List of characters in the Mahabharata
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The
This list mentions notable characters and may also contain characters appearing in regional recensions of the Mahabharata.[note 1]
A
Abhimanyu
Abhimanyu was the son of third Pandava prince
Adhiratha
Adhiratha was the foster-father of Karna. According to the
Adrika
Adrika was an
Agni
Agni is the Hindu god of fire. In the Vana Parva, sage Markandeya told the story of Agni's marriage. In the Khandava-daha Parva, Agni in disguise approaches
Alambusha
Alambusha was a Rakshasa. In the Kurukshetra War, he fought from the Kaurava side. During the war, he defeated Iravan, son of Pandava prince Arjuna. Later, Alambusha was killed by Bhima's son, Ghatotkacha.[5]
Alayudha
He was a demon and friend of another demon named Alambusha. He and Alambusha were killed by Bhima's demon son Ghatotkacha during the Night war on the fourteenth day of the war.
Amba
Amba was the eldest daughter of Kashya, the king of
Ambalika
Ambalika is the daughter of Kashya, the King of
Ambika
Ambika is the daughter of Kashya, the King of
Ambika's maid
The chief maid of Ambika was sent by Ambika and Ambalika to Maharishi Vyasa. From their union, Vidura was born.
Amitaujas
Amitaujas is the mighty warrior of Panchala Kingdom. He was the maharatha on the side of Pandavas.[10]
Anjanaparvana
He was the son of Ghatotkacha and Mourvi. His grandparents were Bhima and Hidimbā. He was killed by Ashwatthama in the Kurukshetra War.
Arjuna
Arjuna was the third of the Pandava brothers and was son of the god Indra. He was known for his archery skills and defeated great warriors like Bhishma, Jayadratha and Karna by following the god Krishna.[11][12]
Aruni
In the Mahabharata, Aruni appeared in the Adi Parva. Aruni was a disciple of sage named Dhaumya. Once a flood took place in the fields of the ashram (school). A breach was formed in the embankment. Dhaumya sent Aruni to stop the water from entering the embankment. After a long time, Aruni had not returned. So, Dhaumya went out to find Aruni. The latter lying in the breach of the embankment to prevent the water from entering it. Because of his loyalty, Aruni is also known as Gurubhakta Aruni.
Ashvins
The Ashvins or the Ashvini a pair of twin demigods. Their father is Surya and his mother is Saranyu. They are the demigods of medicine and health. In the epic, Kunti felt bad for Madri as she did not have any children due to a curse and shared her secret mantra with her. Madri, using the mantra, invoked the Ashvins and had one pair of twins, Nakula and Sahadeva.[13]
Ashwatthama
Ashwatthama was the son of
Astika
Astika was a
Avantini
She was the wife of Shalya and the mother of Madranjaya, Rukmanagada, and Rukmanaratha. She was the princess of Avanti.
Ayu
Ayu or Ayus was an ancestor of Shantanu. He was a son Pururavas and his apsara wife, Urvashi. He married Prabha, an asura princess (daughter of Swarbhanu). He was succeeded by his son Nahusha.[14]
Ayodhaumya
Ayodhaumya/ Dhaumya was a sage of Avanti. He had three disciples namely
B
Babhruvahana
Babruvahana was one of the sons of Arjuna, begotten through Chitrangada, the princess of Manipur. During the Ashvamedha yagna, he killed his father Arjuna without knowing his identity. But Arjuna's other wife Ulupi brought back his life with the help of Nagamani.
Bahlika
Bahlika, also spelled as Vahlika, was the king of Bahlika kingdom and the elder brother of Shantanu, who was a king of Hastinapur. Along with his son, Somadatta, and grandson, Bhurishravas, he fought on the side of the Kaurava army in the Kurukshetra War and was slain by Bhima on the 14th day of the war when it continued after sunset.
Bakasura
Bakasura was a demon who was killed by Bhima near the city of Ekacakrā.
Balarama
Balarama is the elder brother of Krishna.[15] He taught both Duryodhana of the Kauravas and Bhima of the Pandavas the art of fighting with a mace. He did not participate in the Kurukshetra War.
Banasena
He was a son of
Bhadra and Madira
Bhadra and Madira were two wives of Vasudeva, the others being Rohini Devi and Devaki. Bhadra's children were Upanidhi, Gada, and others. Madira's children were Nanda, Upananda, Kritaka, and others. They cremated themselves with Vasudeva.
Bhadrakali
Bhadrakali is the fierce form of Devi. To destroy Daksha yajna, She appeared with Veerabhadra. She also mentioned in Shalya Parva, when she was the one of followers of Kartikeya.[17][18]
Bhagadatta
Bhagadatta was the son of
Bharadvaja
Bharadvaja was a sage with divine powers. He was one of the sons of god Brihaspati and the father of Drona and Shrutavati. Bharadvaja trained his son and his other disciple, Drupada.
Bharata
Bharata is an ancestor of the Pandavas and the Kauravas. According to the epic, Bharata was the son of Dushyanta and was a Chakravartin.
Bhima
Bhima is the second born of the
Bhima of Vidarbha
In the Vana Parva of the epic, sage Markandeya narrated the story of Nala and Damayanti. Bhima was the king of Vidarbha and the father of Damayanti.
Bhishma
Originally named 'Devavrata', he was the eighth son of the
Bhrigu
Sauti said in the Pauloma Parva that Bhrigu was the son of Brahma. He was married to Puloma, who gave birth to Chyavana. When the demon Puloma was carrying off his wife Puloma, she gave birth to his son, Chyavana, by whose brightness the demon was burnt into ashes. When Bhrigu saw his wife crying, he asked the reason. Puloma stated that Agni had said to the demon Puloma that I was the girl with whom Puloma was betrothed. In anger, Bhrigu cursed Agni to engulf everything whether pure or impure.
Bhurishravas
Bhurishravas was the son of Somadatta and the grandson of Bahlika, hence making him the cousin of Dhritarashtra, Pandu, and Vidura. Bhurishravas had two brothers – Bhuri and Shala. Bhurishravas, in the Kurukshetra War, is known to have a rivalry with Yadava general Satyaki. Bhurishravas is eventually killed by Satyaki in the War.
