Louis XVII

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Louis XVII
Catholicism
SignatureLouis XVII's signature

Louis XVII (born Louis Charles, Duke of Normandy; 27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795) was the younger son of King

Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette. His older brother, Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France, died in June 1789, a little over a month before the start of the French Revolution. At his brother's death he became the new Dauphin (heir apparent to the throne), a title he held until 1791, when the new constitution
accorded the heir apparent the title of Prince Royal.

When his

a republic and since Louis-Charles was imprisoned and died in captivity in June 1795, he never actually ruled. Nevertheless, in 1814 after the Bourbon Restoration, his uncle acceded to the throne and was proclaimed Louis XVIII
.

Biography

Baptismal certificate, Parish of Notre-Dame

Louis-Charles de France was born at the

Sophie, was born a little over a year later. He became the Dauphin on the death of his elder brother, Louis Joseph
, on 4 June 1789.

As customary in royal families, Louis-Charles was cared for by multiple people. Queen Marie Antoinette appointed governesses to look after all three of her children. Louis-Charles' original governess was

10 August 1792; in other words, for seven years. During these seven years, she never left him, she cradled him, took care of him, dressed him, comforted him, and scolded him. Many times, more than Marie Antoinette, she was a true mother for him".[3]

Some have suggested that Axel von Fersen, who was romantically linked with Marie Antoinette, was the father of her son. The fact that Louis Charles was born exactly nine months after he returned to court was noted, but this theory was debunked by most scholars, who reject it, observing that the time of his conception corresponded to a time that Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette had spent a lot of time together. The king wrote in his diary about the birth as "when my son was born". Marie Antoinette reportedly retained her charisma after her pregnancies, cutting an imposing figure in her court. She was said to have many admirers, but remained a faithful, strong-willed wife and a stern but ultimately loving mother.[4]

On 6 October 1789, the royal family was forced by a Parisian mob mostly composed of women to move from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace in Paris, where they spent the next three years as prisoners under the daily surveillance of the National Guards who did not spare any humiliation to the family; at that time Marie Antoinette was always surrounded by guards, even in her bedroom at night and these guards were present when the Queen was allowed to see her children.

The family lived a secluded life, and Marie Antoinette dedicated most of her time to her two children under the daily surveillance of the national guards who kept her hands behind her back and searched everybody from the Queen to the children to see if any letters were smuggled to the prisoner.

10 August 1792, the royal family sought refuge at the Legislative Assembly
.

On 13 August, the royal family was imprisoned in the tower of the

Republic
. On 11 December, at the beginning of his trial, Louis XVI was separated from his family.

Naming

At his birth, Louis-Charles, a Fils de France ("Son of France"), was given the title of Duke of Normandy, and, on 4 June 1789, when Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France, his elder brother, died, the four-year-old became Dauphin of France, a title he held until September 1791, when France became a constitutional monarchy. Under the new constitution, the heir-apparent to the throne of France, formerly referred to as the "Dauphin", was restyled the Prince Royal. Louis-Charles held that title until the fall of the monarchy on 21 September 1792. At the death of his father on 21 January 1793, royalists and foreign powers intent on restoring the monarchy held him to be the new king of France, with the title of Louis XVII. From his exile in Hamm, in today's North Rhine-Westphalia, his uncle, the Count of Provence and future Louis XVIII, who had emigrated on 21 June 1791, appointed himself Regent for the young imprisoned king.

Prison and rumours of escape

1793: In the care of Antoine Simon

Temple, (Musée de la Révolution française
)

Immediately following Louis XVI's execution, plots were hatched for the escape of the prisoners from the

Temple, the chief of these plots were engineered by the Chevalier de Jarjayes [fr], the Baron de Batz, and Lady Atkyns. Others said to be involved in his escape(s) are Paul Barras and Joséphine de Beauharnais.[7]

On 3 July, Louis-Charles was separated from his mother and put in the care of

Commune with manufactured "evidence" against the Queen.[8] However, the scenes related by Alcide de Beauchesne [fr
] of the physical torment of the child are not supported by any testimony, though he was at this time seen by a great number of people.

