Hawza
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A hawza (
The word ḥawzah is found in Arabic as well as the Persian language. In Arabic, the word means "to hold something firmly".[3] Accordingly, ḥawzah ʿilmīyah would mean a place where the firm knowledge (of the Muslim religion) is acquired. In the Persian language, ḥawzah refers to the middle part of a place or an area.[4] Ḥawzah ʿilmīyah in Persian, therefore, means "the place of knowledge". Another meaning of the word is "circle of knowledge".[5]
Several senior
In countries with sharia courts such as Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, a hawza also functions as a law school for those wanting to practice law in Islamic courts.
Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf
Hawza 'Ilmiyya in
Hawza 'Ilmiyya Qom
Although large
As of 1975, major madrasas in Qom which offered religious education included- Ḥaqqānī (founded 1964),
- the traditional Fayżīya,
- Ḵān,
- Ḥojjatīya, and
- Rażawīya,[14]
traditional madrasas which incorporate some modern elements in the curricula include:
- Dār al-tablīḡ (1965),
- Golpāyegānī (1965), and
- Imam Amīr-al-Moʾmenīn (1975),[14]
Since the revolution of 1979 new madrasas have been founded in Qom, including
- MaʿṢūmīya and
- Maktab-e Zahrā.[15]
Hawza 'Ilmiyya Khwaharan (Women's Hawza)
There are also a number of women's hawza, mostly located in
Outside Qom, women's seminaries included Maktab-e Fatema of Fasa (opened in 1961), Maktab-e Zahra of Shiraz (opened in 1964), Maktab-e Fatimah of Isfahan (opened by Lady Amin in 1965),[17] Zahra-i Athar of Tehran (opened in 1966), and Madrase-ye 'Elmīyya Narges of Mashhad (opened in 1966).[18]
After the
Hawza 'Ilmiyya in the West
There are also a number of ḥawzah in the West particularly in the United Kingdom. One of longest established hawza in the UK is Al-Mahdi Institute (AMI). Founded in 1993 by Shaykh Arif Abdulhussain,[19] who received ijāza of ijtihād from Ayatollah Hussain Amini and Ayatollah Professor Sayyid Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad, Al-Mahdi Institute began as an Islamic educational institute (hawza) with the objective of combining traditional seminarian scholarship with modern academic study approaches.[20][21]
The Hawza Programme is at the core of AMI's educational offerings. Modeled on the curriculums of the ḥawzah of Qom and Najaf, it offers training in classical Islamic sciences, employing a critical and academic approach. Courses are primarily taught in English with Arabic language instruction.[22][23] The programme culminates in eligibility for a Master's degree in Islamic Studies from the University of Birmingham.[20][24] Additionally, AMI's 'Transfer Student Scheme' enables students from other Islamic institutions to also join the programme and pursue the MA degree.
Hawza subjects
Hawza students begin their studies by learning
Subjects studied at the hawza may include the following:[2][9]
- Falsafa(Islamic philosophy)
- Fiqh (jurisprudence)
- 'Ilm al-Hadith (traditions)
- Ilm al-Kalam(theology)
- 'Ilm ar-Rijal(evaluation of biographies)
- 'Irfan (Islamic mysticism)
- Mantiq (Logic)
- Lugha (language studies)
- Tafsir al-Qur'an (interpretation of the Qur'an)
- Tarikh (history)
- 'Ulum al-Qur'an (Qur'an sciences)
- Usul al-Fiqh(principles of jurisprudence)
Advanced subjects
Once the basic studies have been completed, students may begin preparation to become a
To be a
Bahath e Kharij is the last level of hawzah and this level leads to
See also
- Marja'
- Madrasa
- Lists of maraji
- List of current maraji
- Qom Seminary
- Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom
- Hawza Najaf
References
- ISBN 978-1400837458. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ a b c "Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies". Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011.
- ^ "حوزة in English - Translation and Meaning in English Arabic Dictionary of All terms Page 1".
- ^ "A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary - Francis Joseph Steingass".
- ^ "Shiite Clergy Education: History of the Hawza Ilmiyya". Fondazione Internazionale Oasis.
