Halil Hamid Pasha
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Imperial_School_of_Engineering_Muhendishane_building_in_Tableau_des_nouveaux_reglemens_de_l%27Empire_Ottoman_by_Mahmoud_Rayf_Efendi_Constantinople_1789.jpg/220px-The_Imperial_School_of_Engineering_Muhendishane_building_in_Tableau_des_nouveaux_reglemens_de_l%27Empire_Ottoman_by_Mahmoud_Rayf_Efendi_Constantinople_1789.jpg)
Halil Hamid Pasha, also Khaleel Hameed Basha (1736–1785) was the
As a result, French missions were sent to the Ottoman Empire to train the Ottoman Navy in naval warfare and fortification building.[2] Up to the French Revolution in 1789, about 300 French artillery officers and engineers were active in the Ottoman Empire to modernize and train artillery units.[3]
From 1784, André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé and Joseph-Monnier de Courtois instructed engineering drawings and techniques in the new Turkish engineering school Mühendishâne-i Hümâyûn established by Halil Hamid Pasha.[4] Mostly French textbooks were used on mathematics, astronomy, engineering, weapons, war techniques and navigation.[4]
Halil Hamid Pasha had argued for a path towards modernization for the Ottoman Empire, and a conciliatory stance against Russia, but he was ultimately suspected of plotting for the succession of Abdul Hamid I and future ruler Selim III, due to reactionary intrigues and the rise of the anti-French sentiment.[5][6] Secret correspondence between Selim III and Louis XVI was discovered, and a plot against the current ruler was alleged.[6] Halil Hamid Pasha was beheaded, and the war party rose to power, leading the Ottoman Empire to war with Russia in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792).[5]
The French experts ultimately had to leave in 1788 with the start of the hostilities.[1] Some returned to Constantinople, but eventually all instructors had to leave with the end of the Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1798.[1][4]
Halil Hamid Pasha's son-in-law was
See also
- Franco-Ottoman alliance
- List of Ottoman grand viziers
- Ottoman military reform efforts
Notes
- ^ a b c Imperialism and science: social impact and interaction by George Vlahakis p.92
- ^ From Louis XIV to Napoleon Jeremy Black p.144
- ^ Ottoman wars 1700-1870: an empire besieged by Virginia H. Aksan p.202 [1]
- ^ a b c Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire by Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters p.395
- ^ a b Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire by Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters p.6
- ^ a b A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk Mesut Uyar,Edward J. Erickson p.199
- ISBN 9789753330411