. Indeed, she resembled the veritable daughter of a celestial born among men. Her body gave out fragrance like that of a blue lotus, perceivable from a distance of full two miles. Her beauty was such that she had no equal on earth. Like a celestial herself, she could be desired (in marriage) by a celestial, a Danava, or a Yaksha (Mahabharata. Adi Parva. Chapter 169:3)".[25]
Marriage and children
In the end, Arjuna succeeds in the task, dressed as a Brahmin. The other attendees, including the Kauravas and Karna protest at a Brahmin winning the competition and attack Draupadi and Arjuna. Arjuna and Bhima together protect Draupadi by defeating all attendees and are able to retreat. Arjuna, along with Draupadi and his brothers, runs home to tell Kunti of his success, shouting "look what we have found". Kunti thought he was referring to alms found in the forest or to some great prize unknown to her. She tells Arjuna that the find must be shared with his brothers, as they had always shared such things in the past. This misunderstanding, combined with a motherly command, leads to an agreement that all five brothers marry her. This is one of the rare examples of polyandry in Sanskrit literature.[31][3] The brothers agreed that none should intrude if Draupadi was alone with one of the others, the penalty for doing so being 12 years to be spent in exile.[31][32] Some versions say that a year was allotted to each Pandava and during that year only that Pandava could enter Draupadi's private chambers, while the others have no such mention.
Later Draupadi becomes a mother of five sons, one son each from the Pandava brothers. They were known as Upapandavas. Their names were Prativindhya (from Yudhishthira), Sutasoma (from Bheema), Shrutakarma (from Arjuna), Satanika (from Nakula) and Shrutasena (from Sahadeva).[33] Ashwatthama killed the Upapandavas during his surprise raid on Pandava camp on the eighteenth day of the war to avenge the death of his father Drona.[34]
Draupadi as the empress
With the Pandavas' survival revealed, a succession crisis was started. Upon the news of Pandavas' death at Varnavrat, the title of 'the crown prince' had fallen to
Duryodhana's insult
There is a popular myth that is believed to be the reason why Duryodhana hated Draupadi. Duryodhana and his entourage were exploring the keep during their visit to Yudhishthira's Rajasuya yajna. While touring the grounds, an unsuspecting Duryodhana fell prey to one of the many illusions that could be seen all around the palace. When he stepped on the apparently solid part of the courtyard, there was a splash and Duryodhana found himself waist-deep in water, drenched from head to foot by the hidden pool. The myth is, Draupadi and her maids saw this from the balcony with amusement, and joked Andhasya Putra Andhaha meaning 'a
In Vyasa's Sanskrit epic, the scene is quite different.[39] It was Bhima, Arjuna, and the twin brothers alongside their retinues who had witnessed Duryodhana's fall and laughed along with their servants. In the Sanskrit text, Draupadi is not mentioned in the scene at all, either laughing or insulting Duryodhana. Nonetheless, Duryodhana felt insulted by the behaviour of the four Pandavas, stoking his hatred of them. Later on, he went back to Hastinapura and expressed his immense agony on witnessing the riches of the Pandavas to his blind father, which was the root cause for inviting his cousins for the dice-game. His main wish was to usurp the wealth of his cousins which they had accumulated on account of the Rajasuya Yajna. Known to few, during this conversation, Duryodhan mentions how he had observed Draupadi serving food to everyone, including physically challenged citizens as the Empress. He says to his father, "And, O king, Yajnaseni, without having eaten herself, daily seeth whether everybody, including even the deformed and the dwarfs, hath eaten or not."[40]
He then went on to express his wrath at having fallen into a pool of water and being laughed at mockingly, mainly by Bhima, followed by Arjun, Nakul, Sahadeva and other menials in the palace. It is here, where he fleetingly mentioned Draupadi's name, who accordingly to Duryodhan, had "joined in the laughter with other females." Whether Duryodhana was speaking an untruth or her name was a later addition into this part of the text is debatable.
Draupadi's laughter went on to be singled out and romanticized by writers for centuries as a cause for the dice-game, and the war. In Vyasa's Sanskrit epic, however, her role in the scene is trivial compared to the exaggerated treatment it has received in popular adaptations.[39]
Game of dice and humiliation
This key incident is often considered to mark a definitive moment in the story of Mahabharata. It is one of the driving reasons that ultimately led to the Kurukshetra War.
