University of London
ex officio | ||||||||||||
Academic staff | 100 (central academic bodies; 2018/19)[1] | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Administrative staff | 895 (central academic bodies; 2018/19)[1] | |||||||||||
Students | 205,400 internal;[2] 37,395 in University of London Worldwide[3] (2021–22) | |||||||||||
Undergraduates | 116,585 internal;[2] 30,350 University of London Worldwide[3] (2021–22) | |||||||||||
Postgraduates | 88,815 internal;[2] 7,045 University of London Worldwide[3] (2021–22) | |||||||||||
Location | , England, United Kingdom | |||||||||||
Deputy Vice Chancellor | David Latchman[4][5] | |||||||||||
Chair of the Board of Trustees | Richard Dearlove[6] | |||||||||||
Colours | ||||||||||||
Affiliations | ||||||||||||
Website | london | |||||||||||
The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal[a] public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The university was established by royal charter in 1836 as a degree-awarding examination board for students holding certificates from University College London, King's College London and "other such institutions, corporate or unincorporated, as shall be established for the purpose of Education, whether within the Metropolis or elsewhere within our United Kingdom".[8] It is one of three institutions to have advertised themselves as the third-oldest university in England.[b][9][10] It moved to a federal structure with constituent colleges in 1900.[11] It is now incorporated by its fourth (1863) royal charter and governed by the University of London Act 2018 (c. iii).[12]
The university consists of 17 member institutions and three central academic bodies.[13][14] The university has around 48,000 distance learning external students[15] and around 219,410 campus-based internal students, making it the largest university by number of students in the United Kingdom. For most practical purposes, ranging from admissions to funding, the member institutions operate on an independent basis, with many awarding their own degrees whilst remaining in the federal university.
Under the 2018 act, member institutions ceased to be termed colleges and gained the right to seek university status without having to leave the federal university: Birkbeck, City, Goldsmiths', King's College London, the LSE, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Queen Mary, the Royal Veterinary College, Royal Holloway, SOAS, St George's and UCL have all indicated that they intend to do so.[16]
As of 2015, there are around 2 million
History
19th century
All universities are different, but some are more different than others. The University of London is the most different of them all.
— Negley Harte, Historian[18]
University College London (UCL) was founded under the name "London University" (but without recognition by the state) in 1826 as a secular alternative to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which limited their degrees to members of the established Church of England.[19] As a result of the controversy surrounding UCL's establishment, King's College London was founded as an Anglican college by royal charter in 1829.[20][21]
In 1830, UCL applied for a royal charter as a university which would allow it to confer degrees. This was rejected, but renewed in 1834.
In 1835, the government announced the response to UCL's petition for a charter. Two charters would be issued, one to UCL incorporating it as a college rather than a university, without degree awarding powers, and a second "establishing a Metropolitan University, with power to grant academical degrees to those who should study at the London University College, or at any similar institution which his Majesty might please hereafter to name".[30]
Following the issuing of its charter on 28 November 1836, the new University of London started drawing up regulations for degrees in March 1837. The death of
The university established by the charters of 1836 and 1837 was essentially an examining board with the right to award degrees in arts, laws and medicine. However, the university did not have the authority to grant degrees in theology, considered the senior faculty in the other three English universities. In medicine, the university was given the right to determine which medical schools provided sufficient medical training. In arts and law, by contrast, it would examine students from UCL, King's College, or any other institution granted a royal warrant, effectively giving the government control of which institutions could submit students for examination by the university. Beyond this right to submit students for examination, there was no other connection between the colleges and the university.
In 1849 the university held its first graduation ceremony at Somerset House following a petition to the senate from the graduates, who had previously received their degrees without any ceremony. About 250 students graduated at this ceremony. The London academic robes of this period were distinguished by their "rich velvet facings".[32]
The list of institutions whose students could enter University of London examinations grew rapidly by 1858, including all other British universities as well as over 30 other schools and colleges outside of London. In that year, a new charter opened up the examinations to everyone, effectively abolishing the weak link between the university and the colleges.
The expanded role meant the university needed more space, particularly with the growing number of students at the provincial university colleges. Between 1867 and 1870 a new headquarters was built at 6 Burlington Gardens, providing the university with exam halls and offices.
