Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover
Ernest Augustus | |
---|---|
Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale | |
King of Hanover | |
Reign | 20 June 1837 – 18 November 1851 |
Predecessor | William IV |
Successor | George V |
Born | Buckingham House, London, England, Kingdom of Great Britain | 5 June 1771
Died | 18 November 1851 Hanover | (aged 80)
Burial | 26 November 1851 Herrenhausen Gardens, Hanover |
Spouse | |
Lord Temporal | |
In office 23 April 1799 – 18 November 1851 | |
Military career | |
Allegiance | |
Service/ | Hanover Army British Army |
Years of active service | 1791–1813 |
Rank | Field Marshal (active service) |
Unit | 15th Light Dragoons |
Commands held | |
Battles/wars |
Ernest Augustus (
Ernest was born in
Ernest was an active member of the
Early life (1771–1799)
Ernest Augustus, the fifth son of
In 1790, Ernest asked his father for permission to train with Prussian forces. Instead, in January 1791, he and Prince Adolphus were sent to Hanover to receive military training under the supervision of Field Marshal Wilhelm von Freytag. Before leaving Göttingen, Ernest penned a formal letter of thanks to the university and wrote to his father, "I should be one of the most ungrateful of men if ever I was forgetful of all I owe to Göttingen & its professors."[6]
As a lieutenant,[1] Ernest learned cavalry drill and tactics under Captain von Linsingen of the Queen's Light Dragoons and proved to be an excellent horseman, as well as a good shot.[7] After only two months of training, Freytag was so impressed by the prince's progress that he gave him a place in the cavalry as captain. Ernest was supposed to receive infantry training, but the King, also impressed by his son's prowess, allowed him to remain with the cavalry.[8]
In March 1792, the King commissioned Prince Ernest Augustus as a colonel into the 9th Hanoverian Light Dragoons.
Ernest resumed his duties in early November, by now promoted to major-general.[12] He hoped his new rank would bring him a corps or brigade command, but none was forthcoming as the Allied armies retreated slowly through the Netherlands towards Germany.[13] By February 1795, they had reached Hanover. Ernest remained in Hanover over the next year, holding several unimportant postings. He had requested a return home to seek treatment for his eye, but it was not until early 1796 that the King agreed and allowed Ernest to return to Britain.[14] There, Prince Ernest consulted a notable eye doctor, Wathen Waller, but Waller apparently found his condition inoperable, as no operation took place.[15] Once back in Britain, Ernest repeatedly sought to be allowed to join the British forces on the Continent, even threatening to join the Yeomanry as a private, but both the King and the Duke of York refused him permission. Ernest did not want to rejoin the Hanoverian forces, as they were not then involved in the fighting. In addition, Freytag was seriously ill and Ernest was unwilling to serve under his likely successor, Count von Wallmoden.[16]
Duke of Cumberland
Military commander
On 23 April 1799, George III created Prince Ernest Augustus
In early 1803, the Duke of York appointed Ernest as commander of the Severn District, in charge of the forces in and around the
The
The Duke repeatedly sought a post with Allied forces fighting against France, but was sent to the Continent only as an observer. In 1807, he advocated sending British troops to join the Prussians and Swedes in attacking the French at
Sellis incident and Weymouth controversy
In the early hours of 31 May 1810, Ernest, by his written account, was struck in the head several times while asleep in bed, awakening him. He ran for the door, where he was wounded in the leg by a sabre. He called for help and one of his valets, Cornelius Neale, responded and aided him. Neale raised the alarm and the household soon realised that Ernest's other valet, Joseph Sellis, was not among them and that the door to Sellis's room was locked. The lock was forced and Sellis was discovered with his throat freshly cut, a wound apparently self-inflicted.[29] Ernest received several serious wounds during the apparent attack and required over a month to recover from his injuries.[30] The social reformer and anti-monarchist Francis Place managed to join the inquest jury and became its foreman. Place went to the office of a barrister friend to study inquest law and aggressively questioned witnesses. Place also insisted that the inquest be opened to the public and press, and so cowed the coroner that he basically ran the inquest himself. Nevertheless, the jury returned a unanimous verdict of suicide against Sellis.[31]
Much of the public blamed Ernest for Sellis's death.[33] The more extreme Whig papers, anti-royal pamphleteers, and caricaturists all offered nefarious explanations for Sellis's death, in which the Duke was to blame.[34] Some stories had the Duke cuckolding Sellis, with the attack as retaliation, or Sellis killed for finding Ernest and Mrs. Sellis in bed together.[33] Others suggested that the Duke was the lover of either Sellis or Neale, and that blackmail had played a part in the death.[35] Both Roger Fulford and John Van der Kiste, who wrote books about George III's children, ascribe part of the animus and fear towards the Duke to the fact that he did not conduct love affairs in public, as did his elder brothers. According to them, the public feared what vices might be going on behind the locked doors of the Duke's house and assumed the worst.[36][37]