On 6 October,

Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte
for the last time.

1794: Illness

On 19 January 1794, the Simons left the

Temple, after securing a receipt for the safe transfer of their ward, who was declared to be in good health. A large part of the Temple records from that time onward disappeared under the Bourbon Restoration
, making ascertaining of the facts impossible. Two days after the departure of the Simons, Louis-Charles is said by the Restoration historians to have been put in a dark room that was barricaded like the cage of a wild animal. The story recounts that food was passed through the bars to the boy, who survived despite the accumulated filth of his surroundings.

9th Thermidor (27 July 1794). Barras's account of the visit describes the child as suffering from extreme neglect, but conveys no idea of the alleged walling-in. The boy made no complaint to Barras of any ill treatment. He was then cleaned and re-clothed. His room was cleaned, and during the day he was visited by his new attendant, Jean Jacques Christophe Laurent [fr] (1770–1807), a creole from Martinique
. From 8 November onward, Laurent had assistance from a man named Gomin.

Louis Charles by Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun

Louis-Charles was then taken out for fresh air and walks on the roof of the Tower. From about the time of Gomin's arrival, he was inspected, not by delegates of the Commune, but by representatives of the civil committee of the 48 sections of Paris. From the end of October onward, the child maintained silence, explained by Laurent as a determination taken on the day he made his deposition against his mother. On 19 December 1794, he was visited by three commissioners from the Committee of Public Safety — Jean-Baptiste Harmand [fr], Jean-Baptiste Charles Matthieu and Jacques Reverchon [fr] — but they failed to get the boy to say anything at all.

1795: Death

Louis XVII

On 31 March 1795,

P. J. Desault, who had visited him seven months earlier, was summoned. However, on 1 June, Desault himself died suddenly, not without suspicion of poison, and it was some days before doctors Philippe-Jean Pelletan and Jean-Baptiste Dumangin
were called.

Louis-Charles died on 8 June 1795. The next day an autopsy was conducted by Pelletan. In the report it was stated that a child apparently about 10 years of age, "which the commissioners told us was the late Louis Capet's son", had died of a

lymphadenitis (chronic lymph node swelling or infection) of the neck (cervical lymph nodes) associated with tuberculosis.[9][10] During the autopsy, the physician Dr. Pelletan was shocked to see the countless scars which covered the boy's body, evidently the result of the physical mistreatment which the child had suffered while imprisoned in the Temple.[citation needed
]

Louis-Charles was buried on 10 June in the

Sainte Marguerite cemetery, but no stone was erected to mark the spot. A skull was found there in 1846 and identified as his, though later re-examination in 1893 showed it to be from a teenager and therefore unlikely to be his.[11]

Heart of Louis-Charles

Heart of Louis XVII inside a crystal urn, now buried at St Denis

Following a tradition of preserving royal hearts, Louis-Charles's heart was removed and smuggled out during the autopsy by the overseeing physician, Philippe-Jean Pelletan. Thus, Louis-Charles' heart was not interred with the rest of the body. Dr. Pelletan stored the smuggled heart in distilled wine in order to preserve it. However, after 8 to 10 years the distilled wine had evaporated, and the heart was from that time kept dry.

After the

Archbishop of Paris, Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen. Following the Revolution of 1830, and the plundering of the Archbishop's Palace of Paris
, Pelletan's son Philippe-Gabriel found the relic among the ruins and placed it in the crystal urn in which it is still kept today. After the younger Pelletan's death in 1879, it passed to Édouard Dumont.