In 1863, via a fourth charter, the university gained the right to grant degrees in surgery.
In 1878, the university set another first when it became the first university in the UK to admit women to degrees, via the grant of a supplemental charter. Four female students obtained Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1880 and two obtained Bachelor of Science degrees in 1881, again the first in the country.[39]
University of London Act 1898 | |
---|---|
Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 12 August 1898 |
In the late 19th century, the university came under criticism for merely serving as a centre for the administration of tests, and there were calls for a "teaching university" for London. UCL and KCL considered separating from the university to form a separate university, variously known as the Albert University, Gresham University and Westminster University. Following two
-
Somerset House in 1836. The university had its offices here from 1837 to 1870.
-
King William IV, who granted the University of London its original royal charter in 1836
-
An illustration of 6 Burlington Gardens, home to the university administration from 1870 to 1900
20th century
The London University should stand to the British empire as the great technological institution in Berlin, the Charlottenburg, stood to the German empire.
— Lord Rosebery in 1903[41]
The reforms initiated by the 1898 act came into force with the approval of the new federal statutes in 1900. Many of the colleges in London became schools of the university, including UCL, King's College,
The previous provision for colleges outside London was not abandoned on federation, instead London offered two routes to degrees: "internal" degrees offered by schools of the university and "external" degrees offered at other colleges (now the
UCL and King's College, whose campaign for a teaching university in London had resulted in the university's reconstitution as a federal institution, went even further than becoming schools of the university and were actually merged into it. UCL's merger, under the
The expansion of the university's role meant that the Burlington Garden premises were insufficient, and in March 1900 it moved to the Imperial Institute in South Kensington.
The University of London contingent of the Officers' Training Corps (OTC) was formed in 1908 and had enrolled 950 students by autumn 1914.[46] During the First World War, the OTC supplied 500 officers to the British Army between August 1914 and March 1915.[47] Some 665 officers associated with the university died during the First World War[48] and 245 officers in the Second World War.[49] As of 2004[update] the London University Officers' Training Corps (UOTC), drawn from 52 universities and colleges in the London area (not just the University of London), was the largest UOTC in the country, with about 400 officer cadets.[50] It has been based at Yeomanry House in Handel Street, London since 1992. In 2011, Canterbury Company was founded to recruit officer cadets from universities in Kent.[51]
During the
The latter half of the last century was less eventful. In 1948, Athlone Press was founded as the publishing house for the university, and sold to the Bemrose Corporation in 1979,[53] subsequent to which it was acquired by Continuum publishing.[54] However, the post-WWII period was mostly characterised by expansion and consolidation within the university, such as the acquisition as a constituent body of the Jesuit theological institution Heythrop College on its move from Oxfordshire in 1969.
University of London Act 1978 | |
---|---|
Act of Parliament | |
Long title | An Act to make new provision for the University of London and to repeal the University of London Act 1926. |
Citation | 1978 c. ii |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 23 March 1978 |
Other legislation | |
Repealed by | University of London Act 1994 |
Status: Repealed |
The University of London Act 1978 (c. ii) saw the university defined as a federation of self-governing colleges, starting the process of decentralisation that would lead to a marked transference of academic and financial power in this period from the central authorities in Senate House to the individual colleges. In the same period, UCL and King's College regained their legal independence via acts of parliament and the issuing of new royal charters. UCL was reincorporated in 1977, while King's College's new charter in 1980 reunited the main body of the college with the corporation formed in 1829. In 1992 centralised graduation ceremonies at the
There was also a tendency in the late 20th century for smaller colleges to be amalgamated into larger "super-colleges". Some of the larger colleges (most notably UCL, King's College, LSE and Imperial) periodically put forward the possibility of their departure from the university, although no steps were taken to actually putting this into action until the early 21st century.
21st century
In 2002,
Despite this failure, the trend of decentralising power continued. A significant development in this process was the closing down of the
On 9 December 2005, Imperial College became the second constituent body (after Regent's Park College) to make a formal decision to leave the university. Its council announced that it was beginning negotiations to withdraw from the university in time for its own centenary celebrations, and in order to be able to award its own degrees. On 5 October 2006, the University of London accepted Imperial's formal request to withdraw from it.[59] Imperial became fully independent on 9 July 2007, as part of the celebrations of the college's centenary.