In early 1813, Ernest was involved in political scandal during an election contest in Weymouth following the general election the previous year. The Duke was shown to be one of three trustees who were able to dictate who would represent Weymouth in Parliament. It being considered improper for a peer to interfere in an election to the House of Commons, there was considerable controversy and the government sent Ernest to Europe as an observer to accompany Hanoverian troops, which were again engaged in war against France.[38] Though he saw no action, Ernest was present at the Battle of Leipzig, a major victory for the Allies.[39] Following this, Ernest received ultimate promotion, to Field Marshal, on 26 November 1813.[1]
Marriage
Ernest met and fell in love in mid-1813 with his first cousin, Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of Prince Frederick William of Solms-Braunfels and widow of Prince Louis of Prussia. The two agreed to wed if Frederica became free to marry. Her marriage to Frederick William had not been a success; her husband, seeing the marriage was beyond hope, agreed to a divorce, but his sudden death in 1814 removed the necessity. Some considered the death too convenient and suspected Frederica of poisoning her husband.[40] Queen Charlotte opposed the marriage: before Frederica had married Frederick William, she had jilted Ernest's younger brother, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, after the engagement was announced.[41]
Following the marriage in Germany on 29 May 1815, Queen Charlotte refused to receive her new daughter-in-law,
At the time of the Duke's marriage in 1815, it seemed to have little dynastic significance to Britain.
Seeing little prospect of the Queen giving in and receiving her daughter-in-law, the Cumberlands moved to Germany in 1818. They had difficulty living within their means in Britain and the cost of living was much lower in Germany.
Politics and unpopularity
In 1826, Parliament finally voted to increase Ernest's allowance. The
In 1828, Ernest was staying with the King at
The Wellington government hoped that Ernest would return to Germany, but he moved his wife and son to Britain in 1829.
Newspapers also reported, in July 1829, that the Duke had been thrown out of
The Duke's influence at court was ended by the death of George IV in June 1830 and the succession of the Duke of Clarence as William IV. Wellington wrote that "the effect of the King's death will ... be to put an end to the Duke of Cumberland's political character and power in this country entirely".
King William again emerged triumphant when the new queen, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, wished to quarter her horses in the stables customarily used by the consort, but which were then occupied by Ernest's horses. Ernest initially refused the King's order to remove the horses, but gave in when told that William's grooms would remove them if Ernest did not move them voluntarily.[68] However, Ernest and William remained friendly throughout the latter's seven-year reign.[69] Ernest's house at Kew was too small for his family; the King gave the Duke and Duchess lifetime residence in a nearby, larger house by the entrance to Kew Gardens.[70] Ernest, who was against the extension of civil and religious liberties,[18] opposed the Reform Act 1832 and was one of the "diehard" peers who voted against the bill on its final reading in which most Tories abstained under threat of seeing the House of Lords flooded with Whig peers.[71] His unpopularity was deepened by the suggestion that he favoured the creation of Orange lodges in the army.[18]
Ernest was the subject of more allegations in 1832, when two young women accused him of trying to ride them down as they walked near
The Duke spent William IV's reign in the House of Lords, where he was assiduous in his attendance. Newspaper editor James Grant wrote that "He is literally—the door-keeper of course excepted—the first man in the House and the last out of it. And this not merely generally, but every night."[73] Grant, in his observations of the leading members of the House of Lords, indicated that the Duke was not noted for his oratory (he delivered no speech longer than five minutes) and had a voice that was difficult to understand, though "his manner is most mild and conciliatory".[73] Grant denigrated the Duke's intellect and influence, but stated that the Duke had indirect influence over several members, and that "he is by no means so bad a tactician as his opponents suppose".[74]
Controversy arose in 1836 over the Orange Lodges. The lodges (which took anti-Catholic views) were said to be ready to rise and try to put the Duke of Cumberland on the throne on the death of King William. According to Joseph Hume, speaking in the House of Commons, Victoria was to be passed over on the grounds of her age, sex, and incapacity.[75] The Commons passed a resolution calling for the dissolution of the lodges. When the matter reached the Lords, the Duke defended himself, saying of Princess Victoria, "I would shed the last drop of my blood for my niece."[76] The Duke indicated that the Orange Lodge members were loyal and were willing to dissolve the lodges in Great Britain. According to Bird, this incident was the source of the widespread rumours that Ernest intended to murder Victoria and take the British throne for himself.[77]
King of Hanover (1837–1851)
Domestic affairs
Constitutional controversy
