Hartlepool
Hartlepool | |
---|---|
Town | |
A Hart (red stag) | |
Location within County Durham | |
Population | 87,995 |
Demonym | Hartlepudlian |
OS grid reference | NZ508331 |
• London | 261 miles (420 km) |
Unitary authority | |
Ceremonial county | |
Region | |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Areas of the town | List |
Post town | HARTLEPOOL |
Postcode district | TS24 – TS27 |
Dialling code | 01429 |
Police | Cleveland |
Fire | Cleveland |
Ambulance | North East |
UK Parliament | |
Hartlepool (
The
Industrialisation in northern England and the start of a shipbuilding industry in the later part of the 19th century meant it was a target for the Imperial German Navy at the beginning of the First World War. A bombardment of 1,150 shells on 16 December 1914 resulted in the death of 117 people in the town. A severe decline in heavy industries and shipbuilding following the Second World War caused periods of high unemployment until the 1990s when major investment projects and the redevelopment of the docks area into a marina saw a rise in the town's prospects. The town also has a seaside resort called Seaton Carew.
History
The place name derives from
Records of the place-name from early sources confirm this:- 649: Heretu, or Hereteu.
- 1017: Herterpol, or Hertelpolle.
- 1182: Hierdepol.
Town on the heugh
A
The Abbey fell into decline in the early 8th century, and it was probably destroyed during a sea raid by Vikings on the settlement in the 9th century.[3][5] In March 2000, the archaeological investigation television programme Time Team located the foundations of the lost monastery in the grounds of St Hilda's Church.[6] In the early 11th century, the name had evolved into Herterpol.
Hartness
During the Norman Conquest, the De Brus family gained over-lordship of the land surrounding Hartlepool. William the Conqueror subsequently ordered the construction of Durham Castle, and the villages under their rule were mentioned in records in 1153 when Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale became Lord of Hartness. The town's first charter was received before 1185, for which it gained its first mayor, an annual two-week fair and a weekly market.[3][5] The Norman Conquest affected the settlement's name to form the Middle English Hart-le-pool ("The Pool of the Stags").[7]
By the Middle Ages, Hartlepool was growing into an important (though still small) market town. One of the reasons for its escalating wealth was that its harbour was serving as the official port of the County Palatine of Durham. The main industry of the town at this time was fishing, and Hartlepool in this period established itself as one of the primary ports upon England's Eastern coast.
In 1306,
In the late 15th century, a pier was constructed to assist in the harbour's workload.[9]
Garrison
Hartlepool was once again militarily occupied by a Scottish incursion, this time in alliance with the
In 1795, Hartlepool artillery emplacements and defences were constructed in the town as a defensive measure against the threat of French attack from seaborne Napoleonic forces. During the Crimean War, two coastal batteries were constructed close together in the town to guard against the threat of seaborne attacks from the Imperial Russian Navy. They were entitled the Lighthouse Battery (1855) and the Heugh Battery (1859).[5]
Hartlepool in the 18th century became known as a town with medicinal springs, particularly the Chalybeate Spa near the Westgate. The poet Thomas Gray visited the town in July 1765 to "take the waters", and wrote to his friend William Mason:[10]
I have been for two days to taste the water, and do assure you that nothing could be salter and bitterer and nastier and better for you... I am delighted with the place; there are the finest walks and rocks and caverns.
A few weeks later, he wrote in greater detail to James Brown:[11]
The rocks, the sea and the weather there more than made up to me the want of bread and the want of water, two capital defects, but of which I learned from the inhabitants not to be sensible. They live on the refuse of their own fish-market, with a few potatoes, and a reasonable quantity of Geneva [gin] six days in the week, and I have nowhere seen a taller, more robust or healthy race: every house full of ruddy broad-faced children. Nobody dies but of drowning or old-age: nobody poor but from drunkenness or mere laziness.
Town by the strand
By the early nineteenth century, Hartlepool was still a small town of around 900 people, with a declining port. In 1823, the council and
But the plan faced local competition from new docks. 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the north, the
The council agreed the formation of the
After Tennant died, in 1839, the running of the HD&RCo was taken over by Stockton-on-Tees solicitor, Ralph Ward Jackson. But Jackson became frustrated at the planning restrictions placed on the old Hartlepool dock and surrounding area for access, so bought land which was mainly sand dunes to the south-west, and established West Hartlepool. Because Jackson was so successful at shipping coal from West Hartlepool through his West Hartlepool Dock and Railway Company and, as technology developed, ships grew in size and scale, the new town would eventually dwarf the old town.