The
The
Since 2010, the university has been outsourcing support services such as cleaning and portering. This has prompted industrial action by the largely
Following good results in the
University of London Act 2018 | |
---|---|
Act of Parliament | |
Long title | An Act to make new provision for the making of statutes for the University of London; and for related purposes. |
Citation | 2018 c. iii |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 20 December 2018 |
Other legislation | |
Repeals/revokes |
|
Text of statute as originally enacted |
In 2016 reforms were proposed that would see the colleges become member institutions and be allowed to legally become universities in their own right. A bill to amend the university's statutes was introduced into the House of Lords in late 2016. The bill was held up by procedural matters in the House of Commons, with MP
In 2018,
In 2019, the University of London Press, founded in 1910, was relaunched as a fully open-access publisher specializing in "distinctive scholarship at the forefront of the Humanities".[74]
Campuses
The university owns a considerable central London estate of 12 hectares of freehold land in Bloomsbury, near Russell Square tube station.[75]
Some of the university's colleges have their main buildings on the estate. The Bloomsbury Campus also contains eight Halls of Residence and
The university also owns many of the squares that formed part of the Bedford Estate, including Gordon Square, Tavistock Square, Torrington Square and Woburn Square, as well as several properties outside Bloomsbury, with many of the university's colleges and institutes occupying their own estates across London:
- Clare Market,
- The London School of Economics and Political Science and part of King's College Londonare based
- The North and East Wings of Somerset House, the location for the Courtauld Institute of Art and King's College London, respectively
- St Bartholomew's Hospital,
- the University of London Boat Club in Chiswick, and
- The campus of Royal Holloway and Bedford New College including the historic Founder's Building.
The university also has several properties outside London, including a number of residential and catering units further afield and the premises of the University of London Institute in Paris, which offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in French and historical studies.
Organisation and administration
The university's board of trustees, the governing and executive body of the university, comprises eleven appointed independent persons – all of whom are non-executive; the vice-chancellor, the deputy vice chancellor and four heads of member institutions, appointed by the Collegiate Council.
The board of trustees is supported by the Collegiate Council, which comprises the heads of the member institutions of the university, the deputy vice-chancellor, the dean and chief executive of the School of Advanced Study, the chief executive of the University of London Worldwide and the Collegiate Council's chair, the vice-chancellor.
Chancellors
The chancellors of the University of London since its founding are as follows:
- William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Burlington, 1836–1856
- Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, 1856–1891
- Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby, 1891–1893
- Farrer Herschell, 1st Baron Herschell, 1893–1899
- John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley, 1899–1902
- Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, 1902–1929
- William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp, 1929–1931
- Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, 1932–1955
- Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, 1955–1981
- 1981–present
Member institutions
For most practical purposes, ranging from admission of students to negotiating funding from the government, the 17 member institutions are treated as individual universities. Legally speaking they are known as Recognised Bodies, with the authority to examine students and award them degrees of the university. Some member institutions also have the power to award their own degrees instead of those of the university; those which exercise that power include:[77]
- Birkbeck, University of London
- City, University of London
- Goldsmiths, University of London
- King's College London
- London Business School
- London School of Economics and Political Science
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Queen Mary University of London
- Royal Academy of Music
- Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
- Royal Holloway, University of London
- Royal Veterinary College
- SOAS, University of London
- St George's, University of London
- University College London
Most decisions affecting the member institutions and institutes of the University of London are made at the level of the member institutions or institutes themselves. The University of London does retain its own decision-making structure, however, with the Collegiate Council and board of trustees, responsible for matters of academic policy. The Collegiate Council is made up of the heads of member institutions of the university.[7]
The 12 institutes, or Listed Bodies, within the University of London offer courses leading to degrees that are both examined and awarded by the University of London. Additionally, twelve universities in England, several in Canada and many in other