Budha
Budha is the illegitimate son of
Brihaspati
Brihaspati is the son of
. He is the guru of the devas.C
Chandra
Chandra is the moon god. He is the son of
Chandravarma Kamboja
Chandravarma Kamboja is the first
Chitrasena
Chitrasena was the King of the Gandharvas who prevented the Kauravas from putting up their camp near the pond where he himself had encamped.
Chitrasena was also introduced in the epic in the Vana Parva, as a teacher of music by
Chekitana
Chekitana was the son of Kekaya king Dhrishtaketu and Queen Shrutakirti, a Yadava. Chekitana was described to be a valorous warrior, who fought with warriors like
Chitra and Chitrasena
Chitra and Chitrasena were brothers and the two kings of the Abhisara Kingdom. Both of them sided with the Kauravas in the Kurukshetra War. Chitra was killed by
Chitrāngada
Chitrāngada was a king in ancient India. In the Mahabharata, he is the elder son of Shantanu and Satyavati, ascending the throne of Hastinapura after his father's death. However, he is killed by a Gandharva named Chitrāngada soon after that.
Gandharva Chitrāngada
Chitrangada was a Gandharva, who was jealous of Shantanu's son Chitrāngada, for sharing a name. One day, the Gandharva challenged the prince and killed him.
Chitrāngada of Kalinga
Chitrāngada was the king of the Kalinga kingdom. In the
Chitrāngadā
Chitrāngadā was the warrior princess of Manipura. She was the only heir of king Chitravahana and one of Arjuna's consorts. She had a son named Babhruvahana with him. Later, Babhruvahana unknowingly killed his father but was revived by Ulupi, Chitrāngadā's friend, and co-wife.
Chitravahana
He was the king of Manipura and the father of Chitrangadaa. He was also the grandfather of Babruvahana. His wife was Queen Vasundhara.
D
Damayanti
Damayanti is a character in a love story found in the Vana Parva book of the Mahabharata. She was a princess of the Vidarbha Kingdom, who married King Nala of the Nishadha Kingdom. Her story is set long before the Kurukshetra War.
Dantavakra
Dantavakra was the king of Karusha according to the Mahabharata and the Puranas.
Danda and Dandadhara
Danda and Dandadhara is the two princes of Magadha Kingdom. They fought the side of Kauravas and killed by Arjuna during Kurukshetra war.[28][29]
Dasharaja
Dasharaja was the fisherman chieftain of Hastinapura and the father of Satyavati. He was the one who asked Satyavati's heir to be the ruler of Hastinapura, due to which Bhishma took a vow of celibacy and a vow not to rule Hastinapura.
Darada
Darada is the king of Bahlika Kingdom. Shushipala eulogized him when he was born the earth was cleaved because of his weight.
Devaki
Devaki was the daughter of Devaka, the cousin of
Devayani
Devayani was the daughter of
Devika
Devika is a minor character in the Mahabharata. She was the daughter of Govasena, the king of the Sivi Kingdom, and the second wife of Yudhishthira they got married in a self choice ceremony. They had a son called Yaudheya.
Dhrishtadyumna
Dhrishtadyumna was the son of Drupada and the brother of Draupadi, Shikhandi, and Satyajit in the epic Mahabharata. He had four sons – Kshatradharman, Kshatravarman, Kshatranjaya, and Dhrishtaketu. He was the commander-in-chief of the Pandava army during the entire Kurukshetra War i.e. for 18 days. Dhrishtadyumna killed Drona, the royal guru, when he was meditating which was against the rules of engagement.
Dhritrashtra
In the epic
Dhrishtaketu of Chedi
Dhrishtaketu of Kekeya
Dhrishtaketu was the ruler of Kekeya, and his wife was Shrutakirti, a Yadava who was the daughter of Shurasena. Many of Dhrishtaketu's sons participated in the Kurukshetra War, participating on both sides. Vrihadkshatra and Chekitana were two of his notable sons. Dhrishtaketu's daughter Bhadra was married to Krishna, who bore him many sons.
Draupadi
Draupadi also referred to as Panchalī, is the most important female and one of the most important characters in
Drona
In the epic
Drupada
Drupada was the son of King Prishata. He was the king of the land of Southern
Durmasena
Durmasena was the son of Dushasana. He helped his father many times in the Kurukshetra war. He was also present inside the Chakra Vyuha on the thirteenth day of the war. He was deprived of his chariot by Abhimanyu and saved by Ashwatthama by cutting Abhimanyu's arrow in mid air. After that, Durmasena killed brutally injured Abhimanyu in a mace duel. On 14th day, Durmasena was brutally killed by Draupadi's sons, the Upapandavas, in revenge for Abhimanyu.
Duryodhana
Duryodhana also is known as Suyodhana, is a major antagonist in Mahabharata and was the eldest of the
Duryodhana's wife (Bhanumati)
Duryodhana's wife—named Bhanumati in later retelling—is a minor character is in
Durga
Goddess Durga is also mentioned in the Mahabharata. In Virata Parva and Bhishma Parva of the epic, she was eulogized by Yudhishthira and Arjuna.[33][34]
Dushala
Dushala was the daughter of
Dushasana
Dushasana was a
Dushyanta
Dushyanta was an ancestor of Shantanu and a king of Hastinapura. He was the husband of Shakuntala and the father of the Emperor Bharata.
E
Ekalavya
Ekalavya (English: एकलव्य, ékalavya) is a character from the epic the Mahābhārata. He was a young prince of the Nishadha, a confederation of jungle tribes (Adivasi) in Ancient India.
G
Gandhari
Gandhari is one of the prominent characters in the
Gandhari's maid
The chief maid of Gandhari—named Sughada in later retelling—was the mother of Yuyutsu. When Gandhari was pregnant for more than nine months, Dhritrashtra, in fear that there would be no heir, impregnated the maid. Later Gandhari gave birth to the 100 Kauravas and Sughada gave birth to Yuyutsu.
