Kuressaare
Kuressaare | |
---|---|
UTC+3 (EEST ) | |
Postal code | 93813 |
Kuressaare (Estonian pronunciation:
The town is situated on the southern coast of
Names
Kuressaare's historic name Arensburg[3] (from Middle High German a(a)r: eagle, raptor) renders the Latin denotation arx aquilae for the city's castle. The fortress and the eagle, tetramorph symbol of Saint John the Evangelist, are also depicted on Kuressaare's coat of arms.
The town, which grew around the fortress, was simultaneously known as Arensburg and Kuressaare linn[
History
Saare County pre–1227
Bishopric of Riga1227–1228
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek1228–1236
Saare County 1236–1241
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek1241–1261
Saare County 1261–1262
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek1262–1343
Saare County 1343–1345
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek1345–1560
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (Danish-controlled) 1560–1572
Kingdom of Denmark1572–1645
Kingdom of Sweden1645–1704
Tsardom of Russia 1710–1721
Russian Empire 1721–1917
Russian Republic 1917
German occupation 1917–1918
Republic of Estonia 1918–1940
Soviet occupation 1940–1941
German occupation 1941–1944
Soviet occupation 1944–1990
Republic of Estonia (in transition) 1990–1991
Republic of Estonia 1991–onwards
The town first appeared on maps around 1154.[
Johann von Münchhausen, bishop since 1542, converted to
In 1645, it passed to
During the 19th century Kuressaare became a popular seaside resort on the Baltic coast. During World War I, between September and October 1917, German land and naval forces occupied Saaremaa with Operation Albion. During World War II, the Battle of Tehumardi took place. In October 1990, Kuressaare was the first town in Estonia to regain its self-governing status.
Tourism
Tourism
Kuressaare is a well-known summer and resort town. The city is one of the most visited tourist centers in Estonia. The first known tourist group visited Kuressaare almost 165 years ago.[10]
History
In the middle of the 19th century, Kuressaare became a spa town when large reserves of healing mud were discovered near the town. The first mud spa was built in 1840, but healing with mud baths has been tested on the west coast of Saaremaa since the mid-1820s. It was the health mud that became Kuressaare's key word. New sanatoriums and boarding houses were created, the order was considerably improved and the number of visitors continued to grow.[11]
Between 1918 and 1940, the resort's heyday continued. The share of Russians among visitors decreased, giving way to Latvians, Finns and Swedes.[12]
The development of tourism slowed down from the beginning of the Second World War until the end of the Soviet occupation, when the entire Saaremaa was declared a closed border zone, which excluded all foreign tourism. Only strictly limited and controlled domestic tourism was allowed.[11]
Today, Kuressaare is once again a resort town. New health facilities and hotels have been built, and historical monuments have been restored. Two thirds of the current visitors to the city are mainland Estonians, the remaining visitors are mainly from Finland, Sweden and Latvia.[11]
Sights
In the old town of Kuressaare, mainly the 18th and 19th centuries have been preserved. historical buildings from the 19th century, but there are also older ones. In the old town there are, for example, St. Nicholas Church and Laurentius Church, a goods yard, an old mill (1899), a harbor yard (1663) and residential buildings. The baroque town hall and council house date from the Swedish era in the 17th century, while the building of the Saaremaa Knights, located next to the Kuressaare town hall, dates from the 18th century. Among the oldest preserved buildings are also the parsonage building at Kauba tänav 5 and the Põlluvahi house at the corner of Kitsa and Kitzbergi streets.[13]
Kuressaare bishop castle
The city's biggest attraction is the Kuressaare Bishop's Castle, which mainly dates from the 14th century, and currently houses the Saaremaa Museum. The square-shaped fortress consists of four building wings around the courtyard. On the northeast side are the gate and two towers: Pikk Hermann and Sturvolt. 17-18 are also important. The powerful earthen fortifications of the Kuressaare fortress around the medieval fortress core date from the 19th century. Kuressaare Castle is one of the best preserved in the Baltic States. It has been restored several times since the beginning of the 20th century. Since 2001, Kuressaare Castle Days have been organized every summer with knight tournaments, theatrical tours and processions, and other medieval attractions.[14][15]
To the south-west of the castle is Tori bay, where the port of Kuressaare is located.