Member Institutions
Under the University of London Act 2018 (c. iii), a member institution is defined as "an educational, academic or research institution which is a constituent member of the University and has for the time being―(a) the status of a college under the statutes; or (b) the status of a university". As of February 2019, 12 of the colleges of the university have said they are seeking university status. This does not affect their status as member institution of the university or the degrees they award.[16] The member institutions of the University of London (as of September 2018) are:[78]
College name | Year entered | Photograph | Students | Has power to award degrees?[77] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Birkbeck, University of London (BBK) | 1920 | 11,425 | Yes | |
City, University of London (CUL)[65] | 2016 | 19,975 | Yes | |
Courtauld Institute of Art (CIA) | 1932 | 545 | No | |
Goldsmiths, University of London (GUL) | 1904 | 10,090 | Yes | |
Institute of Cancer Research (ICR)
|
2003 | 280 | No | |
King's College London (KCL) | 1836 (Founding college) | 33,110 | Yes | |
London Business School (LBS) | 1964 | 2,305 | Yes | |
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)
|
1900 | 12,050 | Yes | |
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) | 1924 | 1,090 | Yes | |
Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) | 1915 | 21,665 | Yes | |
Royal Academy of Music (RAM) | 2003 | 860 | Yes | |
Royal Central School of Speech and Drama (RCSSD)
|
2005 | 1,100 | Yes | |
Royal Holloway, University of London (RHUL) | 1900 | 11,530 | Yes | |
Royal Veterinary College (RVC) | 1915 | 2,510 | Yes | |
SOAS, University of London (SOAS)
|
1916 | 5,795 | Yes | |
St George's, University of London (SGUL) | 1838 | 4,330 | Yes | |
University College London (UCL) | 1836 (Founding college) | 41,095 | Yes |
Central academic bodies
- University of London (Worldwide)
- University of London Institute in Paris, formerly known as the British Institute in Paris
- School of Advanced Study comprising the following institutes:
- the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
- the Institute of Classical Studies
- the Institute of Commonwealth Studies
- the Institute of English Studies
- the Institute of Historical Research
- the Institute of Latin American Studies
- the Institute of Modern Languages Research
- the Institute of Philosophy
- the Warburg Institute
Former colleges and schools
Some colleges and schools of the University of London have been amalgamated into larger colleges, closed or left the University of London. Those amalgamated with larger colleges include (listed by current parent institution):
- King's College London
- Chelsea College – Manresa Road, Chelsea
- Queen Elizabeth College – Campden Hill Road, Kensington
- Institute of Psychiatry – split from Maudsley Hospital, merged with King's College London in 1997[79]
- King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry
- Queen Mary, University of London
- Westfield College – Kidderpore Avenue, Hampstead; now part of Queen Mary and Westfield College (the registered royal charter title of Queen Mary, University of London)
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College - Merged 1995
- London Hospital Medical College - Merged 1995
- Royal Holloway, University of London
- Bedford College – Inner Circle Regent's Park; now part of Royal Holloway and Bedford New College (the legal title of Royal Holloway, University of London, under its establishing act of parliament)
- Institute of Musical Research – moved from School of Advanced Study in 2015
- UCL
- The School of Pharmacy, University of London; merged with UCL on 1 January 2012
- School of Slavonic and East European Studies
- Institute of Education; merged with UCL on 2 December 2014
- Middlesex Hospital Medical School; merged with UCL in 1987
- Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine: merged with UCL in 1998
Institutions that have closed or left the university include:
- Heythrop College– closed 2018
- University Marine Biological Station, Millport, closed in 2013, now run by Field Studies Council
- Imperial College London – became independent in July 2007[80] This had previously absorbed:
- Wye College in Wye, Kent; now closed
- Royal Postgraduate Medical School; now part of the Imperial College School of Medicine
- St. Mary's Hospital Medical School; merged 1998
- Charing Cross Hospital Medical School: merged 1997
- Westminster Hospital Medical School: merged 1997
- New College London, closed in 1980.
- The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Chelsea, London, founded 1891. In 1978 became a science funding body
- The American International University in London
- Regent's Park College moved to Oxford in 1927, becoming a permanent private hall of the University of Oxfordfrom 1957
University colleges in the external degree programme
A number of major universities originated as university colleges teaching external degrees of the University of London. These include:
- Mason College, Birmingham, awarded a royal charter in 1900 as the University of Birmingham.
- Owen's College Manchester, became part of the Victoria University in 1880, awarded a royal charter in 1903 as the Victoria University of Manchester.
- University College Liverpool, became part of the Victoria University in 1884, awarded a royal charter in 1903 as the University of Liverpool.