Ganesha
Ganesha is the god of beginnings. He is the son of Shiva and Parvati. The epic poem Mahabharata says that the sage Vyasa asked him to serve as his scribe to transcribe the poem as he dictated it to him. Ganesha agreed but only on the condition that Vyasa recites the poem uninterrupted, that is, without pausing. The sage agreed but found that to get any rest he needed to recite very complex passages so Ganesha would have to ask for clarifications.[note 2]
Ganga
In the Mahabharata, Ganga was the first wife of Shantanu, and the mother of heroic warrior-patriarch, Bhishma. When she met Shantanu for the first time, Shantanu asked her to become his wife. She agreed on the condition that he would not ask her a single question. Later, she gave birth to 8 children, who were Vasus reborn as mortals due to a curse. Ganga drowned her seven sons as the Vasus requested her to do so. However, Shantanu stopped her from drowning their eighth son, who was Bhishma, and asked her questions. Ganga's condition was broken and she left Shantanu. However, she promised him to return his son. When Bhishma is mortally wounded in the Kurukshetra War, Ganga came out of the water in human form and wept uncontrollably over his body.
Ghatotkacha
Ghatotkacha was the son of the Pandava Bhima and Hidimbi. His name comes from the fact that his head was hairless (utkaca) and shaped like a ghatam. He died in Kurukshetra War in the hands of Karna.
Ghritachi
Ghritachi is one of the prominent Apsara. In the Mahabharata, she appeared in Adi Parva. According to the story, she was bathing in a river. Bharadvaja was passing by, then he saw her. He was filled with desire and discharged his seed. It fell into a pot and Drona was born.
H
Hanuman
Unlike Ramayana, lord Hanuman does not have a large role in Mahabharata. He appears during the exile of Pandavas. In the story, Bhima, Hanuman's celestial brother, performed a penance to gain more strength. Hanuman wanted to test Bhima and appeared as a normal monkey in front of him. The monkey asked Bhima to lift his tail if he believed in his strength. But, Bhima was not able to lift the tail. Later, he realised who the monkey was and apologized.[35] Hanuman taught battle-skills to Bheema for some time.
Hayagriva
Hayagriva was a horse headed avatar of Vishnu. He incarnated to slay the demons named Madhu and Kaitabha and brings the Vedas to Brahma.[36]
Hidimb
Hidimba was a Rakshasa and the brother of Hidimbi. He was killed by Bhima, who later married his sister.
Hidimbi
Hiḍimbī or Hiḍimbā was a Rakshasi in the Mahābhārata. Hidimbi, along with her brother, Hidimba, tried to eat the Pandavas, when they entered their forest. But when she met Bhima, she fell in love with him and told them the plan. After Bhima killed Hidimba, Hidimbi married Bhima and gave birth to Ghatotkacha.
I
Ila
Ila or Ilā was a character from Mahabharata who could change his/her gender. As a woman, she married Budha, son of Chandra, and had a son named Pururavas. Pururavas's descendants founded the lunar dynasty.
Indra
In the epic, Indra appears numerous times. He is son of Kashyapa and Aditi. He is the spiritual father of Arjuna. He was the reason for the separation of Urvashi and Pururavas. During his temporary absence, Nahusha took his place as the king. He is called by Kunti after Dharmaraj and Vayu. Later in the epic, he is shown protecting Takshaka's forest from Arjuna. The Pandavas named their capital, Indraprastha, after him. During the exile of Pandavas, Arjuna came to meet him. During the Kurukshetra war, he took the indestructible armor and earrings from Karna and gave him a powerful weapon. These were some of his appearances in the epic.
Iravan
Iravan also is known as Aravan and Iravat[37] is a minor character in Mahabharata. He was a son of Pandava prince Arjuna (one of the main heroes of the Mahabharata) and the Naga princess Ulupi, Iravan is the central deity of the cult of Kuttantavar which is also the name commonly given to him in that cult—and plays a major role in the cult of Draupadi. Iravan played a huge role in the Kurukshetra War. On the 7th day, he massacred the Kaurava army and killed many brothers of Shakuni. However, on the 8th day, in a battle of many illusions and magical powers, Iravan is beheaded by the demon Alambusha.
J
Jambavati
Jambavati is second of the Ashtabharya, the eight principal queen-consorts of Krishna. She was the only daughter of the bear-king Jambavan. Krishna married her, when he defeated Jambavan to retrieve the stolen Syamantaka jewel.[38]
Janamejaya
Janamejaya was a Kuru king and a descendant of
Janapadi
Janapadi is an
Jara
Jara was a demoness. When King Brihadratha's queen threw away their half-born child, Jara joined the two halves. The child was named Jarasandha.
Jarasandha
According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Jarasandha was a powerful king of Magadha. He was a descendant of a king Brihadratha, the creator of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha. He was killed by second Pandava Bhima.
Jaratkaru
Jaratkaru was a sage who wandered all over the earth and remained unmarried. He encountered his ancestors who hung upside down, leading to hell for he did not have any son. This led to his marriage with the snake goddess, Manasa. They gave birth to Astika who saved the snakes from being burnt during the snake sacrifice.
Jatasura
According to the Vana Parva of Mahabharata, Jatasura was a demon. He attacked the Pandavas in there exile. Then Bhima killed him.
Jayadratha
Jayadratha was King of Sindhu Kingdom. He was the son of King Vridhakshtra. He was married to
Jayatsena
Jayatsena is the son of
K
Kadru
Kadru was the daughter of
Kaalvakra
He was the most loyal companion, commander-in-chief and main bodyguard of Kamsa. He was always appreciated by Kamsa. He was also cruel like Kamsa. When Krishna was killing Kamsa, Balarama killed him by beating him and cutting his head with hands.