- ^ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on Hawza Studies Archived 26 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ http://www.al-islam.org/fiqh/chap2.html [1] FIQH and FUQAHA - An Introduction to Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) Containing Forty Four Life Sketches of the Great Past Masters, Published by the WORLD FEDERATION OF KHOJA SHIA ITHNAASHERI MUSLIM COMMUNITIES
- ^ a b Sreeram Chaulia. "Shiites and Democracy". Mideast Monitor. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008.
- ^ a b c Thinkin ahead: Shi'ite Islam in Iraq and its seminaries Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Christoph Marcinkowsi, Nayang Technological University, Singapore
- ^ Najaf's Shiite seminaries enter 21st century
- ^ تاریخ مذهبی قم، ص 131.
- ^ کتاب النقض، عبدالجلیل بن ابی الفتح، ص 164؛ تاریخ مذهبی قم، علی اصغر فقیهی، قم، چ حکمت، ص 167.
- ^ M. Rāzī, Āṯār al-ḥojja, volume 1. pp. 1-28, Qom, 1332 Š./1953; quoted in Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) [15 December 1997]. "EDUCATION v. THE MADRASA IN SHIʿITE PERSIA". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ a b Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) [15 December 1997]. "EDUCATION v. THE MADRASA IN SHIʿITE PERSIA". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ For madrasas in Qom and other centers, see
- M. M. J. Fischer, Iran. From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1980., pp. 81-84;
- Ḥ. Modarresī Ṭabāṭabāʾī, "Madāres-e qadīm-e Qom," Waḥīd 8, 1349 Š./1970, pp. 201-06, 409-11; 9, 1350, Š./1971, pp. 126-29, 383-87, 1015-20, 1247-52, 1767-72; 10, 1351 Š./1972, pp. 34-39, 199-206.;
- Chardin, VI, pp. 326-27. Al-Ḏarīʿa. M. Fāżel, "Madāres-e qadīm-e Mašhad," Waḥīd 9, 1349 Š./1970, pp. 1450-53, 1661-68, 1773-78; 10, 1951 Š./1972, pp. 40-44, 207-13, 283-88, 274-79, 675-79.;
- H. Solṭānzāda, Tārīḵ-e madāres-e Īrān az ʿahd-e bāstān tā taʾsīs-e Dār al-fonūn, Tehran, 1364 Š./1985., index;
- A. Baḵšāyešī, Yakṣad sāl mobāreza-ye rūḥānīyat-e motaraqqī, 4 vols., Qom, 1361 Š./1982., IV, pp. 68-88, 154-58. *quoted in Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) [15 December 1997]. "EDUCATION v. THE MADRASA IN SHIʿITE PERSIA". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ Michael M. J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003, p.196
- SSRN 1884209
- ^ Keiko Sakurai, "Women's empowerment and Iranian-style seminaries in Iran and Pakistan," in Keiko Sakurai and Fariba Adelkhah (eds.), The Moral Economy of the Madrasa, Islam and Education Today, (Oxon & New York: Routledge, 2011), p. 32-57
- ^ "Shaykh Arif". Shaykh Arif. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ a b Scharbrodt, Oliver (2020). "The Study of Shia Islam in British Academia: Some Preliminary Reflections". Al-Ameed Journal. 9 (4): 78.
- ^ Van Den Bos, Matthijs (2015). "Western seminary: On transnational Shiite higher education in Britain". Social Compass. 62. 62 (2): 241.
- ^ Mohamed Mukadam; Alison Scott-Baumann (2010). "The Training and Development of Muslim Faith Leaders: Current Practice and Future Possibilities" (PDF). Communities and Local Government Publications: 45.
- ^ "Hawza Programme". Al-Mahdi Institute. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- .
- ^ The Concept of Ijtihad in Accordance to Shi'i Islam Archived 7 July 2011 at archive.today, Written by Samir Al-Haidari, Monday, 25 December 2006 20:53
- ^ What is Islam? Beliefs, principles and a way of life, by Abdelmalik Badruddin Eagle (translation of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi's work Ma-huwa 'l-Islam? first published in 1960s)
External links
- Al-Mahdi Institute Hawza Programme, Birmingham, UK
- Towards an Understanding of the Shiite Authoritative Sources
- Hawza Ilmiyya, Qom, Iran
- Research centre of Hawza Ilmiyya, Qom, Iran Archived 11 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- About the Hawza Ilmiyya of Qom, Iran[usurped]
- Imam Hossain University (Howza)
- Alqaem Institute
- Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies