Hungarians in Serbia
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Мађари у Србији / Mađari u Srbiji Szerbiai magyarok | |
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Roman Catholicism, Protestantism |
Hungarians in Serbia (
: Szabadka).History
This section possibly contains original research. (March 2014) |
Parts of the
Settlement
Parts of the Vojvodina region were included into the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th century, and Hungarians then began to settle in the region. Until the 16th century, Hungarians formed the largest part of population in today's Vojvodina. After the
Hungarians of Roman Catholic faith originated mostly from
In
In the 19th century, the Hungarian expansion increased. From the beginning of the century, the Hungarian individuals and small groups of settlers from
.In 1800, smaller groups of Hungarian colonists from Transdanubia settled in
In the southern region of Srem, the first Hungarian settlers moved there during the 1860s from neighbouring counties, especially from Bačka.
According to the 1900 census, the Hungarians were the largest ethnic group in the Bács-Bodrog County and made up 42.7% in the population (the second largest were Germans with 25.1%, and the third largest group were Serbs with 18.2%). The Hungarians were third largest group in the Torontál County (West Banat) with 18.8% (after Serbs with 31.5% and Germans with 30,2%).[3] In the next census, in 1910, the Hungarians were the largest group in the Bács-Bodrog County with 44,8% in the population (followed by Germans with 23.5% and Serbs with 17.9%), and the third largest in the Torontál County with 20.9% (Serbs with 32.5%, Germans with 26.9%).[3]
The new temporary borders established in 1918 and permanent ones defined by the
World War II
With the onset of World War II, the Hungarian-Serb relations were low.
Although most of the local Hungarian population supported Hungarian Axis authorities, some other local Hungarians opposed Axis rule and fought against it together with Serbs and other peoples of Vojvodina in the
Among the other actions of the resistance movement, the first corn stacks were burned near Futog by five communists, of whom two were ethnic Hungarians – brothers Antal Nemet and Đerđ Nemet. Antal was killed there, together with his Serb comrade, fighting against gendarmes. At the same time, his brother was captured and killed in Novi Sad because he refused to reveal any information about the resistance movement. The corn stacks were soon also burned near Subotica. The communists that burned these corn stacks were arrested, tortured and sent to court. Two of them were sentenced to death (Ferenc Hegediš and Jožef Liht), while five others were sentenced to prison (because they were underage).
The Axis authorities also arrested a sizable number of Hungarian communists in Bačka Topola, Čantavir, Senta, Subotica and Novi Sad. Many of them were sent to the investigation centre in Bačka Topola, where some were killed, while some committed suicide. Among those Hungarian communists who were sent to the centre were Otmar Majer, Đula Varga, Pal Karas and Janoš Koči. Because of the size of the communist movement among Hungarians, new investigation centres were opened in Čantavir, Senta, Ada and Subotica. In the investigation centre in Subotica, almost 1,000 people were tortured, and part of them killed, among whom were Maćaš Vuković and Daniel Sabo. Among those communists sentenced to death were Otmar Majer, Rokuš Šimoković and Ištvan Lukač from Subotica, Peter Molnar from Senta, as well as Đula Varga, Rudi Klaus, Pal Karas and Janoš Koči from Novi Sad. In Petrovo Selo, Mihalj Šamu was killed during his attempt to escape. These actions of the Axis authorities were a hard strike on the resistance movement in Bačka, especially on its Hungarian component. The Hungarian component of the resistance movement was struck so hard that it could not recover until the war's end.