Together with his maternal uncle
In order to provoke the Pandavas further, Duryodhana bares and pats his thigh looking into Draupadi's eyes, implying that she should sit on his thigh. The enraged Bhima vows in front of the entire assembly that he would break Duryodhana's thighs, or else accept being Duryodhana's slave for seven lifetimes. At this time Vikarna, a brother of Duryodhana asks the kings assembled in the court to answer the question of Draupadi. He gives his opinion that Draupadi is not won rightfully as Yudhishthira lost himself first before staking her. Besides, no one has the right to put a woman on bet according to shastras; not a husband, father, or even the gods. Hearing these words, Karna gets angry and says that when Yudhishthira lost all his possession he also lost Draupadi, even specifically staking her.[45] Karna calls Draupadi a "whore" for being the wedded wife of five men, adding that her being to the court is not a surprising act whether she is clothed or naked.[46] He then instructs Dushasana to remove the garments of Draupadi.[47][48] After her husbands fail to assist her, Draupadi prays to Krishna to protect her. Dushasana attempts to disrobe her, but she is miraculously protected by Krishna, and Dushasana finds that as he continues to unwrap the layers of her sari, the amount of fabric covering her never lessens. Dushasana is eventually reduced to exhaustion, as the awed court observes that Draupadi is still chastely dressed. At this point, a furious Bhima vows to drink blood from Dushasana's chest, at the pain of not seeing his ancestors/entering heaven. This vow unsettles the entire court.
The only
Amused by the sudden turn of events, Karna remarks that they "have never heard of such an act, performed by any of the women noted in this world for their beauty." He taunts the Pandavas by praising their wife, as she had rescued them "like a boat from their ocean of distress".[50]
Having restored their pride and wealth, the Pandavas and Draupadi leave for Indraprastha, only to receive another invitation for a game of dice, in which the loser would be given an exile of 12 years followed by a year of Agyatavasa, meaning "living in incognito". Yudhishtira yet again accepts the invitation and loses, and goes on an exile with his brothers and wife Draupadi.[51]
Living in Exile
Durvasa's visit
Once, Draupadi and the Pandavas had finished eating their meal cooked from the Akshay Patra. Suddenly, sage Durvasa and his pupils visited them. They were sent by Duryodhana as he wanted the sage to curse the Pandavas. The brothers welcomed the sage along with his pupils and offered them service. Durvasa demanded food to eat as he was hungry. However, Draupadi had nothing left to feed the guests. Frightened that the sage would curse them, Draupadi prayed to god. Krishna then came there and asked her to give him the vessel. Draupadi gave the vessel to Krishna and he ate a single grain of rice left in it. The sage and his pupils suddenly felt that they had eaten a grand feast and left the place with satisfaction. Though a very popular tale, the "Critical Edition" does not include this incident.[30][52][53]
Abduction by Jayadratha
While the
Agyatvās (Incognito)
On the thirteenth year of their exile, the Pandavas choose to stay in the Matsya Kingdom. Draupadi becomes the maid of Sudeshna, queen of Matsya, and serves her. One day Kichaka, Sudeshna's brother and the commander of king Virata's forces, happens to see Draupadi. He is filled with lust by looking at her and requests her hand in marriage. Draupadi refuses him, saying that she is already married to Gandharvas. Seeing his persistence, she warns Kichaka that her husbands are very strong and that he will not be able to escape death at their hands. Later, he convinces his sister, the queen Sudeshna, to help him win Draupadi. Sudeshna orders Draupadi to fetch wine from Kichaka's house, overriding Draupadi's protests. When Draupadi goes to get wine, Kichaka tries to molest her. [46]
Draupadi escapes and runs into the court of Virata. Kichaka kicks her in front of all the courtiers, including
Later that night, Bhima consoles Draupadi, and they hatch a plan to kill Kichaka. Draupadi meets with Kichaka, pretending to actually love him and agreeing to marry him on the condition that none of his friends or brothers will know about their relationship. Kichaka accepts her condition. Draupadi asks Kichaka to come to the dancing hall at night. Bhima (in the guise of Draupadi), fights with Kichaka and kills him. [46]
Draupadi calls the members of Kichaka's family and shows them the mutilated body of Kichaka. The murder is attributed to her Gandharva husbands. This angers Kichaka's brothers and they decide to burn her along with Kichaka's body to take revenge. After getting permission from Virata, Draupadi is forcefully tied to Kichaka's pyre. Upon her pleading, Bhima runs for her help and kills the brothers of Kichaka, thus saving her from being burnt alive.[55]
Kurukshetra War
During the war, Draupadi stays at Ekachakra with other women. On the 16th day, Bhima kills Dushasana, drinking his blood and fulfilling his oath.