On 20 June 1837, William IV died; Victoria succeeded him as Queen of the United Kingdom, while Ernest Augustus became King of Hanover. On 28 June 1837, Ernest entered his new domain, passing under a triumphal arch.[78] For the first time in over a century, Hanover would have a ruler living there.[79] Many Hanoverians were of a liberal perspective and would have preferred the popular viceroy, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, to become king, but the Dukes of Sussex and Cambridge refused to lend themselves to any movement by which they would become king rather than their elder brother. According to Roger Fulford in his study of George III's younger sons, Royal Dukes, "In 1837, King Ernest was the only male descendant of George III who was willing and able to continue the connection with Hanover."[d]
Hanover had received its first constitution, granted by the Prince Regent, in 1819; this did little more than denote Hanover's change from an electorate to a kingdom, guaranteed by the Congress of Vienna. The Duke of Cambridge, as King William's viceroy in Hanover, recommended a thorough reorganisation of the Hanoverian government. William IV had given his consent to a new constitution in 1833; the Duke of Cumberland's consent was neither asked nor received, and he had formally protested against the constitution's adoption without his consent.[80] One provision of the constitution transferred the Hanoverian Domains (the equivalent of the British Crown Estate) from the sovereign to the state, eroding the monarch's power.[78]
Immediately upon his arrival in Hanover, the King dissolved the Hanoverian Parliament, which had been convened under the disputed constitution. On 5 July, he proclaimed the suspension of the constitution, on the grounds that his consent had not been asked and that it did not meet the kingdom's needs.[80] On 1 November 1837, the King issued a patent, declaring the constitution void, but upholding all laws passed under it.[81] The 1819 constitution was restored. His son, Crown Prince George, endorsed the action.[82]
In carrying the King's patent into effect, the Cabinet required all officeholders (including professors at
A more significant protest against the revocation of the 1833 constitution was the refusal of a number of towns to appoint parliamentary deputies. However, by 1840 a sufficient number of deputies had been appointed for the King to summon Parliament, which met for two weeks in August, approving a modified version of the 1819 constitution, passing a budget and sending a vote of thanks to the King. The Parliament met again the following year, passed a three-year budget and adjourned again.[88]
National development and trade; 1848 crisis
At the time the King took the throne, the city of Hanover was a densely packed residential town and did not rise to the grand style of many German capitals. Once the political crises of the first years of his reign had subsided, he set out to remedy this state of affairs.[89] Ernest's support led to gas lighting in the city streets of Hanover, up-to-date sanitation and the development of a new residential quarter. He had the plans altered in 1841, after Queen Frederica's death, to leave standing the Altes Palais, where the two had lived since arriving in Hanover.[44] Ernest's interest in and support of the railroads led to Hanover becoming a major railway junction, much to the nation's benefit.[44] However, when court architect Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves in 1837 proposed the building of an opera house in Hanover, the King initially refused, calling the proposal "this utterly absurd idea of building a court theatre in the middle of this green field".[90] The King finally gave his consent in 1844 and the opera house opened in 1852, a year after the King's death.[90]
Every week, the King travelled with his secretary to different parts of his kingdom, and anyone could lay a petition before him—although Ernest had petitions screened by the secretary so he would not have to deal with frivolous complaints.[91] Ernest opened high ministerial positions to those of any class, securing the services of several ministers who would not have been eligible without this reform.[92] Though the King had, while Duke of Cumberland, fought against Catholic emancipation in Britain and Ireland, he made no objection to Catholics in government service in Hanover and even visited their churches. Ernest explained this by stating that there were no historical reasons to restrict Catholics in Hanover, as there had been in the United Kingdom.[93] He continued to oppose admission of Jews into the British Parliament, but gave Jews in Hanover equal rights.[94]
The King supported a postal union and common currency among the German states, but opposed the
Hanover was little affected by the revolutions of 1848; a few small disturbances were put down by the cavalry without bloodshed.[97] When agitators arrived from Berlin at the end of May 1848 and there were demonstrations outside the King's palace, Ernest sent out the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister warned that, if the demonstrators made any inappropriate demands on the King, Ernest would pack up his things and leave for Britain, taking the Crown Prince with him. This would leave the country at the mercy of expansionist Prussia and the threat put an end to the agitation. Afterwards, the King granted a new constitution, somewhat more liberal than the 1819 document.[98]
Relations with Britain
Ernest Augustus is supposed to have asked the advice of the Duke of Wellington as to what course he should take after Victoria's accession, with Wellington supposedly saying "Go before you are pelted out."