Kalaratri
Kalaratri is the seventh among the Navadurgas. She is stated in Sauptika Parva. When she appears to the Pandava soldiers in dreams, she appears amidst the fighting during an attack by Drona's son Ashwatthama.[39]
Kalki
Kalki is the final incarnation of the preserver deity, Vishnu. He is stated in Vana Parva of the epic, to incarnate at the end of the Kali Yuga and protect dharma, by destroying the sinners and Mlecchas.[40][41]
Kacha
Kacha's story is mentioned in Mahabharata's Adi Parva. He was the son of Brihaspati and Tara. He was sent by Devas to Sukracharya's ashram to learn about Mrita Sanjeevani mantra. Sukra's daughter Devyani fell in love with him. However, Kacha later refused to marry her.[42]
Kamsa
Kamsa or Kamsa was the tyrant ruler of the
who later slew Kamsa.Kanika
Kanika was a sage of
Karenumati
Karenumati was the daughter of
and begot him a son, Niramitra. Niramitra succeeded his father Nakula to the throne of the Northern Madra Kingdom.Karna
In the epic, Karna is one of the main protagonists, he was the spiritual son of Surya (the Sun deity) and son of princess Kunti (later the Pandu's queen). He was raised by foster Suta parents named Radha and Adhiratha. Adhiratha was the charioteer and poet profession working for king Dhritarashtra. Karna grows up to be an accomplished warrior, a gifted speaker and becomes a loyal friend of Duryodhana.[44] He is appointed the king of Anga (Bengal) by Duryodhana. Karna joined the Duryodhana's side in the Kurukshetra War and defeated many warriors like Bhima, Yudhishthira, Nakula, Sahadeva, Bhagadatta, Jarasandha, Ghatotkacha. He was Maharatha (an equal to more than 5 maharathi). Karna fought valiantly after the fall of Bhishma, and killed various worriers on the Pandava side, he was born with a natural armour and earrings, though he was loved by the Pandavas towards the end of his life, he was killed by Arjuna on the 17th day of fighting when his wheel was stuck in the mud. Karna had only one curse in during his lifetime, he was the one who criticized the disrobing of Draupadi despite her calling him a charioteer's son. Karna was also considered an exemplary devotional and donated his things to needy people.
Karna's adoptive brothers
Karna's wives
In the original Mahabharata, there are some mentions of Karna's wife. Her name is not revealed, though it is described that she belonged to Suta (charioteer) community.[45] The names and stories appear in later texts and interpolation.
Kauravas
Kauravas were the 102 sons of Dhritarashtra. Out of which, 101 were his legitimate children from his wife
- Dushala
Kauravya
He was the father of Ulupi and grandfather of Iravan. His wife was Vishvahini.
Kichaka
Kichaka was the general of the Mastya kingdom. He was the brother of Sudeshna, queen of Matsya. He was very powerful and feared by Virata and the citizens of the kingdom. He was killed by Bhima when he tried to force himself on Draupadi.
Kirmira
Kirmira was a demon and younger brother of demons
for a fight as Bhima killed his brother Baka. After a tough fight, Bhima beheaded Kirmira.Kratha
Kratha is the Kshatriya king and the reincarnation of Rahu. He fought the side of Kauravas and killed by a Kulinda king during Kurukshetra war.[46]
Kripa
Kripa was the son of Śaradvān and Jānapadī, born in a particularly extraordinary manner. He was the grandson of
Kripi
Kripi was the sister of
Krishna
Krishna is a Hindu deity. He is also a major character in epic Mahabharata. He was an eighth avatar of Vishnu. He was born to Devaki and her husband, Vasudeva of the Yadava clan in Mathura. During the Kurukshetra War, he became strategist of Padavas and charioteer of Arjuna. At the start of the Dharma Yudhha (righteous war) between Pandavas and Kauravas, Arjuna is filled with moral dilemma and despair about the violence and death the war will cause in the battle against his own kin. He wonders if he should renounce and seeks Krishna's counsel, whose answers and discourse constitute the Bhagavad Gita. Krishna counsels Arjuna to "fulfill his Kshatriya (warrior) duty to uphold the Dharma" through "selfless action".
Kritavarma
Kritavarma was one of the Yadava warriors and chieftain, and a contemporary of Krishna. During Kuruksetra war, Kritavarma fought for Kauravas along with Krishna's Narayani sena and was one of survivors of the war.
Kunti-Bhoja
In Mahabharata, Kunti-Bhoja (or Kuntibhoja) was the adoptive father of Kunti and cousin of Shurasena. He was the ruler of the Kunti Kingdom. Kunti was a daughter of King Shurasena but was later given to Kuntibhoja since he was devoid of children.[47] Kuntibhoja raised her as his own daughter and loved her.[48] She was very beautiful and intelligent and later married Pandu.[49] When Kunti was a young girl, the sage Durvasa visited Kuntibhoja one day and sought his hospitality. The king entrusted the sage to Kunti's care and tasked Kunti with the responsibility of serving the sage and meeting all his needs during his stay with them.[50] Eventually, the sage was gratified. Before departing, he rewarded Kunti by teaching her Atharvaveda mantras which enabled her to invoke any god of her choice to beget children by them.[51] His son Visharada succeeded him who was killed by Duryodhana on the eighth day.
Kunti
Kunti or Pritha was the daughter of
Kuru
Kuru is the name of the ancestor of the clan of the Kurus in the Mahabharata. He was the son of Samvarana and of Tapati, the daughter of the Sun.[52]
In the literature, Kuru is an ancestor of
King Kuru had two wives named Shubhangi and Vahini. He had a son named Viduratha with Shubhangi, and five sons with Vahini, named Ashvavat, Abhishyat, Citraratha, Muni, and Janamejaya.[54][55] Due to his merits and great ascetic practices the region "Kurujangal" was named after him. It has also been known as Kurukshetra since ancient Vedic times.[56]
L
Lakshmana Kumara
In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Laxman Kumara or simply Laxman (Lakshman(a)) is the son of Duryodhana, and grandson of Dhritarashtra. He had a twin sister called Lakshmanaa who was kidnapped by Samba (Krishna's son). Not much is revealed about Laxman in the Mahabharata, He was beheaded by Abhimanyu.
Lakshmanaa
In the Bhagavata Purana, Lakshmanaa (also spelled Laxmanaa or Lakshmanā), also known as Lakshana, is the daughter of Duryodhana. Little is revealed about Laxmanaa in the text other than her marriage to Krishna's son Samba.
M
Madanjaya
He was Prime Minister of Kuru Kingdom before Vidura. When Bhishma gave his post to Vidura, he tried to kill Vidura but he fought and was beheaded by Bhishma.
Madranjaya
He was eldest son of Shalya and Avantini who was killed on second day of war by Virata.