A popular myth, often depicted in well-known adaptations of Mahabharata, depicts Draupadi washing her hair with her brother-in-law Dushasana's blood, as a mark of her vengeance against the molestation she had suffered at the dice-game. Though an extremely powerful and symbolic theme, this incident does not appear in Vyasa's Sanskrit Mahabharata. Alf Hiltebeitel in his acclaimed research work, "The Cult of Draupadi" explores the source of this myth as he travels through the rural areas of India. He discovers that the first literary mention of the blood-washing theme appeared in "Venisamhara"[56] or "Braiding The Hair (of Draupadi)", a Sanskrit play written in the Pallava period by eminent playwright Bhatta Narayana. Since then, this powerful theme of vengeance had been used in most retellings and adaptations on Mahabharat, thus mistakenly attributing the authorship to Veda Vyasa.
Ashwatthama's attack
"I desired to only pay off our debt for the injury we have sustained. The preceptor's son is worthy of my reverence as the preceptor himself. Let the king bind this gem on his head, O Bharata!"[60]
Later life and death
Draupadi and Yudhishthira performed the ashvamedha and ruled for 36 years. When her husbands retired from the world and went on their journey towards the Himalayas and heaven, she accompanied them and was the first to fall dead on the journey. When Bhima asked Yudhishthira why Draupadi had fallen, Yudhishthira replied,
"O best of men, though we were all equal unto her she had a great partiality for
Polyandry
There are many women of high born classes or royal class like Princess Mādhavi who had four husbands, the only daughter of King Yayati. Polyandry was in the royal class but under the strict guidance of the Vedic sages exactly like polygamous marriages of ancient Indian kings were under strict supervision and guidance of the Vedic laws and Vedic sages.[64][65]
Draupadi as a goddess
In Sanskrit Mahābhārata, Draupadi is described as the incarnation of different goddesses.
The
There are over 400 temples dedicated to Draupadi in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and other countries like Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Mauritius, Réunion, South Africa.[70] In these regions, Draupadi is worshipped mainly by people of the Palli or Vanniyar Kulakshatriyar[72][73][74]
There are a few processions and festivals which are conducted for about three weeks a year. The most famous festival is in the village Durgasamudram, Tirupati of Chittoor district.[75]
As a village deity
The Draupadi Amman cult (or Draupadi sect) is a regional Hindu sect in which the
Incarnation of Kali
The Pillais, Vanniyars, Mudaliyars, Konars and the Gounder community of Tamil Nadu,
Fire Walking ritual
Location
There are a number of temples dedicated to Draupadi Amman in Tamil Nadu, Singapore and Sri Lanka.
-
The reclining Draupadi Amman idol holding a bowl in one of her four hands
-
View from feet of the reclining Draupadi Amman idol near Auroville
-
Reclining Draupadi Amman idol - near Auroville, Tamil Nadu, India
-
Giant reclining Draupadi Amman idol near Auroville
In other traditions
In
In
In popular culture
In folk cultures
- According to a folklore, Draupadi introduced the popular Indian snack Pani Puri.[83]
- Draupadi had only five sons in the Sanskrit epic. But, according to some folklores, the Pandavas and Draupadi had six daughters too. Based on several such tales, the names of their daughters are listed below:
Arts and dances
Karaga is a folk festival of Karnataka which originated as a ritual in Southern India dedicated to Draupadi as known in these parts as Droupadamma. The ritual is performed on a full moon day. The story of Draupadi is one of the central topics of Yakshagana, a traditional dance-play practised in Karnataka and Terukkuttu, a Tamil street theatre form practised in Tamil Nadu state of India and Tamil-speaking regions of Sri Lanka.[86][87][88]
List of popular performers
In films
Year | Image | Performer | Title | Language | Director | Note | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1917 | Jeevarathnam | Keechaka Vadham | Silent | R. Nataraja Mudaliar | |||
1920 | Kamaladevi | Sairandhri | Silent | Baburao Painter | |||
1931 | Ermeline | Draupadi | Hindi | Bhagwati Prasad Mishra | [89] | ||
1933 | Leela | Sairandhri | Hindi/Marathi | V. Shantaram | |||
1963 | Savitri | Nartanasala | Telugu | Kamalakara Kameswara Rao | |||
1964 | Sumitra Devi | Veer Bhimsen | Hindi | Chandrakanta Gor | [90][91] | ||
1965 | Padmini | Mahabharat | Hindi | Babubhai Mistry | [92] | ||