In 1944, the
In Bečej killing of the Hungarians began on 9 October 1944. In the city of Sombor in October 1944, the murdering of the Hungarians started at once based on the death list previously made. The Hungarians were taken to the Palace of Kronich. Next to the race-course, the common graves were dug in which 2,500 Hungarians were buried. Several other common graves can be found in the outside districts of the city. The inhabitants of the Hungarian city were fully exterminated. In total, 5,650 Hungarians were executed. A Soviet officer in Temerin prevented the extirpation of the whole Hungarian population of the village. Hungarian human loss of the village was 480 people. During the first week, about 1500 Hungarians were shot down into the Danube in Novi Sad under the leadership of Todor Gavrilović. On 3 November 1944 in Bezdan, Hungarian male inhabitants of the village between 16 and 50 years were driven to a sports ground. 118 men were shot down by machine pistol to the Danube. 2830 Serbian communist partisans who made the murder belonged to the 12th "Udarna" Brigade of the 51st Division. Strangely, the Soviet officers stopped further executions as they were also horrified at the massacre. On 3 December 1944, 56 Hungarian citizens were executed on the bank of the Tisza river in Adorjan. In Žabalj, 2,000 Hungarian citizens were killed.[5][6] In
After World War II
Since the end of the Second World War, the Hungarian population has been steadily declining, mainly due to low birth rates and emigration. In 1974, the Yugoslav constitution was modified, giving Vojvodina a very high autonomy and local Hungarians participated in Vojvodinian provincial administration. The Hungarians were also allowed to keep their culture and language alive; they had their own schools and cultural institutions. During the reign of Josip Broz Tito, life in Vojvodina was peaceful for Hungarians and others. The Yugoslav authorities heavily cracked down on single nations' nationalist activity.
As the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s were raging, more Hungarians left Vojvodina. One of the reasons for this emigration was the country's ruined economy and the inability of employment, which was why many Serbs and others also emigrated from Vojvodina. Although the province was peaceful and calm compared to other areas of Yugoslavia, some Hungarians felt threatened, especially because Vojvodina was near the front lines during the War in Croatia. With an emigration of Hungarians from Vojvodina, one part of their former houses was used to resettle refugees from other parts of the former Yugoslavia. This created a change in the ethnic structure in some parts of the region. The Hungarian population has fallen from 340,946 (16.9%) in 1991, to 290,207 (14.28%) in 2002. In recent years (mostly in 2004 and 2005), some members of the ethnic Hungarian community have sometimes been the targets of anti-Hungarian sentiment.
Today, many Hungarians in Vojvodina want their political rights to be extended. Some local Hungarian politicians proposing the creation of a new autonomous region in the northern part of Vojvodina inhabited mainly by Hungarians (see: Hungarian Regional Autonomy). They also want to attain Hungarian citizenship without being Hungarian residents, as this would automatically make them EU citizens, giving them many benefits. However, a referendum on this issue in Hungary failed. The political future of Vojvodinian Hungarians is uncertain, as their community is characterized by low birth rates and a dwindling population – according to some demographic predictions, Hungarians of Vojvodina will probably lose ethnic majority/plurality in some municipalities and sizable towns. Still, they will certainly remain in the majority in others. Thus, while Hungarians will remain a notable ethnic group in the northern part of Vojvodina, partial demographic changes in the area will probably reduce the demands of local Hungarian politicians for territorial autonomy or at least for wide territorial extension of the proposed Hungarian autonomous region.
Demographics
Almost all Hungarians in Serbia are to be found in
Year (census data) |
Number of ethnic Hungarians | Percent of national population |
---|---|---|
1921 | 365,982 | 6.46% |
1931 | 413,000 | 7.27% |
1948 | 433,701 | 6.64% |
1953 | 441,907 | 6.33% |
1961 | 449,587 | 5.88% |
1971 | 430,314 | 5.09% |
1981 | 390,468 | 4.19% |
1991 | 343,942 | 4.24% |
2002 | 293,299 | 3.91% |
2011 | 253,899 | 3.53% |
2022 | 184,442[9] | 2.77% |
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Percentual participation of Hungarians in Vojvodina according to the 2002 census (municipality data)
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Percentual participation of Hungarians in Vojvodina according to the 2011 census (municipality data)
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Ethnic map of the Subotica municipality showing the location of settlements with Hungarian majority
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Ethnic map of the Bačka Topola municipality showing the location of settlements with Hungarian majority
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Ethnic map of the Mali Iđoš municipality showing the location of settlements with Hungarian majority
Religion
According to the 2011 Census, most Hungarians are part of the Catholic Church in Serbia (224,291 people, or 88.3% of all Hungarian people).[10] Around 6.2% belong to various forms of Protestantism and a much smaller number is part of the Eastern Orthodox Church (1.2%).