- Yorkshire College, Leeds, became part of the Victoria University in 1887, awarded a royal charter in 1904 as the University of Leeds.
- Firth College, Sheffield, awarded a royal charter in 1905 as the University of Sheffield.
- Bristol University College, awarded a royal charter in 1909 as the University of Bristol.
- University College Reading, awarded a royal charter in 1926 as the University of Reading.
- Ceylon University College, established by the Ceylon University Ordinance Act in 1942 as the University of Ceylon.
- University College Nottingham, awarded a royal charter in 1948 as the University of Nottingham.
- Hartley University College, Southampton, awarded a royal charter in 1952 as the University of Southampton.
- University College Hull, awarded a royal charter in 1954 as the University of Hull.[81]
- University College of the South West of England, Exeter, awarded a royal charter in 1955 as the University of Exeter.
- University College Leicester, awarded a royal charter in 1957 as the University of Leicester.
- University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff, joined the University of Wales in 1893 and became Cardiff University in 2005.
- University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, joined the University of Wales in 1893 and became Aberystwyth University in 2007.
- University College of North Wales, Bangor, joined the University of Wales in 1893 and became Bangor University in 2007.
A number of other colleges had degrees validated and awarded by the University of London.[82]
- St. Patrick's, Carlow College, Ireland – from 1840 to 1892 students studied for primary degrees in Arts (BA) and Law (BLL).[83]
- St. Patrick's College, Thurles, Ireland – from 1849 the University of London, allowed Thurles to offer degrees.[84]
- Huddersfield College
- Queen's College, Birmingham[85]
- Stonyhurst College, a Catholic college in Lancashire.
- Wesleyan Collegiate Institution, Taunton, which became Queen's College, Taunton.
- Ceylon Technical College, 1933 – 1950 students studied for engineering degrees in BSc in engineering.
- University College Lahore
- Singapore Institute of Management
- Northwest College for Advanced Learning, India
Colleges in special relation
Between 1946 and 1970, the university entered into 'schemes of special relation' with university colleges in the Commonwealth of Nations. These schemes encouraged the development of independent universities by offering a relationship with the University of London. University colleges in these countries were granted a royal charter. An academic board of the university college negotiated with the University of London over the entrance requirements for the admission of students, syllabuses, examination procedures and other academic matters. During the period of the special relationship, graduates of the colleges were awarded University of London degrees.
Some of the colleges which were in special relation are listed below, along with the year in which their special relation was established.
- 1946 – The University College of the West Indies, until 1961. (Now the University of the West Indies)[86]
- 1948 – University College of the Gold Coast, (now University of Ghana)
- 1948 – University College, Ibadan, until 1967. (Now the University of Ibadan)[87]
- 1956 – University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (now the University of Zimbabwe).
- 1961 – Royal College Nairobi (now the University of Nairobi).
- 1963 – University of East Africa (In 1970, it was split into three independent universities, which are now: University of Nairobi, Makerere University, and University of Dar es Salaam)
In 1970, the 'Schemes of Special Relation' were phased out.
Coat of arms
The University of London received a grant of arms in April 1838.[9] The arms depict a cross of St George upon which there is a Tudor rose surrounded by detailing and surmounted by a crown. Above all of this there is a blue field with an open book upon it.
The arms are described in the grant as:
|
Academic dress
The University of London had established a rudimentary code for academic dress by 1844. The university was the first to devise a system of academic dress based on faculty colours, an innovation that was subsequently followed by many other universities.
Colleges that award their own degrees have their own academic dress for those degrees.
Student life
In 2019/20, approximately 5% of all UK students attended one of the University of London's
The ULU building on
Sports, clubs and traditions
Though most sports teams are organised at the college level,
In addition to these, ULU catered for sports not covered by the individual colleges through clubs such as the
ULU also organised several societies, ranging from Ballroom and Latin American Dance to
The university runs the University of London Boat Club.