1983 | Snehalata | Sampoorn Mahabharat | Gujrati | Babubhai Mistry | [93] | ||
1989 | Mallika Sarabhai | The Mahabharata | English | Peter Brook | |||
1993 | Neena Gupta | Bhagvad Gita
|
Sanskrit | G. V. Iyer | |||
2010 | Katrina Kaif | Rajneeti | Hindi | Prakash Jha | Loosely inspired by the character | [94] | |
2013 | Roopa Ganguly | Mahabharat Aur Barbareek | Hindi | Dharmesh Tiwari | [95] | ||
Vidya Balan | Mahabharat | Hindi | Voiceover | [96] | |||
2019 | Sneha | Kurukshetra | Kannada | [97] |
In television
Year | Image | Performer | Title | Language | Channel | Note | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | Roopa Ganguly | Mahabharat | Hindi | DD National | [98][99] | ||
1993 | Phalguni Parikh | Shri Krishna | Hindi | DD National | |||
1997 | Roopa Ganguly | Mahabharat Katha | Hindi | DD National | [99] | ||
1999 | Roopa Ganguly | Draupadi | Bengali | DD Bangla | [99] | ||
2001 | Mrinal Kulkarni | Draupadi
|
Hindi | ||||
2008 | Anita Hassanandani | Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki | Hindi | ||||
2013 | Pooja Sharma | Mahabharat | Hindi | Star Plus | [100][101] | ||
2014 | Kashmira Irani | Dharmakshetra | Hindi | ||||
2015 | Riyanka Chanda | Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan | Hindi | ||||
Pankhuri Awasthy .
|
Suryaputra Karn | Hindi | |||||
2018 | Ishita Ganguly | Radhakrishn | Hindi | Star Bharat |
In literature
The fiery heroine of Mahabharata has been the topic of research and debate for centuries. There are various plays and novels based on her.
- Yajnaseni by Pratibha Ray – This novel, originally written in Odia was the recipient of Jnanpith Award.[102] It was also translated in various languages like English, Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, etc.
- The Palace of Illusions: A Novel by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni – Deviating much from the Sanskrit text,[103] Divakaruni brings up the emotions of Draupadi, re-imagining the whole epic from her perspective.[104]
- Draupadi by Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad, is a Sahitya Akademi Award-winning Telugu novel that narrates Mahabharata from Draupadi's perspective.[105]
- The Cult of Draupadi[106] by Alf Hiltebeitel – This trilogy is an exhaustive, scholarly account of the various folk traditions surrounding Draupadi in South India. Hiltebeitel travels through various parts of India, tracing and recording the lesser-known customs and tribes in Gingi Cult and much more, who extensively worship Draupadi as their deity – a status which has been attained by few Mahabharat characters. There are over 31 plays and ballads that are conducted in over 400 temples, that are dedicated to Draupadi Amman. The story of Draupadi creates great respect for women in society. Her sacrifice and her inner power defeats the evil activities performed on women
- Nathabati Anathbat by Shaoli Mitra – This is a stage play[107] depicting the agony of Draupadi as a woman who "has five husbands, and yet none to protect her."
- Dopdi by Mahasweta Devi in Bengali – A contemporary tale of oppression with Draupadi as the lead character.[108]
- The Great Indian Novel by Dr. Shashi Tharoor – Written as a fictional work that is analogous to the events featured in the Mahabharata in order to describe contemporary Indian Politics, Dr.Tharoor has described the character of 'Draupadi' as 'Di Mokrasi', who is an illegitimate daughter of 'Dhritarashtra' and 'Lady Drewpad' in the novel. Tharoor likens Draupadi to the tenets of 'Democracy'. As mentioned in Veda Vyasa's epic, he ascribes her to be the wife to all five 'Pandyas', who are themselves an abbreviation of different facets of Indian politics.[109]
See also
- Agnivansha
- Draupati Amman
- Yajnaseni, a novel by Pratibha Ray
- Yajnaseni, a play by Suman Pokhrel
- Historicity of the Mahabharata
Notes
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Vaivahika Parva: Section CLXLIX". Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Patra, Avinash (2012). "Draupadi A Woman of Rare Love". The Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ ISBN 978-0-19861-025-0.
- ISBN 9788185616803. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ "Relooking, Retelling And Rereading Women in the Epics". Outlook. 1 October 2021. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ Bhattacharya, Pradip (March–April 2004). "Five Holy Virgins, Five Sacred Myths: A Quest for Meaning (Part I)" (PDF). Manushi (141). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- ISBN 978-81-208-1000-6.