The 8-acre (3.2-hectare) West Hartlepool Harbour and Dock opened on 1 June 1847. On 1 June 1852, the 14-acre (5.7-hectare) Jackson Dock opened on the same day that a railway opened connecting West Hartlepool to Leeds, Manchester and Liverpool. This allowed the shipping of coal and wool products eastwards, and the shipping of fresh fish and raw fleeces westwards, enabling another growth spurt in the town. This in turn resulted in the opening of the Swainson Dock on 3 June 1856, named after Ward Jackson's father-in-law. In 1878, the William Gray & Co shipyard in West Hartlepool achieved the distinction of launching the largest tonnage of any shipyard in the world, a feat to be repeated on a number of occasions.[12] By 1881, old Hartlepool's population had grown from 993 to 12,361, but West Hartlepool had a population of 28,000.
Ward Jackson helped to plan the layout of West Hartlepool and was responsible for the first public buildings. He was also involved in the education and the welfare of the inhabitants. In the end, he was a victim of his own ambition to promote the town: accusations of shady financial dealings, and years of legal battles, left him in near-poverty. He spent the last few years of his life in London, far away from the town he had created.
World Wars
First
The area became heavily industrialised with an
Hartlepool was hit with a total of 1150 shells, killing 117 people. Two coastal defence batteries at Hartlepool returned fire, launching 143 shells, and damaging three German ships: SMS Seydlitz, SMS Moltke and SMS Blücher. The Hartlepool engagement lasted roughly 50 minutes, and the coastal artillery defence was supported by the Royal Navy in the form of four destroyers, two light cruisers and a submarine, none of which had any significant impact on the German attackers.
Private Theophilus Jones of the 18th Battalion Durham Light Infantry, who fell as a result of this bombardment, is sometimes described as the first military casualty on British soil by enemy fire.[14] This event (the death of the first soldiers on British soil) is commemorated by the 1921 Redheugh Gardens War Memorial together with a plaque unveiled on the same day (seven years and one day after the East Coast Raid) at the spot on the Headland (the memorial by Philip Bennison[15] illustrates four soldiers on one of four cartouches and the plaque, donated by a member of the public, refers to the 'first soldier' but gives no name). A living history group, the Hartlepool Military Heritage Memorial Society, portray men of that unit for educational and memorial purposes.
Hartlepudlians voluntarily subscribed more money per head to the war effort than any other town in Britain.[16]
Between
On 4 January 1922, a fire starting in a timber yard left 80 people homeless and caused over £1,000,000 of damage.[17][18] Hartlepool suffered badly in the Great Depression of the 1930s and endured high unemployment.
Second
Unemployment decreased during the
The merge
In 1891, the two towns had a combined population of 64,000. By 1900, the two Hartlepools were, together, one of the three busiest ports in England.[21]
The modern town represents a joining of "Old Hartlepool", locally known as the "Headland", and
The name of the town's professional football club reflected both boroughs; when it was formed in 1908, following the success of West Hartlepool in winning the FA Amateur Cup in 1905, it was called "Hartlepools United" in the hope of attracting support from both towns. When the boroughs combined in 1967, the club renamed itself "Hartlepool" before re-renaming itself
Fall out
After the war, industry went into a severe decline. Blanchland, the last ship to be constructed in Hartlepool, left the slips in 1961. In 1967, Betty James wrote how "if I had the luck to live anywhere in the North East [of England]...I would live near Hartlepool. If I had the luck".
Before the shopping centre was opened, the old town centre was located around Lynn Street, but most of the shops and the market had moved to a new shopping centre by 1974. Most of Lynn Street had by then been demolished to make way for a new housing estate. Only the north end of the street remains, now called Lynn Street North. This is where the Hartlepool Borough Council depot was based (alongside the Focus DIY store) until it moved to the marina in August 2006.
In 1977, the
Rise and the future
Docks near the centre were redeveloped and reopened by
A development corporation is under consultation until August 2022 to organise projects, with the town's fund given to the town and other funds. Plans would be (if the corporation is formed) focused on the railway station, waterfront (including the Royal Navy Museum and a new leisure centre)[29] and Church Street. Northern School of Art also has funds for a TV and film studios.[30]
Governance
There is one main tier of local government covering Hartlepool, at
Hartlepool was historically a
West Hartlepool was laid out on land outside Hartlepool's historic borough boundaries, in the neighbouring parish of Stranton. A body of improvement commissioners was established to administer the new town in 1854.[36] The commissioners were superseded in 1887, when West Hartlepool was also incorporated as a municipal borough.[37] The new borough council built itself a headquarters at the Municipal Buildings on Church Square, which was completed in 1889.[38] An events venue and public hall on Raby Road called West Hartlepool Town Hall was subsequently completed in 1897.[39] In 1902 West Hartlepool was elevated to become a county borough, making it independent from Durham County Council. The old Hartlepool Borough Council amalgamated with West Hartlepool Borough Council in 1967 to form a county borough called Hartlepool.[40]
In 1974 the borough was enlarged to take in eight neighbouring parishes, and was transferred to the new county of
Council
After boundary changes introduced in 2019, the borough is now divided into 12 electoral wards, each of which elects three councillors who make up the 36 councillors of the borough council.