Student housing
The university operates eight intercollegiate
- Bonham Carter and Warwickshire House, Gower Street, WC1E[91]
- College Hall, Malet Street, WC1E[92]
- Connaught Hall, Tavistock Square, WC1H[93]
- Eleanor Rosa House, Lett Road, E15[94]
- Garden Halls, Cartwright Gardens, WC1H[95]
- Handel Mansions, Handel Street, WC1N[96]
- International Hall, Lansdown Terrace, WC1N[97]
- Nutford House, Brown Street, W1H[98]
Notable people
Alumni
-
Nelson Mandela (LLB; Hon. DSc Econ 1996), Father of the Nation for South Africa
-
John Snow (MB, MD), founder of epidemiology
-
Tom Wolf (MPhil 1978), 47th Governor of Pennsylvania
-
Achim Steiner (MA 1985), Administrator of the UNDP
-
Tedros Adhanom (MSc 1992), 8th Director-General of the World Health Organization
-
Jeremy Heywood (MSc 1986), 11th Cabinet Secretary
-
Queen of Denmark
-
Aung San Suu Kyi (MPhil 1988), 1st State Counsellor of Myanmar
-
Fred Mulley (BSc), former British Secretary of State for Defence
-
Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
-
Timothy L. Killeen (BSc, MSc, PhD), 20th President of the University of Illinois System
-
Mick Jagger, English singer and composer.
-
George Soros (BSc 1951, MSc 1954), billionaire investor and philanthropist.
-
Meir Shamgar (LLB), 7th Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Israel.
-
Emmerson Mnangagwa (LLB 1972), 3rd President of Zimbabwe.
A large number of famous individuals have passed through the University of London, either as staff or students, including at least 12 monarchs or royalty, 52 presidents or prime ministers, 84
Staff and students of the university, past and present, have contributed to a number of important scientific advances, including the discovery of
Notable political figures who have passed through the university include
Academic staff
-
T. S. Eliot, poet and editor
-
Alexander Fleming, physician and microbiologist
-
John Kay, 1st Dean of Saïd Business School
In the arts, culture and literature the university has produced many notable figures. Writers include novelists
The university has also played host to film directors (Christopher Nolan, Derek Jarman), philosophers (Karl Popper, Roger Scruton), explorers (David Livingstone), international academics (Sam Karunaratne), Riccarton High School Head of Commerce, Tom Neumann and leading businessmen (Michael Cowpland, George Soros).
Honorary alumni
The University of London
-
-
British Dominions and Emperor of India[9]
-
-
Queen Elizabeth II (BMus 1946, LLD 1951), Queen of the United Kingdom and
the other Commonwealth realms[105][l] -
Theoretical physicist and Recipient of Nobel Prize in Physicsin 1921
-
René Cassin (1969), Recipient of Nobel Peace Prize in 1968
-
32nd President of the United States
Controversy
In recent years the University of London has seen much controversy surrounding its treatment of staff and students.
In 2012, outsourced cleaning staff ran the "3 Cosas" campaign, fighting for improvements in three areas – sick pay, holiday and pensions. After over a year of high-profile strikes, protests and occupations, concessions were made by the university in terms of sick pay and holidays, however these improvements were nowhere near to the extent of what was being demanded by the campaign.[109]
In 2013, after a student occupation in favour of ten demands, including fair pay for workers, a halt to privatisation of the university and an end to plans to shut down the university's student union
In 2018, an article was published by Vice that reported on concerns over the university's security arrangements at Senate House, where over 25 extra private security staff had been brought in. Students who had been involved in an occupation of Senate House were barred from using university facilities, and there were numerous allegations of students being verbally, physically and sexually assaulted by the temporary security staff.[112]
In December 2018, the Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain called for a boycott of events at the university's central administration buildings, including Senate House, with the aim of putting pressure on the University of London to bring outsourced cleaning, catering and security staff in-house by targeting a revenue stream worth around £40 million per year.[113][114][115]
In May 2019, the congress of the University and College Union, voted to boycott the University of London's central administration buildings including Senate House, raising the pressure on the University of London.[116] Dion Georgiou, an academic supporting the boycott and a member of UCU, wrote a comment piece for The Guardian shortly before the vote, urging the congress to approve the motion and claiming that "[outsourced workers] face an intransigent university management, whose response has frequently blended short-termism with heavy-handedness".[117] The motion was passed two days later.
