Kars okrug
Kars okrug
Карсскій округъ | |
---|---|
Kars | |
Established | 1878 |
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | 3 March 1918 |
Capital | Kars |
Area | |
• Total | 5,785.69 km2 (2,233.87 sq mi) |
Population (1916) | |
• Total | 191,970 |
• Density | 33/km2 (86/sq mi) |
• Urban | 15.90% |
• Rural | 84.10% |
The Kars okrug
History
The Kars okrug was one of the four territorial administrative subunits (counties) of the Kars oblast created after its annexation into the Russian Empire in 1878 through the Treaty of San Stefano, following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire.[2]
During World War I, the Kars Oblast became the site of intense battles between the Russian Caucasus Army supplemented by Armenian volunteers and the Ottoman Third Army, the latter of whom was successful in briefly occupying Ardahan on 25 December 1914 before they were dislodged in early January 1915.
On 3 March 1918, in the aftermath of the
The Ottoman
The South-West Caucasus Republic administered the Kars okrug and neighboring formerly occupied districts for three months before provoking British intervention by order of General
Despite the apparent defeat of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish agitators were reported by Armenian intelligence to have been freely roaming the countryside of Kars encouraging sedition among the Muslim villages, culminating in a series of anti-Armenian uprisings on 1 July 1919.[8]
The Kars Oblast for the third time in six years saw invading Turkish troops, this time under the command of General
Administrative divisions
The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Kars okrug were:[10]
Name | 1912 population | Area |
---|---|---|
Agbabinskiy uchastok (Агбабинскій участокъ) | 14,309 | 570.96 square versts (649.79 km2; 250.88 sq mi) |
Zarushadskiy uchastok (Зарушадскій участокъ) | 19,416 | 1,104.11 square versts (1,256.55 km2; 485.16 sq mi) |
Karsskiy uchastok (Карсскій участокъ) | 29,574 | 1,352.94 square versts (1,539.73 km2; 594.49 sq mi) |
Soganlugskiy uchastok (Соганлугскій участокъ) | 23,821 | 1,044.04 square versts (1,188.18 km2; 458.76 sq mi) |
Shuragelskiy uchastok (Шурагельскій участокъ) | 39,369 | 1,011.76 square versts (1,151.45 km2; 444.58 sq mi) |
Demographics
Russian Empire Census
According to the
Language | Native speakers | % |
---|---|---|
Armenian | 46,715 | 34.83 |
Karapapakh | 22,002 | 16.40 |
Russian | 16,874 | 12.58 |
Greek | 14,805 | 11.04 |
Turkish | 10,609 | 7.91 |
Kurdish
|
9,165 | 6.83 |
Ukrainian | 3,297 | 2.46 |
Turkmen | 2,456 | 1.83 |
Polish | 2,093 | 1.56 |
Tatar[b] | 1,439 | 1.07 |
Jewish | 755 | 0.56 |
Lithuanian | 611 | 0.46 |
Assyrian | 585 | 0.44 |
Estonian | 424 | 0.32 |
Ossetian | 401 | 0.30 |
Persian | 317 | 0.24 |
Georgian | 308 | 0.23 |
German | 294 | 0.22 |
Avar-Andean | 276 | 0.21 |
Bashkir | 206 | 0.15 |
Belarusian | 205 | 0.15 |
Dargin | 95 | 0.07 |
Other | 210 | 0.16 |
TOTAL | 134,142 | 100.00 |
Kavkazskiy kalendar
According to the 1917 publication of
Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Armenians | 25,665 | 84.11 | 55,087 | 34.12 | 80,752 | 42.06 |
Sunni Muslims[c] | 1,210 | 3.97 | 31,355 | 19.42 | 32,565 | 16.96 |
Roma | 0 | 0.00 | 23,504 | 14.56 | 23,504 | 12.24 |
Shia Muslims[d]
|
260 | 0.85 | 17,965 | 11.13 | 18,225 | 9.49 |
Russians | 1,487 | 4.87 | 14,493 | 8.98 | 15,980 | 8.32 |
Kurds | 38 | 0.12 | 10,873 | 6.73 | 10,911 | 5.68 |
Yazidis | 0 | 0.00 | 5,123 | 3.17 | 5,123 | 2.67 |
Asiatic Christians | 1,779 | 5.83 | 1,350 | 0.84 | 3,129 | 1.63 |
North Caucasians
|
0 | 0.00 | 869 | 0.54 | 869 | 0.45 |
Other Europeans
|
49 | 0.16 | 733 | 0.45 | 782 | 0.41 |
Georgians | 1 | 0.00 | 104 | 0.06 | 105 | 0.05 |
Jews | 25 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.00 | 25 | 0.01 |
TOTAL | 30,514 | 100.00 | 161,456 | 100.00 | 191,970 | 100.00 |
Notes
- ^
- ^ Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[12][13]
- ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[15]
- ^ Primarily Tatars.[15]
References
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014.
- ^ "КАРССКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ — информация на портале Энциклопедия Всемирная история". w.histrf.ru. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
- OCLC 238471.
- OCLC 238471.
- ^ Andersen, Andrew. "Armenia in the Aftermath of Mudros: Conflicting claims and Strife with the Neighbors".
- OCLC 238471.
- OCLC 238471.
- OCLC 238471.
- )
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1913 год, pp. 156–163.
- ^ a b "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
- ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 198–201.
- ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
Bibliography
- OCLC 1037283914.
- ISBN 978-0520019843.
- Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: ISBN 9780300153088. Archived(PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.