Safavid order
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Safaviyya star from ceiling of Shah Mosque, Isfahan
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The Safavid order, also called the Safaviyya (
Twelverism
.
Founder and foundation
Safī al-Din grew up in
Gilan. In Gilan, he became the disciple of Zahed Gilani, leader of the Zahidī
Sufi order. He eventually became Zahid's chief disciple and married his daughter. Upon Zahed Gilani's death, the Zahidiyyah came under Safī ad-Din's leadership and was renamed the Safawiyyah.
Safī al-Din's importance is attested in two letters by
Rashid-al-Din Hamadani. In one, Rashid al-Din pledges an annual offering of foodstuffs. In the other, Rashid al-Din writes to his son, the governor of Ardabil, advising him to show proper consideration to the sheikh.[5]
Growth of the order
After Safī al-Din's death, leadership of the order passed to his son,
Sadr al-Dīn Mūsā, and subsequently passed down from father to son. By the mid-fifteenth century, the Safawiyyah changed in character and became militant under Shaykh Junayd and Shaykh Haydar, launching jihads against the Christians of Georgia. The later Safawiyyah is considered "ghulat", meaning it had messianic beliefs about its leadership and Shi'ite antinomian
practices outside of the orthodox norm of Twelver Islam.
Haydar's grandson, Ismail, further altered the nature of the order when he founded the Safavid empire in 1501 and proclaimed Twelver Shi'ism the state religion, at which point he imported ulama largely from Lebanon and Syria to make the Safavid practices orthodox.[6][7][8][9]
See also
- Safavid dynasty family tree
- Safvat as-safa
- Safavid dynasty
- Musha'sha'iyyah, a rival Isma'īlī Shi'ā sect
References
- ^ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1345, Sheikh Safi al-Din
- ^ "Imamzadah Shaykh Ṣafi al-Din Ardabili | Exterior view of Shaykh Safi Tomb. The courtyard wall of Chilakhana courtyard appears in the background, while the Haramkhana is seen in the right foreground".
- ^ Newman, Andrew J., Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, (I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2006), 152.
- ^ R.M. Savory. Ebn Bazzaz. Archived 2009-05-29 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Iranica
- ^ G. E. Browne, Literary History of Persia, vol. 4, 33–4.
- ISBN 978-1780769905.
In fact, at the start of the Safavid period Twelver Shi'ism was imported into Iran largely from Syria and Mount Lebanon (...)
- ISBN 978-0521042512.
- ^ Abisaab, Rula. "JABAL ʿĀMEL". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ISBN 978-9053569108.
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