- ^ Monier-Williams 1872, p. 441.
- ^ Monier-Williams 1872, p. 440.
- ^ a b Bhattacharya 2004, p. 20.
- ^ Monier-Williams 1872, p. 250.
- ^ Gandhi 1993, p. 294.
- ^ Monier-Williams 1872, p. 561.
- ^ Hiltebeitel 2011, p. 490.
- ^ Mani 1975, p. 551.
- ^ a b Karve 2006, p. 81.
- ^ Gandhi 1993, p. 245.
- ^ a b Gandhi 1993, p. 295.
- ISBN 978-9-00410-260-6.
- ISBN 978-0-8364-0862-1. Archivedfrom the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ISBN 978-9-00413-729-5. Archivedfrom the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ a b c Bhattacharya 2004.
- ^ Chakrabarti & Bandyopadhyay 2017.
- ^ a b c Ganguli 1889, Adi Parva: Chaitraratha Parva: Section CLXIX Archived 7 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Chaitraratha Parva: Section CLXIX". Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ISBN 9780816075645. Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Swayamvara Parva: Section CLXXXVI". Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ a b VISHNU S. SUKTHANKAR (11 March 2018). "THE MAHABHARATHA". BHANDARKAR ORIENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, POONA – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute : Mahabharata Project". bori.ac.in. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ a b M. A. Mehendale (1 January 2001). "Interpolations in the Mahabharata" – via Internet Archive.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19533-261-2.
- ISBN 978-0-19861-025-0.
- ^ a b K M Ganguly(1883–1896). The Mahabharatha Book 10: Sauptika Parva section 9 Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Ashwatthama killing Dhrishtadyumna, October 2003, Retrieved 2015-04-17
- ISBN 978-0199754410. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. p. 166.
- ^ Parmeshwarananad, Swami (2001). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas. New Delhi: Sarup and Sons. p. 524.
- ^ "Vana Parva". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
- ^ "Did Draupadi Insult Duryodhana during Rajasuya, Karna in Swayamvara?". myIndiamyGlory. 19 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Sabha parva". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ "Sabha parva". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
- ISBN 978-0199860784. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Shishupala-badha Parva: Section LXVI". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-8476-7747-4. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-93-5305-369-7. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
- ^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2 August 2006). "The Clothes of Draupadi". Devdutt. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ a b c Chakravarti 2007.
- ISBN 978-0199860784. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Shishupala-badha Parva: Section LXVII". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- ^ "Mahabharata with the Commentary of Nilakantha". June 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Shishupala-badha Parva: Section LXVII". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-19861-025-0.
- ^ "Mahabharata story: Durvasa Muni and cooking pot of Draupadi! | Bhagavatam-katha". Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ "Durvasa muni visits the Pandavas". Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ "Stories of Mahabharatha – the Abduction of Draupadi". Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
- ISBN 978-81-900113-6-5. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- ^ Portessor of Sanskrit Elphinstone College, Bombay (11 March 2018). "The Venisamhara of Bhatta Narayana" – via Internet Archive.
- ^ K M Ganguly(1883–1896). The Mahabharatha Book 10: Sauptika Parva section 10[permanent dead link] Yudhishthira crying over the death of Upapandavas, October 2003, Retrieved 2015-04-17
- ^ a b "The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 11". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- ^ "Asvathama and Kripa are born immortals and unslayable by any kind of weapons". Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ^ K M Ganguly(1883–1896). The Mahabharatha Book 10: Sauptika Parva section 16 Archived 8 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Draupadi forgiving Ashwathama, October 2003, Retrieved 2017-11-10
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section 2". Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ISBN 978-0199860784. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Vaivahika Parva: Section CLXLVIII". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ISBN 978-8120804876.
- ISBN 978-81-208-0487-6. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-19172-722-1.
- ^ "Adi parva". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ "Adi parva". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ "Svargarohanika parva". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-208-1000-6.
- ^ "City to feel Karaga fervour tonight". Deccan Herald. 18 April 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
- "Adishakti Draupadi's Karaga Shakthiotsava". Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2018. - ^ ISBN 978-81-208-1000-6. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ^ Madhusudhan, N.R. (2012). "Ancient tradition comes alive". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ ISBN 9780226340470. Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ "Drowpathi Sametha Dharmaraja Swamy Temple". Desibantu. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
- ^ Madhusudhan, N.R. (2012). "Ancient tradition comes alive". New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ ISBN 9788120810006. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ ISBN 9780521040198. Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ Hitebeital (1991)
- ^ J. J. Jones (17 March 2019). "The Mahavastu (great story)". Luzac. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- ^ "The Play in Full". 84000.co. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- ^ Doniger 1993, p. 241.