Burn Valley | De Brus | Fens & Greatham | Foggy Furze |
Hart | Headland & Harbour | Throston | Manor House |
Rural West | Seaton | Victoria | Rossmere |
Members of Parliament
Hartlepool is represented in the
Members of parliament for Hartlepool since 1945 have been:
Colour key |
---|
Name | Term of office | Political party | Offices held | |
---|---|---|---|---|
David Thomas Jones
|
1945–1959 | Labour | ||
John Simon Kerans
|
1959–1964 | Conservative | ||
Edward Leadbitter
|
1964–1992 | Labour | ||
Peter Mandelson | 1992–2004 | Labour | Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (27 July 1998 – 23 December 1998), (2 May 1997 – 27 July 1998)
Minister without Portfolio | |
Iain Wright | 2004–2017 | Labour | Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for 14–19 Reform and Apprenticeships (9 June 2009 – 11 May 2010) | |
Mike Hill | 2017–2021 | Labour | ||
Jill Mortimer | 2021–present | Conservative |
Mandelson, the MP between 1992 and 2004, resigned to take up a role in the
Emergency services
Hartlepool falls within the jurisdiction of Cleveland Fire Brigade and Cleveland Police. Before 1974, it was under the jurisdiction of the Durham Constabulary and Durham Fire Brigade.[43] Hartlepool has two fire stations: a full-time station at Stranton[44] and a retained station on the Headland.
Geography
Distance to other places
Place | Distance | Direction | Relation |
---|---|---|---|
Darlington | 18 miles (29 km)[45] | South west | Combined Authority area |
Sunderland | 17 miles (27 km)[46] | North | Largest settlement in the historic county of Durham |
Durham | 16 miles (26 km)[47] | North | Historic county town and closest city |
Stockton | 9 miles (14 km)[48] | South west | Combined Authority area |
Middlesbrough | 8 miles (13 km)[49] | South | Combined Authority area |
Nearby towns include: Seaham (17 mi or 27 km), Sedgefield (13 mi or 21 km), Billingham (8 mi or 13 km) and Peterlee (8 mi or 13 km). Beyond the far side of the Tees Bay, on the other side of the River Tees, the distant monument on Eston Nab can be seen on clear days.
Economy
Hartlepool's economy has historically been linked with the maritime industry, something which is still at the heart of local business. Hartlepool Dock is owned and run by
The chemicals industry is important to the local economy. Companies include Huntsman Corporation, who produce titanium dioxide for use in paints, Omya, Baker Hughes and Frutarom.[50]
Tourism was worth £48 million to the town in 2009; this figure excludes the impact of the Tall Ships 2010.
Orchid Drinks of Hartlepool were formed in 1992 after a management buy out of the soft drinks arm of Camerons.[55] They manufactured Purdey's and Amé. Following a £67 million takeover by Britvic, the site was closed down in 2009.
Companies that have moved operations to the town for the
Culture and community
Festivals and Fairs
Since November 2014 the Headland has hosted the annual Wintertide Festival, which is a weekend long event that starts with a community parade on the Friday and culminating in a finale performance and fireworks display on the Sunday.[57]
Tall Ships' Races
On 28 June 2006 Hartlepool celebrated after winning its bid to host
Museums, art galleries and libraries
Hartlepool is home to a National Museum of the Royal Navy (more specifically the NMRN Hartlepool). Previously known simply as The Historic Quay and Hartlepool's Maritime Experience, the museum is a re-creation of an 18th-century seaport with the exhibition centre-piece being a sailing frigate, HMS Trincomalee. The complex also includes the Museum of Hartlepool.
Willows was the Hartlepool mansion of the influential Sir William Gray of William Gray & Company and he gifted it to the town in 1920, after which it was converted to be the town's first museum and art gallery.[60] Fondly known locally as "The Gray" it was closed as a museum in 1994 and now houses the local authority's culture department.[61]
There are six libraries in Hartlepool, the primary one being the Community Hub Central Library. Others are Throston Grange Library, Community Hub North Library, Seaton Carew Library, Owton Manor Library and Headland Branch Library.[62]
Transport
Road
Hartlepool is served by two major roads which are the A179 road and the A689 road, both linking the town to the A19 road. The A179 road is the main road to the north-west which leads to the A19 road, Durham, Sunderland and Tyneside. The A689 road is the main road to the south-west towards the A19 & Billingham, Stockton, Middlesbrough and York. The A178 road leads south to Seaton Carew, Graythorp, Seal Sands, Port Clarence and Middlesbrough via the Transporter bridge. The A1086 road leads north to Crimdon, Blackhall, Horden, Peterlee and Easington.
Rail
Hartlepool is served by
Bus
Local bus services are provided around the town mainly by Stagecoach North East. The operator has the service 36 from Hartlepool to Billingham, Stockton and Middlesbrough, as well as the faster service 1 to Middlesbrough via Seaton Carew and Port Clarence.
Other services are provided by Arriva North East from Hartlepool to Peterlee, Durham, Seaham,and Sunderland.
Sea
Hartlepool has been a major seaport virtually since it was founded, and has a long fishing heritage. During the industrial revolution massive new docks were created on the southern side of the channel running below the Headland, which gave rise to the town of West Hartlepool.
Now owned by PD Ports, the docks are still in use today and still capable of handling large vessels. However, a large portion of the former dockland was converted into a marina capable of berthing 500 vessels. Hartlepool Marina is home to a wide variety of pleasure and working craft, with passage to and from the sea through a lock.[65]
Hartlepool also has a permanent RNLI lifeboat station.
Education
Secondary
Hartlepool has five secondary schools:[66]
- Dyke House Academy
- English Martyrs School and Sixth Form College
- High Tunstall College of Science
- Manor Community Academy
- St Hild's Church of England School
The town had planned to receive funding from central government to improve school buildings and facilities as a part of the Building Schools for the Future programme, but this was cancelled because of government spending cuts.[67]
College
Hartlepool College of Further Education is an educational establishment located in the centre of the town, and existed in various forms for over a century. Its former 1960s campus was replaced by a £52million custom-designed building, it was approved in principle in July 2008, opened in September 2011.[68]
Hartlepool also has Hartlepool Sixth Form College. It was a former grammar and comprehensive school, the college provides a number of AS and A2 Level student courses. The English Martyrs School and Sixth Form College also offers AS, A2 and other BTEC qualification to 16- to 18-year-olds from Hartlepool and beyond.
A campus of
Territorial Army
Situated in the New Armoury Centre, Easington Road are the following units.
- Royal Marines Reserve
- 90 (North Riding) Signal Squadron
Religion
They are multiple Church of England and Roman Catholic Churches in the town. St Hilda's Church is a notable church of the town, it was built on Hartlepool Abbey and sits upon a high point of the Headland. The churches of the Church of England's St Paul and Roman Catholic's St Joseph are next to each other on St Paul's Road. Nasir Mosque on Brougham Terrace is the sole purpose-built mosque in the town.
Church | Churches belong to | Churches |
---|---|---|
Church of England | Deanery of Hartlepool |
Christ Church (deconsecrated) Holy Trinity St Aidan St Columba St Hilda St Luke St Oswald St Paul |
Roman Catholic |
Holy Family parish Hilda partnership Archdiocese of Liverpool[70]
|
St Cuthbert St John Vianney St Joseph St Patrick St Thomas More St Mary |
Sport
Football
Pools are affiliated with a women's team called Hartlepool United FC Women. They were formed in 2015 and currently play in the North East Regional Women's Football League.
Supporters of Hartlepool United bear the nickname of
The town also has a semi-professional football club called FC Hartlepool who play in Northern League Division Two.[71]
Rugby union
Hartlepool is something of an anomaly in England having historically maintained a disproportionate number of clubs in a town of only c.90,000 inhabitants. These include(d) West Hartlepool, Hartlepool Rovers, Hartlepool Athletic RFC, Hartlepool Boys Brigade Old Boys RFC (BBOB), Seaton Carew RUFC (formerly Hartlepool Grammar School Old Boys), West Hartlepool Technical Day School Old Boys RUFC (TDSOB or Tech) and Hartlepool Old Boys' RFC (Hartlepool). Starting in 1904 clubs within eight miles (thirteen kilometres) of the headland were eligible to compete for the Pyman Cup which has been contested regularly since and that the Hartlepool & District Union continue to organise.[72]
Perhaps the best known club outside the town is West Hartlepool R.F.C. who in 1992 achieved promotion to what is now the Premiership competing in 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons. This success came at a price as soon after West was then hit by bankruptcy and controversially sold their Brierton Lane stadium and pitch to former sponsor Yuills Homes. There then followed a succession of relegations before the club stabilised in the Durham/Northumberland leagues. West and Rovers continue to play one another in a popular Boxing Day fixture which traditionally draws a large crowd.