Madrasena
He was younger brother of Shalya and elder brother of Madri. He was uncle of Nakula and Sahadeva. He was unmarried and was killed by Yudhishthira along with Shalya on the last day of war.
Madri
In the Mahabharata epic, Madri, was sister of Shalya, princess of the Madra Kingdom, second wife of Pandu and the mother of two sons: Nakula and Sahadeva.[57][58] One day, Pandu and Madri made love; this led Pandu to die due to his curse and Madri to commit suicide.
Malini
She was maid of Draupadi married to a Kshatriya soldier Pralanksena. Her son Nakusha was Bodyguard of Drupada. Her husband and son were killed by Drona before Drupada's death on the 15th day of war.
Manasa
In the Mahabharata,
Manimat
Manimat or Maniman is the king who was the rebirth of Vritra, the son of Danayu. He fought the side of Pandavas and killed by Bhurishravas in the Kurukshetra war.[60]
Marisha
Markandeya
Markandeya was blessed by Shiva to remain young till the end of Kali Yuga. In the Mahabharat, Markandeya visits the Pandavas during their exile and tells them the story of Nala and Damayanti, Savitri and Satyavan, etc.
Meghavarna
He was the son of
. He was the brother of Anjanaparvana. He did not fight the War, and hence, was the only alive son of Ghatotkacha.Menaka
Menaka was a beautiful apsara. She was sent by Indra to fill Vishwamitra with lust and destroy his penance. Upon seeing her, Vishwamitra was filled with desire and from their union, Shakuntala, mother of great king Bharat, was born. Menaka left Shakuntala and Vishwamitra again started to meditate. Shakuntala was left with sage Kanva.
Muchukunda
Muchukunda, son of
N
Nala
Nala is the main character of a love story in the Vana Parva of Mahabharata. He was king of Nishada. He fell in love with Damayanti and married her. But they struggled a lot after their marriage. His story is set long before the Kurukshetra war.
Nahusha
Nahusha was a king from lunar dynasty and an ancestor of Shantanu. He was the son Ayu and Prabha. He was equal to Indra in every way and was made the ruler of Swarga in Indra's absence. He married Ashokasundari/Viraja, the daughter of Devi Parvati and Shiva, and had a son named Yayati. He was removed from his position as the king because of his arrogance and cursed to a snake. His curse was over when he met Yudhishthira in a forest.
Nakula
Nakula was fourth of the five
Nand
Nand was the head of the Gopas tribe of Yadava cowherds referred as Holy Gwals. He was a friend of Vasudev, spouse of Yashoda and the foster father of Krishna.
Narakasura
Narakasura was the son of
Niramitra
In the
P
Padmavati
Padmavati is the goddess who mentioned in Tantras.[68] She also mentioned in Shalya Parva of the epic, as one of the followers of Kartikeya.[18]
Parashara
Parashara was a sage. He was the grandson of
married Shantanu, she had an affair with Parashara. During that time, she was known as Matsyagandha. Later they had a child named Vyasa. However they parted away but before leaving, Parashara restored Matsyagandha's virginity and gave her an enchanting scent.Parashuram
Parashuram is the
Parikshit
Parikshit was a king from kuru lineage. He was the son of
Pandu
Pandu was the king of Hastinapur, the son of Ambalika and Vichitravirya. He is popularly known as the father of the Pandavas, who were called so after him. Pandu was responsible and a great warrior, who expanded his kingdom during his rule. He had two wives named Kunti and Madri. He died early due to a curse of a sage.
Pandya
He is the king of Pandya Kingdom. He came to help the Pandavas with an army and also an maharathi on the side of Pandavas.
Paurava
Paurava is a king and the rebirth of Asura Sarabha. He fought the side of Kauravas and killed by Arjuna during Kurukshetra war.
Prabha
Prabha, sometimes Indumati, was the daughter of Asura
.Pradyumna
Pradyumna was the son of
Pratipa
Pratipa was a king in the Mahabharata, who was the father of Shantanu and grandfather of Bhishma.[71]
Prativindhya
Prativindhya was the son of
Prishati
Prishati (lit. daughter-in-law of Prishata) was the wife of King
Purochana
Purochana was the builder of the
Pururavas
Pururavas was the first king from the lunar dynasty. He was the son of Budha and Ila. He married Urvashi but she left him. He was succeeded by his son, Ayu.[citation needed]
R
Radha
Radha was the
Revati
In Mahabharata, Revati was daughter of King Kakudmi and consort of Balarama, the elder brother of Krishna.
Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)
She was the wife of
Rochamana
Rochamana was Kshatriya king of Aswamedha kingdom. He was a warrior on the side of Pandavas and killed by Karna in the Kurukshetra war.
Rukmi
Rukmi was the ruler of Vidarbha. He was the son of king Bhishmaka and elder brother of Rukmini.
Rukmini
Rukmini was the first and chief queen consort of Krishna. She was an avatar of goddess Lakshmi. She was the daughter of king Bhishmaka, sister of Rukmi and the princess of Vidarbha.
Ruru
Ruru was a rishi(sage) of the epic Mahabharata. He was the son of Pramati and Ghritachi, the celestial dancer and a descendant of Bhrigu. Ruru married Pramadvara, foster-daughter of sage Sthulakesha. He was the father of Sunaka.
S
Sahadeva
Sahadeva was the youngest of the five Pandava brothers. Nakula and Sahadev were twins born to Madri who had invoked the Ashvins. Sahadeva had two wives, Draupadi and Vijaya. Draupadi was the common wife of Pandavas, while Vijaya was the beloved wife of Sahadeva. Similar to his twin brother Nakula, Sahadeva was also accomplished in swordsmanship. On the 18th of war, Sahadeva had killed Shakuni who was mainly responsible for the Kurukshetra War.
Sahadeva of Magadha
Sahadeva was the son of powerful king Jarasandha. When Bhima slew his father, Krishna declared him to be the new ruler of Magadha. Sahadeva is a frequent ally of the Pandavas, and attended the rajasuya of Yudhishthira. During the Kurukshetra War, he fought on the side of Pandavas, and was slain by Shakuni.