Kuressaare Castle Park and the historicist-style Kuressaare Kursaal are the center of resort life. Both were founded in the second half of the 19th century.[10]
At the beginning of Lossi Street, in the former fish market, there is a monument to those who fell in the Estonian War of Independence.
Neighborhoods of Kuressaare
There are nine neighborhoods of Kuressaare:
- Ida-Niidu
- Kesklinn
- Kellamäe
- Marientali
- Põllu alev
- Roomassaare
- Smuuli
- Suuremõisa
- Tori.[16]
Landmarks and culture
The medieval episcopal Kuressaare Castle today houses the Saaremaa Regional Museum. The original wooden castle was constructed between 1338 and 1380, although other sources claim a fortress was built in Kuressaare as early as 1260.[17][18] In 1968, architect Kalvi Aluve began studies on Kuressaare Castle.[19]
The town hall was originally built in 1654, and restored, retaining classicist and baroque features.[9] It was last restored in the 1960s with dolomite stairs at the front.[9] St Nicolaus Church was built in 1790.[9]
The annual
Kuressaare also hosts the
Demographics
Ethnicity | 1922[20] | 1934[21] | 1941[22] | 1959[23]
|
1970[24]
|
1979[25]
|
1989[25]
|
2000[26]
|
2011[27]
|
2021[28] | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | |
Estonians | 2666 | 79.3 | 3938 | 87.9 | 3835 | 97.5 | 7884 | 81.1 | 10658 | 87.8 | 12783 | 90.0 | 14999 | 92.8 | 14548 | 97.5 | 12861 | 97.7 | 12705 | 97.5 |
Russians | 156 | 4.64 | 119 | 2.66 | 40 | 1.02 | - | - | 1063 | 8.76 | 1076 | 7.57 | 833 | 5.15 | 211 | 1.41 | 159 | 1.21 | 125 | 0.96 |
Ukrainians | - | - | 2 | 0.04 | - | - | - | - | 261 | 2.15 | 187 | 1.32 | 178 | 1.10 | 63 | 0.42 | 41 | 0.31 | 38 | 0.29 |
Belarusians | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 64 | 0.53 | 44 | 0.31 | 51 | 0.32 | 12 | 0.08 | 9 | 0.07 | 6 | 0.05 |
Finns | - | - | 3 | 0.07 | 6 | 0.15 | - | - | 11 | 0.09 | 19 | 0.13 | 17 | 0.11 | 35 | 0.23 | 43 | 0.33 | 57 | 0.44 |
Jews | 39 | 1.16 | 22 | 0.49 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | 13 | 0.11 | 5 | 0.04 | 3 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.00 |
Latvians | - | - | 16 | 0.36 | 9 | 0.23 | - | - | 8 | 0.07 | 15 | 0.11 | 9 | 0.06 | 9 | 0.06 | 4 | 0.03 | 8 | 0.06 |
Germans | 401 | 11.9 | 321 | 7.17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 0.02 | 7 | 0.04 | 3 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.02 | 9 | 0.07 |
Tatars | - | - | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 22 | 0.15 | 13 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 0.02 |
Poles | - | - | 10 | 0.22 | 4 | 0.10 | - | - | - | - | 7 | 0.05 | 3 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.02 | 4 | 0.03 |
Lithuanians | - | - | 2 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.03 | - | - | 11 | 0.09 | 11 | 0.08 | 11 | 0.07 | 5 | 0.03 | 8 | 0.06 | 13 | 0.10 |
unknown | 0 | 0.00 | 5 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 17 | 0.11 | 7 | 0.05 | 11 | 0.08 |
other | 102 | 3.03 | 40 | 0.89 | 39 | 0.99 | 1836 | 18.9 | 51 | 0.42 | 35 | 0.25 | 42 | 0.26 | 18 | 0.12 | 28 | 0.21 | 54 | 0.41 |
Total | 3364 | 100 | 4478 | 100 | 3935 | 100 | 9720 | 100 | 12140 | 100 | 14207 | 100 | 16166 | 100 | 14925 | 100 | 13166 | 100 | 13034 | 99.9 |
Climate
Climate data for Kuressaare (1971–1999) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.9 (87.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
32.0 (89.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.1 (31.8) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
7.5 (45.5) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.1 (59.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
1.6 (34.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
3.6 (38.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.9 (53.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.9 (23.2) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.1 (55.6) |
12.7 (54.9) |