Although they ceased competing in the RFU leagues in 2008–09, West Hartlepool TDSOB (Tech) continues to support town and County rugby with several of the town's other clubs having played at Grayfields when their own pitches were unavailable. Grayfields has also hosted a number of Durham County cup finals as well as County Under 16, Under 18 and Under 20 age group games.
Olympics
Boxing
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, 21-year-old Savannah Marshall, who attended English Martyrs School and Sixth Form College in the town of Hartlepool, competed in the Women's boxing tournament of the 2012 Olympic Games. She was defeated 12–6 by Marina Volnova of Kazakhstan in her opening, quarter-final bout. Savannah Marshall is now a professional boxer, currently unbeaten as a pro and on 31 October 2020 in her 9th professional fight Marshall became the WBO female middleweight champion with a TKO victory over opponent Hannah Rankin at Wembley Arena.[citation needed]
Swimming
In August 2012
Monkeys
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2021) |
Hartlepool is known for allegedly executing a monkey during the Napoleonic Wars.[73] According to legend, fishermen from Hartlepool watched a French warship founder off the coast, and the only survivor was a monkey, which was dressed in French military uniform, presumably to amuse the officers on the ship. The fishermen assumed that this must be what Frenchmen looked like and, after a brief trial, summarily executed the monkey.
Historians have pointed to the prior existence of a Scottish
"
The monkey legend is also linked with two of the town's sports clubs, Hartlepool Rovers RFC, which uses the hanging monkey as the club logo. Hartlepool (Old Boys) RFC use a hanging monkey kicking a rugby ball as their tie crest.
Notable residents
- Michael Brown, former Premier League footballer[74]
- Edward Clarke, artist [75]
- Brian Clough, football manager who lived in the Fens estate in town while manager of Hartlepools United[76]
- John Darwin, convicted fraudster who faked his own death[77]
- Pete Donaldson, London radio DJ and podcast host[78]
- Janick Gers, guitarist from British heavy metal band Iron Maiden[79]
- Courtney Hadwin, singer[80]
- Jack Howe, former England international footballer[81]
- Liam Howe, music producer and songwriter for several artists and member of the band Sneaker Pimps[82]
- WWE NXT UK wrestler[83]
- 1993 FA Cup Final[84]
- Savannah Marshall, professional boxer[85]
- Stephanie Aird, comedian and television personality[86]
- Jim Parker, composer[87]
- Guy Pearce, film actor who lived in the town when he was younger as his mother was from the town[88][89]
- Narbi Price, artist[90]
- Jack Rowell, coached the England international rugby team and led them to the semi-final of the 1995 Rugby World Cup[91]
- Wayne Sleep, dancer and actor who spent his childhood in the town.[92]
- Reg Smythe, cartoonist who created Andy Capp[91]
- Jeremy Spencer, guitarist who was in the original Fleetwood Mac line-up[93]
- Gillette Soccer Saturday[94]
- Tomara Thomas, drag performer[95]
Local media
- Hartlepool Life - local free newspaper
- Hartlepool Mail – local newspaper
- BBC local radiostation
- Radio Hartlepool – Community radio station serving the town
- Hartlepool Post– on-line publication
- Local television news programmes are BBC Look North and ITV News Tyne Tees.
Town twinning
Hartlepool is
- Sète, France[96]
- Hückelhoven, Germany[97] (since 1973)
- Muskegon, Michigan
- Sliema, Malta
- Novovolynsk, Ukraine
Climate
Hartlepool has an oceanic climate typical of Great Britain. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb"(Marine West Coast Climate).[98]
Climate data for Hartlepool | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6 (43) |
7 (44) |
9 (48) |
11 (52) |
14 (58) |
17 (63) |
20 (68) |
19 (67) |
17 (62) |
13 (55) |
9 (48) |
7 (45) |
12 (54) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1 (34) |
1 (34) |
2 (36) |
3 (37) |
6 (43) |
8 (46) |
11 (52) |
11 (52) |
9 (48) |
6 (43) |
3 (37) |
2 (36) |
6 (42) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 56 (2.21) |
39 (1.53) |
51 (2.01) |
52 (2.05) |
50 (1.95) |
55 (2.16) |
44 (1.75) |
61 (2.41) |
57 (2.26) |
57 (2.24) |
61 (2.42) |
59 (2.33) |
643 (25.32) |
Source: [99] |
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External links
- Official Website of the Borough of Hartlepool
- Tide times for Hartlepool from the BBC, Easytide and Tidetimes.