Sakradeva
He was son of King Srutayudha and Queen Sakrayani of Kalinga. He was the yuvaraja (crown prince) of Kalinga. He was killed by Bhima on the second day of war along with many soldiers, and two generals, Satya and Satyadeva.
Samba
Samba is the mischievous son of
Samudrasena
Samudrasena is a king. Once, Bhima defeated Samudrasena and his son, Chandrasena, during his war of conquest. In the Kurukshetra War, he fought on the side of the Pandavas and was killed by the Kaurava army.[75]
Shamika
Shamika is a sage featured in the epic. One day, while hunting, Parikshit had wounded a deer, but lost it in the woods. Searching for it, fatigued, he asked the meditating Shamika about the deer. The sage did not answer as he was observing the vow of silence. This angered the king, who placed a dead snake on Shamika's shoulder. Sringin, the son of Shamika, enraged by this act, cursed Parikshit to be killed by Takshaka (snake) within seven days.
Samvarana
Samvarana was a king from the Lunar dynasty and an ancestor of Shantanu. He married
Sanjaya
Sanjaya was Dhritarashtra's advisor and also his charioteer. Sanjaya was a disciple of the sage Vyasa and was immensely devoted to his master, King Dhritarashtra. Sanjaya – who has the gift of seeing events at a distance (divya-drishti) right in front of him, granted by the sage Vyasa – narrates to Dhritarashtra the action in the climactic battle of Kurukshetra, which includes the Bhagavad Gita.
Sarama
Sarama, according to the Mahabharata, is a celestial female dog. Janamejaya and his brothers beat one of her sons without any reason when the dog arrives at an occasion of sacrifice. This angers Sarama, and she curses the princes and Janamejaya that evil may happen to them.
Satrajit
Featured in the Mahabharata and the Bhagavata Purana, Satrajit was a Yadava king who was a great devotee of Surya, the Sun god. He is famous for his role in the story of Syamantaka gem. He was the father of Satyabhama, who became Krishna's third wife.[76][77]
Satyabhama
Satyabhama is the third consort of Krishna. She is believed to be an avatar of Bhumi, the goddess of the Earth. According to some traditions, she is regarded to have aided Krishna in defeating the demon Narakasura. She visited the Pandavas during their exile and had a conversation with Draupadi.
Satyajit
Satyajit was the brother of King Drupada and brother-in-law of Queen Prishati and the younger paternal uncle of Shikhandini/Shikhandi, Dhrishtadyumna, and Draupadi. Not much is written about him in the epic, but he acted as a regent while his brother, the king, was away for some time for summoning the sages Yaja and Upayaja for a powerful penance to beget children.
Satyaki
Yyudhana, also known as Satyaki, was a powerful warrior belonging to the Vrishni clan of the Yadavas, to which Krishna also belonged. Satyaki was also a student of Arjuna, due to which he fought on the Pandavas's side.
Satyavati
Satyavati is a matriarch of the Kuru dynasty in the Mahabharata. She was a fisherwoman before her marriage with Shantanu. She, along with her father, Dasharaja, proposed the conditions that led Bhishma to take his vow of celibacy. Married to Shantanu, she became the mother of Chitrangada and Vichitravirya. She is also the mother of the Vyasa, the author of the epic, whom she called to engage in niyoga when Vichitravirya died without leaving an heir.
Savitri and Satyavan
In the Mahabharata, Savitri and Satyavan are characters appearing in the Vana Parva of the epic. Savitri is a princess born by the boon of Savitr. Described to be wise and beautiful, she fell in love with and married Satyavan, a prince who was destined to die at a very young age. The latter part of the story describes Savitri's love, and her wit, which saves her husband from Yama, the god of death.
Senavindu, also called as Senabindu, is a king and the rebirth of the asura Tuhunda. Arjuna twice defeated this king during his digvijaya. He is stated by Drupada as one of the kings who could be summoned to the cause of the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War. He was killed by the Kauravas in the war.
Shakuni
Shakuni was the prince of
Shakuntala
Shakuntala was the wife of
Shalva
Shalva was the king of the Shalva kingdom. He and Amba, the princess of Kashi, fell in love, and Amba decided to choose him during her svayamvara. However, Bhishma won the princesses for his brother Vichitravirya. When Amba told Bhishma about her love, he sent her with honour to Shalva. But Shalva rejected her and told her that he would not be able marry her as she had been won by Bhishma.
Shalya
In the epic
Shankha
Shankha was third son of King Virata. He was killed by Bhishma on the very first day of the war.
Shantanu
Shantanu was a
.Sharmishtha
Sharmishtha was an asura princess and a spouse of Yayati, an ancestor of Shantanu.
Shatanika
Shatanika was the son of Nakula and Draupadi. He was the third brother among the Upapandavas.
Shaunaka
Shaunaka headed the sages during their conclave at his twelve-year sacrifice, where Ugrashravas Sauti recited the Mahabharata.
Shikhandi
Shikhandi was born as a girl named Shikhandini, to
Shishupala
Shishupala was the son of Damaghosha. He was slain by his cousin Krishna, at the great coronation ceremony of Yudhishthira as punishment for his exceeding insults against the deity. He was also called Chaidya, being a member of the Chedi kingdom.
Shrutakarma
Shrutakarma was the son of Arjuna and Draupadi. He was the youngest brother among the Upapandavas.
Shrutasena
Shrutasena was the son of Sahadeva and Draupadi. He was the fourth brother among Upapandavas.
Shukra
Shukra is the son of sage Bhrigu and his wife Kavyamata. After the devas killed his mother (who was later revived), Shukra developed a deep hatred towards the devas and became the guru of the asuras. He had a daughter named Devayani, who was married to the king Yayati. But Yayati had an affair with Devayani's maid, Sharmishtha. This led Shukra to curse Yayati to lose his youth.
Shveta
He was the second son of Virata, also called Shvetavarman. He was killed on the first day of the war by Shalya.