8.8 (47.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
3.2 (37.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −31.6 (−24.9) |
−29.8 (−21.6) |
−20.9 (−5.6) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
6.4 (43.5) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−9 (16) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
−32.6 (−26.7) |
−32.6 (−26.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 44 (1.7) |
31 (1.2) |
33 (1.3) |
35 (1.4) |
32 (1.3) |
49 (1.9) |
58 (2.3) |
63 (2.5) |
71 (2.8) |
72 (2.8) |
72 (2.8) |
59 (2.3) |
617 (24.3) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 118 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
87 | 86 | 85 | 79 | 71 | 75 | 78 | 80 | 82 | 84 | 86 | 87 | 82 |
Source: Estonian Weather Service[29][30] |
Economy
Transportation
Kuressaare is served by Kuressaare Airport, located on a peninsula southeast of the town. There is regular traffic to Tallinn, as well as seasonal flights to the island of Ruhnu.
There are bus connections around the island, as well as with Kuivastu on Muhu Island, a ferry terminal with connection to the mainland.
In 1917, during the German occupation, an urban railway was built in Kuressaare, and in 1918, it was transferred to the town administration. It connected the port with the city center/ One of the stations was provisionally located in Kurhouse, and in 1924, the dedicated Park Station was built. The railway functioned until the 1930s when it was gradually disused and mostly dismantled. An attempt to revive the railway in the beginning of the 1950s, during the Soviet period, was unsuccessful, and ended up with rails fully removed from the streets.[31]
Notable people
- Adam Georg von Agthe (1777–1826), Russian military officer
- Tiiu Aro (born 1952), Estonian physician and politician
- Eugen Dücker (1841–1916), Baltic German painter
- Maria Faust (born 1979), Estonian saxophone player and composer
- Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven (1914–2007), German military officer
- Louis Kahn (1901–1974), American architect
- Madis Kallas (born 1981), Estonian decathlete and politician
- Viktor Kingissepp (1888–1922), Estonian communist politician
- Heli Lääts (1932–2018), Estonian singer
- Karl Patrick Lauk (born 1997), Estonian cyclist
- Tullio Liblik (born 1964), Estonian entrepreneur
- Jörgen Liik (born 1990), Estonian actor
- Ivo Linna (born 1949), Estonian singer
- Richard Maack (1825–1886), Russian naturalist
- Konstantin Märska (1896–1951), Estonian cinematographer and film director
- Gerd Neggo (1891–1974), Estonian dancer and choreographer
- Marek Niit (born 1987), Estonian sprinter
- Sulev Nõmmik (1931–1992), Estonian actor, director, humorist and dancer
- Tiidrek Nurme (born 1985), Estonian runner
- Margus Oopkaup (born 1959), Estonian actor
- Mikk Pahapill (born 1983), Estonian decathlete
- Grete Paia (born 1995), Estonian singer and songwriter
- Tõnis Palts (born 1953), Estonian politician and businessman
- Jüri Pihl (1954–2019), Estonian police officer and politician
- Keith Pupart (born 1985), Estonian volleyball player
- Ilmar Raag (born 1968), Estonian film director and media personality
- Mihkel Räim (born 1993), Estonian cyclist
- Tuuli Rand (born 1990), Estonian singer
- Getter Saar (born 1992), Estonian badminton player
- Indrek Saar (born 1973), Estonian actor and politician
- Benno Schotz (1891–1984), Scottish sculptor
- Hannibal Sehested (1609–1666), Danish statesman
- Karen Sehested (1606–1672), Danish court official
- Adeele Sepp (born 1989), Estonian actor
- Jaanus Tamkivi (born 1959), Estonian politician
- Tarmo Teder (born 1958), Estonian writer and critic
- Ivar Karl Ugi (1930–2005), German chemist
- Voldemar Väli (1903–1997), Estonian wrestler
- Mihail Velsvebel (1926–2008), Estonian runner
- Alexander Vostokov (1781–1864), Russian philologist
- Richard Otto Zöpffel (1843–1891), Baltic German theologian
Twin towns and sister cities