- ^ "The Tangy Story of Golgappa-India's Favorite Street Food". The Times of India. 17 July 2021. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Arjuna and His Sons – Two Generations of Courage". 17 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ "Mahabharata – Can anyone explain the family tree of Pandavas?". Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- OCLC 63859810.
- OCLC 18270064.
- OCLC 46353272.
- ^ "Draupadi (1931)". Filmaffinity. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ "Sumitra Devi". Cinemaazi.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ "Veer Bhimsen (1964)". Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Mahabharat (1965)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Sampoorn Mahabharat". Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Katrina Kaif is playing Draupadi: Prakash Jha". santabanta.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
- ^ "Mahabharat aur Barbareek (2013)". Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^ Desk, India TV News (2 October 2013). "Vidya Balan lends voice for Draupadi in 'Mahabharat'". indiatvnews.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
- ^ "Kurukshetra gets its Draupadi in Sneha". Cinema Express. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
- ^ "Actors talk about what went into making Mahabharat in 1988". hindustantimes.com. 5 May 2016. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
- ^ a b c "Why a quarter century after it went on air BR Chopra's Mahabharat remains Indian television's most remarkable show". The Caravan. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "Playing Draupadi made me strong: Pooja Sharma – Times of India". The Times of India. 11 June 2020. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ "From Roopa Ganguly to Pooja Sharma, these actresses have played the role of Draupadi on TV". timesnownews.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ "Odia writer Pratibha Ray named for Jnanpith Award". India Today. 27 December 2012. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ "The Palace of Illusions: An alternate interpretation of an ever-relevant Indian epic". The New Indian Express. 3 December 2018. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "The Palace of Illusions by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni". The Guardian. 26 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Looking into the heart of an enigmatic woman". The Telegraph. India. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ The Cult of Draupadi, Volume 1. University of Chicago Press. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ Abhimonyu Deb (31 August 2016). "Nathabati Anathbat in Hindi – Shaoli Mitra". Archived from the original on 7 November 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "The context and import of Mahasweta Devi's 'Draupadi'". The Hindu. 27 August 2021. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Why Shashi Tharoor's Great Indian Novel still appeals". BBC News. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ According to the critical edition of the Mahabharata from the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, this incident of insulting or denial of Karna is an interpolation since this event is not available in the entire Kumbakonam version of the Mahabharata (the southern text of the Mahabharata), Sharada and Bengali manuscripts. He failed to string the legendary bow.[28]
References
- Bhattacharya, Pratip (2004). "She Who Must Be Obeyed, Draupadi: The ill fated one" (PDF). Manushi. Panchakanya 19–30.
- Eminent women in the Mahabharata by Vanamala Bhawalkar.
- Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0.
- Chakravarti, Bishnupada (13 November 2007). Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5214-170-8.
- Chakrabarti, Arindam; Bandyopadhyay, Sibaji (19 September 2017). Mahabharata Now: Narration, Aesthetics, Ethics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-34213-7.
- The Critical Edition of Mahabharat(1966) published by Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
- Mahabharata (1999) by Krishna Dharma
- Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, English translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
- ISBN 0-7914-1381-0
- ISBN 0226340554. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- Gandhi, Maneka (1993). The Penguin Book of Hindu Names. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-012841-3.
- Karve, Irawati (2006). Yuganta: The End of an Epoch. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-1424-9.
- Monier-Williams, Sir Monier (1872). A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged: With Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Other Cognate Indo-European Languages. Clarendon Press.
- ISBN 978-1-135-07081-6.
- ISBN 978-0-19-936007-9.
- ISBN 978-1-59477-537-6.
- Das, Gurcharan (4 October 2010). The Difficulty of Being Good: On the Subtle Art of Dharma. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-978147-8.
- Hiltebeitel, Alf (17 August 2011). Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-539423-8.
External links
- Sacred-texts.com
- The Kaurava race of Sri Lanka and the worship of Draupadi
- Karaga Worship is all about Goddess Draupadi
- ISBN 978-81-208-1000-6.
- Pattanaik, Devadutt (2009). 7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art. Westland, Mumbai. ISBN 978-81-89975-67-8.
- Draupadi Amman Shrine/ Temple - KONDAL, Mayiladuthurai, TN.