Shvetaki
Shvetaki was a king who performed numerous yajnas. He is the reason of the destruction of the Khandava forest (Khandava Dahana).[78]
Sons of Karna
Karna's sons were
Sons of Shalya
Shalya and Avantini's three sons were Madranjaya, Rukmanagada, and Rukmanaratha. Madranjaya was the eldest than other two with a gap of 10 years. Rukmanagada and Rukmanaratha were twins. Madranjaya was killed on 2nd day of war by Virata and other two were killed by Abhimanyu inside the chakravyuha on 13th day.
Sons of Shishupala
The four sons of
Shreniman
Shreniman was a king. He ruled the Kumaradesa. Nakula defeated him during his digvijaya. In the Kurukshetra War, he fought on the side of the Pandavas and was killed by Drona.
Subala
Subhadra
In the epic, she is the sister of
Sudakshina
Sudakshina was a king of the Kambojas, and fought on the side of the Kauravas in the Kurukshetra War.
Sudeshna
Sudeshna was the wife of King Virata, at whose court the Pandavas spent a year in concealment during their exile. She was the mother of
Sunaka
Sunaka was the son of Sage Ruru and Pramadvara. This royal sage was a member of Yudhishthira's assembly. He received a sword from King Harivamsha and presented it to the king Ushinara.[79][80]
Surya
Surya is the god of the Sun. He is a son of
Susharma
Susharma was the king of the Trigarta Kingdom. He supported the Kauravas in the war. He was a friend of Duryodhana. He was killed by Arjuna on the fourteenth day of the war.
Sutasoma
Sutasoma was the son of Bhima and Draupadi. He was the second brother among the Upapandavas.
Svaha
Svaha is the daughter of Prajapati
T
Takshaka
Takshaka was the king of nagas. He lived in a city named Takshasila, which was the new territory of Takshaka after his race was banished by Pandavas led by Arjuna from the Khandava Forest and Kurukshetra, where they built their new kingdom. Because of this, he made a fierce rivalry with Arjuna. During the Kurukshetra war, he sat on an arrow of Karna which was shot at Arjuna. However Krishna saved Arjuna. After his failure, Takshaka vowed to end Arjuna's lineage. After the Pandavas and Draupadi left for heaven, Takshaka killed Parikshit.
Tapati
Tapati is a river goddess. She is daughter of
Tilottama
In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Tilottama is described to have been created by the divine architect
Tara
Tara is the goddess of felicity. She is spouse of Brihaspati, a guru of gods and mother of Kacha. Brihaspati often ignored Tara and she started to have an affair with Chandra, the moon god and eloped with him. From their union, Budha was born, whose son, Pururavas, founded the lunar dynasty.
U
Usha
Uṣā or Usha was daughter of Banasura, powerful king of Sonitpur and a devotee of Shiva. Later Usha was married to Aniruddha, grandson of Krishna.[81]
Ugrasena
Ugrasena (
Ugrashravas Sauti
Ugrashravas Sauti was the son of Lomaharsana. He was the Lomaharshana. He was a disciple of
Uluka
Uluka was eldest son of
Ulupi
Ulupi was daughter of Kauravya, the
.Urvashi
Urvashi was a celestial maiden in Indra's court and was considered the most beautiful of all the Apsaras. She was the consort of Pururavas, an ancestor of Pandavas and Kauravas. Later she left him and returned to heaven.[citation needed] When Arjuna came to heaven to meet Indra, she fell in love with him. But Arjuna refused her as he thought her as his mother.
Uttamaujas
In the epic
Uttanka
In the Mahabharata, Uttanka is described as the disciple of the sage
Uttara
Uttara or Uttara Kumara was the prince of
Uttarā
Uttarā was the daughter of King
V
Vajra
He was the son of Aniruddha. Vajra was crowned as the King of Indraprastha on the request of Krishna by the Pandavas after the Yadava fratricide just before the Pandavas' exile.
Vajranabh
Vajra in the Vayu Purana and the Harivamsa, described as the son of Bhanu, the eldest son of Krishna and Satyabhama. He had a sister named Bhanusammati.
Valandhara
Valandhara was the princess of the
Vapusthama
Vapusthama was the princess of
Varaha
Varaha is the boar-incarnation of Vishnu. He is stated in Vana Parva of the epic, when he rescued Bhumi during the Mahapralaya (great-flood).[83]
Vasudeva
Vasudeva the father of the Hindu deities Krishna, Balarama and Subhadra. He was a member of Vrishnis and a Yadava. He was the son-in-law of the Yadava king Shurasena. His sister Kunti was married to Pandu.
Vasundhara
She was the queen of Manipura and the mother of Chitrangada. She was also the grandmother of Babruvahana. Her husband was King Chitravahana.
Vayu
Vayu deva is the god of wind. He is son of Aditi and Kashyapa. In the epic, he is the spiritual father of Hanuman and the Pandava, Bhima. He was the second god called by Kunti after her marriage using a mantra as her husband could not conceive due to a curse.
Veerabhadra
Veerabhadra was the fierce god who incarnated from Shiva to destroy Daksha's yajna. He is also stated in Shanti Parva of the epic Mahabharata.[17]
Vichitravirya
Vichitravirya (Sanskrit: विचित्रवीर्य, vicitravīrya) was a king and the younger son of queen Satyavati and king Shantanu and grandfather of the Pandavas and Kauravas.
Vidura
In the epic
Vidura's wife (Sulabha)
The wife of
Vijaya
In the
Vijayasiddhasena
Vijayasiddhasena "(In Sanskrit विजयसिद्धसेन) According to Mahabharata 1988 – 1990 TV Series, Vijay Siddha Sen was Barbarika's GURU. Barbarika is not mentioned in Mahabharata. But the story of Barbatika is mentioned in Skanda Purana
Vikarna
Vikarna was third
Vinata
Vinata, was the mother of
Vinda and Anuvinda
Vinda and Anuvinda were brothers, and the two kings of
Viraja
In the Harivamsa, (an appendix of Mahabharata), the spouse of Nahusha is mentioned to be Viraja, the daughter of Pitrs.[87] Later, she was replaced by Ashokasundari, the daughter of goddess Parvati and Shiva.
Virata
In the epic, Virata was the king of
Vishoka
Vishoka was the charioteer of Pandava Bhima during the Kurukshetra War.
Vrihanta
Vrihanta was king of the Ulukas. His name appears at several places in the Mahabharata.