Politics
There are five main ethnic Hungarian political parties in Vojvodina:
- Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by István Pásztor
- Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by Áron Csonka
- Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by András Ágoston
- Civic Alliance of Hungarians, led by László Rác Szabó
- Movement of Hungarian Hope, led by Bálint László
These parties advocate establishing territorial autonomy for Hungarians in the northern part of Vojvodina, which would include the municipalities with a Hungarian majority.
Culture
Media
- Magyar Szó, a Hungarian-language daily newspaper published in Subotica
- Bácskai Napló, a Hungarian-language newspaper between 1907 and 1923, organ of the National Association of Christian Socialists of Bács-Bodrog County.
- Radio Television of Vojvodina broadcasts program in 10 local languages, including daily radio and TV shows in Hungarian language.
- Délmagyarország ("Southern Hungary") was a Hungarian-language daily newspaper. The first issue was published on March 14, 1909, to serve as the information source for the Hungarian language-speaking population in Bács-Bodrog County within the Kingdom of Hungary in Austria-Hungary. It was published in Subotica. The last issue of Délmagyarország was on June 27, 1909. Its editor-in-chief was Henrik Braun.
Notable people
Born before 1920 in the Kingdom of Hungary
- Queen consort of Serbia
- Elizabeth, Queen consort of Serbia
- Paul Abraham, Jewish-Hungarian composer of operettas
- Géza Allaga, Hungarian composer, cellist and cimbalis
- József Bittenbinder, Hungarian gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics
- Ugrin Csák, Hungarian nobleman and oligarch in the early 14th century
- Géza Csáth, physician, writer
- József Törley, sparkling-wine producer
- István Donogán, Hungarian track and field athlete
- József Hátszeghy, Hungarian fencer
- Ferenc Herczeg, playwright and author who promoted conservative nationalist opinion in his country
- Tibor Harsányi, composer and pianist
- Alexander Kasza, World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories
- Dezső Kosztolányi, one of the most renowned Hungarian-language writer
- Vilmos Lázár, Hungarian general, one of the 13 Martyrs of Arad
- András Littay, Hungarian General during World War II
- Endre Madarász, Hungarian track and field athlete
- László Moholy-Nagy, Hungarian painter and photographer, a notable professor of the Bauhaus school
- Károly Molter, Hungarian novelist
- Gyula Ortutay, Hungarian politician in FKGP
- Gyula Pártos, Hungarian architect
- Ferenc Rákosi, Hungarian field handball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics
- Mátyás Rákosi, Communist leader of Hungary
- Jenő Rátz, Hungarian military officer
- Michael Szilágyi, general and Regent of Hungary in 1458
- Carl von Than, Hungarian chemist
- Mór Than, Hungarian painter
- József Vértesy, Hungarian water polo player
- Jenő Vincze, Hungarian footballer and a legend of Újpest, playing for the national team in the 1938 World Cup Final
- Henrik Werth, Hungarian military officer
Born after 1920 in Yugoslavia and Serbia
- Dalma Ružičić-Benedek, Hungarian-born sprint canoer
- Aranka Binder, sport shooter, bronze medal winner in Women's Air Rifle in the 1992 Summer Olympics
- Tamara Boros, Croatian table tennis player
- Zoltán Dani, a former colonel of the Yugoslav Army who shot down an F-117 Nighthawk during the Kosovo War
- Lajos Engler, basketball player
- Szilvia Erdélyi, table tennis player
- Krisztián Frisz, wrestler
- László Györe, tennis player
- Vilim Harangozó, table tennis player
- Ervin Holpert, sprint canoer
- Jožef Holpert, handball goalkeeper
- Zoltán Illés, Hungarian politician in Fidesz
- Karolj Kasap, wrestler
- Gabor Kasa, cyclist
- József Kasza, politician, former leader of the Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians
- Ervin Katona, strongman competitor
- Zsombor Kerekes, Hungary national football team player
- Mihály Kéri, footballer playing for Yugoslavia and the United States
- Mihalj Kertes, politician, close associate of Slobodan Milošević
- Tereza Kočiš, gymnast
- László Rácz-Szabó, Hungarian politician in Serbia
- Norbert Könyves, Hungary national football team player
- Renata Kubik, sprint canoer
- Félix Lajkó, violinist and composer
- Péter Lékó, Hungarian Chess Grand Master
- Sylvester Levay, Hungarian composer
- Vilmos Lóczi, basketball player and coach
- Béla Mavrák, Hungarian tenor singer
- Đula Mešter, FR Yugoslav volleyball player, Olympic champion
- Brižitka Molnar, volleyball player
- Antonija Nađ, sprint canoeist
- Albert Nađ, footballer
- Mate Nemeš, wrestler
- Viktor Nemeš, wrestler
- László Nemet, Roman Catholic bishop of Zrenjanin (Nagybecskerek)
- Nemanja Nikolić, footballer
- Erzsebet Palatinus, table tennis player
- Béla Pálfi, footballer
- Antónia Panda, sprint canoeist
- János Pénzes, Roman Catholic bishop of Subotica (Szabadka)
- Žolt Peto, table tennis player
- Eva Ras, actress, writer, painter
- László Rátgéber, Hungarian basketball coach
- Magdolna Rúzsa, singer, winner of the third season of Megasztár(Hungarian Idol)
- Nandor Sabo, wrestler
- Szebasztián Szabó, swimmer
- Monica Seles, former World No.1 female tennis player
- Árpád Sterbik, world champion handball goalkeeper
- Csaba Szilágyi, Serbian Olympic swimmer
- Mario Szenessy, German author, translator, and literary critic
- Lajos Szűcs, Hungary national football team player, a gold medal winner at the 1968 Summer Olympics
- Marta Tibor, sprint canoer
- József Törtei, wrestler, bronze medal winner at the 1984 Summer Olympics
- Mihály Tóth, Hungarian footballer and a legend of Újpest, playing for the national team in the 1954 World Cup Final
- Tibor Várady, legal scholar former Minister of Justice of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (July–December 1992)
See also
- Hungary–Serbia relations
- Serbs in Hungary
- Serbs in Vojvodina
- Ethnic groups of Vojvodina
- Hungarian exonyms (Vojvodina)
- Hungarian diaspora
- Székelys
Further reading
- Arday, Lajos (September 1996). "Hungarians in Serb-Yugoslav Vojvodina since 1944". S2CID 155718014.
References
- ^ "Final results - Ethnicity". Почетна. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Population by ethnicity, by areas" (PDF). Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Results of 1900 and 1910 censuses in Hungary".
- ^ "Tibor Cseres: Serbian Vendetta in Bacska". Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ "HUNSOR ~Vajdaság - "The freezing weeks" of 1944". Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ "Változást - Hegedűs Antal: A bácskai vérengzések 1944 őszén". Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ "Budapesttelegraph.com - Budapest Telegraph News from Hungary". Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ "Jedna nacija utrostručila broj u Srbiji prema popisu, većina drugih u padu". N1. 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ Population by national affiliation and religion, Census 2011 [1] Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Notes
- Karolj Brindza, Učešće jugoslovenskih Mađara u narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi, Vojvodina u borbi, Matica Srpska, Novi Sad, 1951.
- Borislav Jankulov, Pregled kolonizacije Vojvodine u XVIII i XIX veku, Novi Sad - Pančevo, 2003.
- Peter Rokai - Zoltan Đere - Tibor Pal - Aleksandar Kasaš, Istorija Mađara, Beograd, 2002.
- Enike A. Šajti, Mađari u Vojvodini 1918-1947, Novi Sad, 2010.
- Aleksandar Kasaš, Mađari u Vojvodini 1941-1946, Novi Sad, 1996.
External links
- (in Hungarian) The Encyclopedia of Vojvodina
- Hungarian population in the territory of present-day Vojvodina between 1880 and 1991
- Ethnic Hungarian Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe
- [2]