Almost immediately upon going to Hanover, the King became involved in a dispute with his niece. Queen Victoria had a strained relationship with her mother
Matters came to a head when Ernest returned for what would prove to be his only visit to England as King of Hanover, in 1843. He was welcomed warmly, everywhere but at the Palace.[106] At the wedding of Princess Augusta of Cambridge, he attempted to insist on a superior place to that of Prince Albert. The prince, 48 years Ernest's junior, settled things with what Albert described as a "strong push" and carefully wrote his name on the certificate under the Queen's, so close to his wife's as to leave no space for the King's signature.[107] The King apparently held no grudge, as he invited the prince for a stroll in the park. When Albert demurred on the grounds that they might be jostled by crowds, the King replied, "When I lived here I was quite as unpopular as you are and they never bothered me."[108] Shortly after the wedding, the King injured himself in a fall, with Albert writing to his brother, "Happily he fell over some stones in Kew and damaged some ribs." This injury spared him further contact with Victoria and Albert.[109] During his visit, the King found time to take his place as Duke of Cumberland in the House of Lords. Victoria recorded in her journal that the King had stated when asked if he would speak in the Lords, "No, I shall not, unless the Devil prompts me!"[110] The Queen also recorded that though the King greatly enjoyed listening to the debates, he did not himself speak.[110] The King made a point of welcoming British visitors to Hanover and when one Englishwoman told him that she had been lost in the city, the King denied that this was possible, as "the whole country is no larger than a fourpenny bit."[111]
The monarchs engaged in one more battle—over jewels left by Queen Charlotte. Queen Victoria, who possessed them, took the position that they belonged to the British Crown. King Ernest maintained that they were to go to the heir male, that is, himself. The matter was arbitrated, and just as the arbitrators were about to announce a decision in Hanover's favour, one of the arbitrators died, voiding the decision. Despite the King's request for a new panel, Victoria refused to permit one during the King's lifetime and took every opportunity to wear the jewels, causing the King to write to his friend,
Later life, death, and memorial
In 1851, the King undertook a number of journeys around Germany. He accepted an invitation from the
The King continued his interest in British affairs and wrote to Lord Strangford about the
The folly and absurdity of the Queen in allowing this trumpery must strike every sensible and well-thinking mind, and I am astonished the ministers themselves do not insist on her at least going to Osborne during the Exhibition, as no human being can possibly answer for what may occur on the occasion. The idea ... must shock every honest and well-meaning Englishman. But it seems everything is conspiring to lower us in the eyes of Europe.[115]
The King died on 18 November 1851 after an illness of about a month. He was mourned greatly in Hanover; less so in the United Kingdom, where The Times omitted the customary black border to its front page and claimed "the good that can be said of the Royal dead is little or none."[116] Both he and Queen Frederica rest in a mausoleum in the Berggarten of Herrenhausen Gardens.[117]
A large equestrian statue of King Ernest Augustus may be found in a square named after him in front of
Although The Times denigrated Ernest's career as Duke of Cumberland, it did speak well of his time as King of Hanover and of his success in keeping Hanover stable in 1848:
Above all, he possessed a resolute decision of character, which, however unfortunately it may have operated under different conditions, appeared to extraordinary advantage at the crisis of continental thrones. Bewildered by the revolutionary din, and oscillating ignominiously between fear and rage, resistance and concession, the clique of crowned heads suffered greatly by contrast with a Sovereign who at least knew his own mind and was prepared to abide by his opinions. In the European convulsions, therefore, King Ernest maintained the stability of his throne and the tranquillity of his people without damage from revolution or reaction. As Kings, indeed, are computed on the continent, he was an able and even a popular Monarch, and his memory may find, perhaps, in his ancestral dominions a sympathy which it would be vain to bespeak for it in the scenes of his manhood or the land of his birth.[119]
Titles, styles and honours
Titles and styles
- 5 June 1771 – 23 April 1799: His Royal Highness Prince Ernest Augustus[120]
- 23 April 1799 – 20 June 1837: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale[121]
- 20 June 1837 – 18 November 1851: His Majesty The King of Hanover[122]
Honours
British and Hanoverian
- Knight of the Garter (KG) – nominated 2 June 1786[1]
- Privy Council of Great Britain (later of the United Kingdom) (PC) – 5 June 1799.[1](He was senior PC of the United Kingdom from 1847 until his death.)
- Knight of the Order of the Thistle(KT)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) – 2 January 1815[1]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order (GCH in British usage) (Kingdom of Hanover) – 12 August 1815;[1]became sovereign of the order on succeeding to the Hanoverian throne 20 June 1837.
- Knight of St Patrick (KP) – 20 August 1821[1]
- Order of St George (Kingdom of Hanover) - founder and sovereign of the order, 23 April 1839.[123]
- Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) – 24 April 1828[1]
Foreign
- Grand Cross of Albert the Bear – 13 January 1839 (Ascanian duchies)[124]
- Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity – 1829 (Baden)[126]
- Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order – August 1839 (Ernestine duchies)[128]
- Knight of the Black Eagle – 21 May 1815 (Prussia)[129]
- Grand Cross of the Red Eagle (Prussia)[1]
- Hesse and by Rhine)[130]
- Grand Cross of the Golden Lion – 20 September 1818 (Hesse-Kassel)[131]
- Grand Cross of the Military William Order – 3 July 1849 (Netherlands)[133]
- Knight of St. Andrew – September 1819 (Russia)[134]
Ancestry
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References
Explanatory notes
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 235. "For some months, the newspapers had been hinting at an amour between the Duke and a certain Lady Graves."
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 235–236. "... and inevitably had the effect of making the public believe that the Duke had murdered Lord Graves as well as Sellis."
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 221–224. "but sneering references to the Duke's supposed misdemeanour and his cowardice in trying to blame it on an equerry continued to appear".
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 244. "the rather opinionated Liberalism of the Hanoverians" "The Duke of Cambridge loyally refused to listen to the whispers that he should supersede King Ernest".
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gibbs, Vicary; Doubleday, H. A., eds. (1913), "Cumberland, Duke of", The Complete Peerage, vol. III, St Catherine Press, p. 575
- ^ "No. 11157". The London Gazette. 29 June 1771. p. 1.
- ^ a b Fulford 1933, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 35.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 35–37.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 47.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 48.
- ^ a b Van der Kiste 2004, p. 58.
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 204.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 47.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 48.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 50, 58.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 62.
- ^ London Gazette 1799-04-23.
- ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 752.
- ^ a b UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 222–223.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 74.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 82.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 207–209.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 99.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 93–95.
- ^ Patten 1992, pp. 116–117.
- ^ a b Fulford 1933, p. 206.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 96.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 100.
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 205–206.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 212–213.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 111.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 114.
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 214.
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 216.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 124.
- ^ a b c Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 197–198.
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 217–218.
- ^ Wardroper 2002, p. 100.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 124–125.
- ^ a b Bird 1966, pp. 153–154.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 136.
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 219.
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 219–221.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 142–143.
- ^ a b Wardroper 2002, p. 101.
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 218.
- ^ Wardroper 2002, p. 147.
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 221–222.
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 224–226.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 171.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 169–170.
- ^ a b Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 171–172.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 196–197.
- ^ Wilkinson 1886, p. 6.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 196.
- ^ Willis 1954, p. 408.
- ^ Greville, Charles C. F. (1874), A Journal of the Reigns of King George IV and King William IV, vol. I, London: Longmans, Green & Co, London, p. 218
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 212.
- ^ a b c Ziegler 1971, pp. 175–176.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 186.
- ^ Willis 1954, p. 204.
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 238.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 220–221.
- ^ a b Grant 1836, p. 84.
- ^ Grant 1836, p. 85.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 241–242.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 245.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 245–247.
- ^ a b Van der Kiste 2004, p. 189.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 256.
- ^ a b Wilkinson 1886, p. 55.
- ^ a b Van der Kiste 2004, p. 190.
- ^ Wilkinson 1886, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Willis 1954, pp. 292–295.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 208.
- ^ Willis 1954, p. 295.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 190–191.
- ^ Wilkinson 1886, p. 56.
- ^ Wilkinson 1886, p. 58.
- ^ Willis 1954, p. 279.
- ^ a b Horst 2000, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Wilkinson 1886, p. 60.
- ^ Wilkinson 1886, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 278.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 279.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 299–300.
- ^ Wardroper 2002, p. 251.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 204.
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 245–246.
- ^ Notes and Queries, p. 26.
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 243.
- ^ Bird 1966, pp. 253–254.
- ^ Willis 1954, pp. 273–274.
- ^ Wardroper 2002, p. 236.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 200.
- ^ a b Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 193–194.
- ^ Fulford 1933, pp. 247–248.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 201.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 201–202.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, p. 202.
- ^ a b Willis 1954, p. 348.
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 251.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 202–203.
- ^ Bird 1966, p. 313.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 207–208.
- ^ Van der Kiste 2004, pp. 206–207.
- ^ Fulford 1933, p. 252.
- ^ Herrenhäuser Gärten.
- ^ Horst 2000, pp. 64–65.
- ^ The New York Times 1851–12–12.
- ^ "The London Gazette, Issue 12756, Page 241". 30 May 1786.
- ^ "The London Gazette, Issue 18848, Page 1869". 13 September 1831.
- ^ "The London Gazette, Issue 20798, Page 4295". 24 November 1847.
- ^ Hanover: Order of St. George 24 Archived 14 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Medals of the World, Megan C. Robertson. 24 December 2006.
- ^ Anhalt-Köthen (1851). Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch für die Herzogthümer Anhalt-Dessau und Anhalt-Köthen: 1851. Katz. p. 10.
- ^ ""A Szent István Rend tagjai"". Archived from the original on 22 December 2010.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1834), "Großherzogliche Orden" p. 32
- ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
- ^ "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden", Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (in German), Coburg, Gotha: Meusel, 1843, p. 6, retrieved 12 March 2020
- ^ Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" p. 17
- ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Hessen: für das Jahr ... 1841. Staatsverl. 1841. p. 8.
- ^ Kurhessisches Staats- und Addreß-Handbuch: auf das Jahr ... 1827. Verlag des Waisenhauses. 1827. p. 17.
- ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1839. Landesamt. 1839. p. 7.
- ^ Militaire Willems-Orde: Ernst August (in Dutch)
- ^ Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies". Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699-1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714-1917). Moscow.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f Weir 1996, pp. 277–279, 285–289.
- ^ a b c d Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 5.
Bibliography
- Bird, Anthony (1966), The Damnable Duke of Cumberland, London: Barrie and Rockliff, OCLC 2188257
- OCLC 499977206
- Grant, James (1836), Random Recollections of the House of Lords, London: Smith, Elder & Co., OCLC 60725235
- Horst, Dietmar, ed. (2000), Hanover: The Red Thread Through the City Centre, Hanover: Neue Medien Hannover
- Patten, Robert L. (1992), George Cruikshank's Life, Times, and Art: 1792–1835, Volume 1; Volumes 1792–1835, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, pp. 116–117, ISBN 978-0-8135-1813-8
- ISBN 978-0-7509-3438-1
- Wardroper, John (2002), Wicked Ernest, London: Shelfmark Books, ISBN 978-0-9526093-3-9
- ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5
- Wilkinson, Charles (1886), Reminiscences of the Court and Times of King Ernest of Hanover, Volume 1, Hurst & Blackett, OCLC 3501366
- Willis, Geoffrey (1954), Ernest Augustus Duke of Cumberland and King of Hanover, London: Arthur Barker, OCLC 3385875
- ISBN 978-0-00-211934-4
Online sources
- Notes and Queries, London: Oxford University Press, 1872
- "Mausoleum", Herrenhäuser Gärten (in German), Hannover.de, retrieved 29 April 2017
- "Death of the King of Hanover" (PDF), The Times, 12 December 1851, retrieved 9 January 2012 – via The New York Times
- "No. 15126". The London Gazette. 23 April 1799. p. 372.
External links
- Portraits of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and King of Hanover at the National Portrait Gallery, London