Vridhakshtra
He was former king of Singhu Kingdom. He was father of Jayadratha and Vijayadratha. He later became a rishi. When Arjuna beheaded his son Jayadratha, his head came on his lap while he was doing tapa and when he stood up and Jayadratha's head blasted, killing Vridhakshtra.
Vrishaketu
Vrishaketu is a figure in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata. He was the youngest and only surviving son of Karna and Arjuna teaches him many more skills of great warrior. Later, he becomes King of Anga.
Vrishasena
Vrishasena was the son of Karna and Vrishali. With his father, he entered battle field on the 11th day of Kurukshetra war and fought for Kauravas. He was killed by the pandavas, his uncles to avenge abhimanyu's death,who later blessed him on his deathbed.
Vyasa
Vyasa was the author of epic Mahabharata. According to the Mahabharata, the sage Vyasa was the son of Satyavati and Parashara. He was also the surrogate father of Dhritarashtra, Pandu and Vidura. They were born through Niyoga. Later, he helped in birth of 101 children of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari. He also helped the Pandavas many times.
Y
Yama
In the epic, the death god Yama—often identified with the god Dharma—is the spiritual father of Yudhishthira. He was the first god invoked by Kunti after her marriage using a mantra as her husband could not conceive. Yama also appeared in the tale of Savitri and Satyavan. In the story, he tried to take Satyavan's soul during his predestined time of death, but Savitri was able to persuade the deity to let her husband live. Dharma, later in the epic, appears testing Yudhishthira by taking form of a yaksha. When the Pandavas and Draupadi departed to heaven, he accompanied them by taking the form of a dog and was the only survivor left, along with Yudhishthira. In the end, he showed his true form to Yudhishthira.
Yamuna
Yamuna or Yami is a river goddess. She is the daughter of
Yashoda
Yashoda is the wife of Nanda (head of Gokulam) and the foster-mother of Krishna and Balarama. Krishna and Balarama spent their childhood with Yashoda and Nanda, and the couple took care of them. Her daughter, who was Vishnu's Yogamaya, was swapped by Vasudeva with Krishna during the birth of the deity.
Yaudheya
Yaudheya was the son of Yudhishthira and Devika, and the grandson of Govasena, who was the king of Sivi Kingdom. Yaudheya succeeded his grandfather after his death in the Kurukshetra War.
According to the
Yayati
Yayati was an ancestor of Shantanu and the son of king Nahusha and Ashokasundari, the daughter of goddess Parvati. He had two wives, Devayani and Sharmishtha.
Yogamaya
Yogamaya or Vindhyavasini is a goddess who is the personified divine energy of the deity Vishnu. She was the daughter of
Yudhishthira
Yudhishthira was the first among the five
Yuyutsu
Yuyutsu was the illegitimate son of
Notes
References
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- ^ Chib, Sukhdev Singh (1980). Bihar. p. 4.
- ^ a b Chakravarti 2007.
- ^ The Mahabharata. Vol. Book 1. pp. 434–447.
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- ^ Mentor, Shopping (2017-05-10). "Revenge of Amba, Ambika & Ambalika". Indian Mythology. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
- ^ Law, B.C. (1973). Tribes in Ancient India, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, p.105
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- ^ "Arjuna's Many Names". The Hindu. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 2020-06-21.
- ^ Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. Volume II M-Z. Benjamin Walker. Routledge. 2019. Entry: "Pandava"
- ^ Mani 1975, p. 96.
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- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva Index". Internet Sacred Text Archive.
- ^ a b "The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Mokshadharma Parva: Section CCLXXXIV". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
- ^ a b "The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 46". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
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- ^ See epic referential link: [1].
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- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Pandava-Pravesa Parva: Section VI". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XXIII". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
- ^ Chandrakant, Kamala (1980). Bheema and Hanuman. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. 1–32.
- ^ "Hayagriva in Mahabharata, Book 12". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ^ Sörensen (1902) p. 345 indexes the name as Irāvat.
- ^ "Chapter 56: The Syamantaka Jewel". Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Śrīmad Bhāgavatam. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 8". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXXXIX". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXL". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
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- ^ Pratap Chandra Roy Mahabharata, Sambhava Parva and Jatugriha Parva, Pages 335–338
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- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-13729-5.
- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2017-10-16). "Kratha, Krātha: 11 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
- ^ "Kunti". www.mythfolklore.net.
- ^ First Book Adi Parva Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa and Kisari Mohan Ganguli by Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa. Page 272.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXII". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
- ^ "The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Vana Parva, Section CCCI".
- ^ "The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Adi Parva, Section CXI".
- ^ Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford, 1899), p. 294.1
- ^ Monier Williams (1899), S. 294.1
- ^ Mbhr. 1.89.44 and 1.90.40 (Pune Critical Edition 1971)
- ^ J.A.B. van Buitenen, Mahabharata Book 1, Chicago 1973, pp. 212–214
- ^ M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao, Bharatavarshiya Prachin Charitrakosha (Dictionary of Ancient Indian Biography, in Hindi) Pune 1964, p. 151
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- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2017-01-21). "Maniman, Maṇimān, Maṇiman: 4 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
- ^ "During the Mahabharata age the region around Mathura was ruled by the yadava dynasty." The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies, By Institute of Historical Studies (Calcutta, India), Published by Institute of Historical, Studies., 1983, Item notes: v.22, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 29 Aug 2008
- ^ "Surasena or shoorsaini was a Yadava. One of his descendants could, therefore, call himself a Yadava or a Surasena as he liked..." Chauhān Dynasties: A Study of Chauhān Political History, Chauhān Political Institutions, and Life in the Chauhān Dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D., By Dasharatha Sharma, pp 103, Published by Motilal Banarsidass, 1975
- ISBN 978-81-288-1228-6
- ^ "As Bhadanaka-desa was almost coterminous with Surasena janapada, we may designate the Apabhramsa of the area as Apabhramsa..." Early Chauhān Dynasties: A Study of Chauhān Political History, Chauhān Political Institutions, and Life in the Chauhān Dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D., By Dasharatha Sharma, pp 103, Published by Motilal Banarsidass, 1975
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