The former municipality of Kuressaare was
- Ekenäs, Finland (since 21 November 1988)
- Kuurne, Belgium (since 9 August 1998)
- Mariehamn, Finland (since 24 October 1991)
- Rønne, Denmark (since 3 October 1991)
- Skövde, Sweden (since 23 June 1993)
- Talsi, Latvia (since 27 May 1998)
- Turku, Finland (since 30 May 1996)
- Vammala, Finland (since 30 June 1994)
Significant depictions in popular culture
- Arensburg (Kuressaare) is one of the starting towns of the State of the Teutonic Order in the turn-based strategy game Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms.[33]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ "Rahvastik soo, vanuserühma ja 2017. aasta haldusreformi järgse elukoha järgi, 1. jaanuar". Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
- ^ Statistics Estonia
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-16431-4. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ "Kuressaare linn".
- ^ a b c d e Pospelov, p. 28
- ^ "Kuressaare". [KNR] Dictionary of Estonian Place names. Eesti Keele Instituut (Estonian Language Institute). Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ISBN 978-83-86206-03-2. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-0325-2. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84162-320-7. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ a b Kirss, Sepp, Urve, Tiina (2005). Top of Estonia: Kuressaare (in Estonian). Harjumaa: Oomen.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Kolk, Tiina (22 August 2010). "Mudakuurort Kuressaare". Postimees. p. 1.
- ^ "Kuressaare minevikust ja tulevikust". Saarte Hääl. 7 December 2009. p. 1. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ^ Välja, Leele (2014). Kuressaare. Solnessi Arhitektuurikirjastus.
- ^ "Saaremaa suvi". 2019-06-28. Archived from the original on 2020-09-27.
- ^ "Kure lossipäevad". 2019-06-28.
- ^ "LINNAOSADE JA -JAGUDE LÜHENDID". www.eki.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33125-1. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-4053-6063-0. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ISBN 9789949112333. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ISBN 9789916103067– via Digar.
- hdl:10062/4439.
- ^ Eesti Statistika : kuukiri 1942-03/04 (in German and Estonian). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1942. pp. 66–67.
- ISBN 9985-820-71-1.
- ^ Население районов, городов и поселков городского типа Эстонской ССР : по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения на 15 января 1970 года (in Russian). Tallinn: Eesti NSV Statistika Keskvalitsus. 1972. p. 77.
- ^ ISBN 978-9949-7193-2-7– via Digar.
- ^ "RL222: RAHVASTIK ELUKOHA JA RAHVUSE JÄRGI". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
- ^ "RL0429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2011". Estonian Statistical Database. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "RL21429: Rahvastik Rahvuse, Soo, Vanuserühma Ja ELukoha (Haldusüksus) Järgi, 31. DETSEMBER 2021". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
- ^
"Kliimanormid-Õhutemperatuur" (in Estonian). Estonian Weather Service. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^
"Kliimanormid-Sademed, õhuniiskus" (in Estonian). Estonian Weather Service. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Fish, Endel. "Railroad of Saaremaa". Tourism in Saaremaa.
- ^ "Kuressaare sõpruslinnad". Kuressaare linn. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ "The Teutonic Order (M2TW-K-TC faction)". wiki.totalwar.com. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
Sources
- Е. М. Поспелов (Ye. M. Pospelov). "Имена городов: вчера и сегодня (1917–1992). Топонимический словарь." (City Names: Yesterday and Today (1917–1992). Toponymic Dictionary.) Москва, "Русские словари", 1993.
External links
Media related to Kuressaare at Wikimedia Commons Kuressaare travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Kuressaare at Curlie