The federal model elsewhere
In 1850, Queen's University of Ireland[9] was created as a federal university to provide degrees for students from the colleges established at Belfast, Cork and Galway. This was succeeded in 1879 by the Royal University of Ireland, an examining university along the model of the University of London, which was in turn succeeded by the federal National University of Ireland in 1908. When the University of New Zealand was constituted in 1874,[118] it was a federal university modelled on the University of London, functioning principally as an examining body.[118] University of the Cape of Good Hope, when it was constituted in 1875 and authorised to be responsible for examinations throughout South Africa.[118] In Canada, similar structures were adopted, but on a regional basis.[118] The University of Toronto acted as an examining and degree awarding body for the province of Ontario from 1853 to 1887, by utilising an operating model based on that of University of London.[118]
In India, to satisfy the urge for higher education and learning,[119] three universities were set up at three presidency towns in 1857 on the model of University of London[119] as affiliating universities, viz., University of Calcutta, University of Mumbai and University of Madras.[119][120]
The University of Wales was established in 1893 on a federal model incorporating (originally) colleges in Aberystwyth, Bangor and Cardiff.[121] A decision to dissolve the University of Wales was made in 2017.[122]
Literature and popular culture
Literature
During the
Films and others
A lecturer at the university (SOAS) named William McGovern was one of the real-life inspirations of the film character Indiana Jones.[130]
Senate House and the constituent colleges of the University of London have been featured in Hollywood and British films.[131][132][133][134]
In year 1916, Alfred Hitchcock enrolled at the University of London[135][136][137][138] and took evening courses and drawing and design classes, and later in 1920 helped land him a spot designing title cards.
See also
- Armorial of UK universities
- Golden triangle (universities)
- List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)
- List of universities in the UK
- Third-oldest university in England debate
- United Hospitals
Notes
- ^ All students from all member institutions and central bodies and research institutes are members of their respective institutions and are also University of London students and alumni. The University of London has a collegiate council which advises the board of trustees on the strategic direction of the university, and is responsible for ensuring the proper discharge of its academic affairs. It is chaired by the vice-chancellor, and its membership comprises the deputy vice-chancellor (who is the deputy chair), all the heads of the member institutions, the dean and chief executive of the School of Advanced Study, and the chief executive of the University of London Worldwide.[7]
- ^ Following the establishment of the universities of Oxford (by 1167) and Cambridge (1209); the title is also claimed by UCL (established 1826 but not recognised as a university) and Durham (established as a university in 1832 but not incorporated by royal charter until 1837).
- ^ Ramsay MacDonald was a British statesman who was the first Labour Party politician to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- ^ Jeremy Heywood and Simon Case.
- ^ The total number of Nobel Prize winners is inclusive of all current member institutions (formerly constituent college), central bodies and research institutes. The total number also includes alumni of Imperial College London (ICL) until 2007. ICL solely awarded UOL degrees until 2007 as it was a constituent college under federal university. In 2007, ICL officially left UOL and became a university outside the federal university.
- ^ These include Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Lee Kuan Yew, Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, Jomo Kenyatta and Kwame Nkrumah.
- ^ Mahatma Gandhi passed the University of London matriculation examination in June 1890.
- ^ Shankar Dayal Sharma earned Diploma in Public Administration (DPA) from University of London.
- ^ Imperial College London was a constituent college of University of London from years 1908 to 2007. All degrees during this time was solely issued by the federal university. Imperial College left UoL in 2007 and after which is now issuing its own degree in its name.
- ^ Attended the University of London Institute in Paris (central academic body of UOL); did not graduate.
- List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
- List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II
- ^ The University of London awarded honorary doctorate degree to Winston Churchill at the Foundation Day ceremony on 18 November 1948.
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{{cite book}}
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ignored (help) - ISBN 9781843830658.
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Further reading
- Harte, Negley (2000). University of London: An Illustrated History: 1836–1986. London: A&C Black. ISBN 9780567564498.
- ISBN 9781852850326.
- Willson, F. M. G. (1995). Our Minerva: The Men and Politics of the University of London, 1836–58. London: Athlone Press. ISBN 9780485114799.
- Willson, F. M. G. (2004). The University of London, 1858–1900: The Politics of Senate and Convocation. London: Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843830658.
- Rothblatt, Sheldon (2006). The Modern University and Its Discontents: The Fate of Newman's Legacies in Britain and America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521025010.