It was later offered to

Jaime, Duke of Madrid, inherited the heart, and gave it to his sister, Beatriz de Borbón (1874–1961),[1][2] wife of Prince Fabrizio Massimo (1868–1944), and in 1938, to their daughter Maria della Neve, wife of Charles Piercy.[12][13]

Finally Maria della Neve offered the heart to

Basilica of St Denis in Paris. He in turn put the heart and its crystal urn in the basilica's necropolis of the Kings of France, the burial place of Louis-Charles's parents and other members of the French royal family
. There it rested undisturbed until December 1999, when public notaries witnessed the removal of a section of the muscle of the heart's aorta and its transfer into a sealed envelope, and subsequently the opening of the same sealed envelope in the laboratory for it to be tested.

It was in 2000 that the

Queen Anne of Romania
and her brother, Prince André of Bourbon-Parma, maternal relatives of Louis XVII. The tests proved both that Naundorff was not the dauphin, and the heart was that of Louis-Charles.

Of these results, historian Jean Tulard wrote: "This [mummified] heart is ... almost certainly that of Louis XVII. We can never be 100 per cent sure but this is about as sure as it gets".[14][15]

In the light of this conclusion, French

Basilica of St Denis on 8 June 2004. The burial took place in connection with a mass and during the ceremony 12-year-old Prince Amaury of Bourbon-Parma carried the heart and placed it in a niche beside the tombs of Louis-Charles' parents, Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette.[14]
It was the first time in over a century that a royal ceremony had taken place in France, complete with the fleur-de-lis standard and a royal crown.[16][17][18]

Lost Dauphin claimants

Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun; the Fleur-de-lis
of France and the Bourbons can be seen behind on the cabinet

As rumors quickly spread that the body buried was not that of Louis-Charles and that he had been spirited away alive by sympathizers, the legend of the "Lost Dauphin" was born. When the Bourbon monarchy was restored in 1814, some one hundred claimants came forward. Would-be royal heirs continued to appear across Europe for decades afterward.

Naundorff

Karl Wilhelm Naundorff was a German clockmaker whose story rested on a series of complicated intrigues. According to him, Paul Barras determined to save the Dauphin in order to please Joséphine de Beauharnais, the future empress, having conceived the idea of using the Dauphin's existence as a means of dominating the comte de Provence in the event of a restoration. The Dauphin was concealed in the fourth storey of the Tower, a wooden figure being substituted for him. Laurent, to protect himself from the consequences of the substitution, replaced the wooden figure with a deaf mute, who was presently exchanged for the scrofulous child of the death certificate. The deaf mute was also concealed in the Temple. It was not the dead child, but the Dauphin who left the prison in the coffin, to be retrieved by friends before it reached the cemetery.

Naundorff arrived in Berlin in 1810, with papers giving the name Karl Wilhelm Naundorff. He said he was escaping persecution and settled at

Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême for the restitution of the Dauphin's private property, he lived in exile until his death at Delft on 10 August 1845, and his tomb was inscribed "Louis XVII., roi de France et de Navarre (Charles Louis, duc de Normandie)". The Dutch authorities who had inscribed on his death certificate the name of Charles Louis de Bourbon, duc de Normandie (Louis XVII) permitted his son to bear the name de Bourbon, and when the family appealed in 1850–51, and again in 1874, for the restitution of their civil rights as heirs of Louis XVI, no less an advocate than Jules Favre
pled their cause.

However, DNA testing conducted in 1993 proved that Naundorff was not the Dauphin.[19]

Richemont

Baron de Richemont's tale that Jeanne Simon, who was genuinely attached to him, smuggled him out in a basket, is simple and more credible, and does not necessarily invalidate the story of the subsequent operations with the deaf mute and the scrofulous patient, Laurent in that case being deceived from the beginning, but it renders them extremely unlikely. Richemont, alias Henri Éthelbert-Louis-Hector Hébert, began to put forward his claims in Paris in 1828. He died in 1853.

Williams

Reverend

Mohawk Native American descent.[20] While at the house Francis Vinton, William began shaking and trembling upon seeing a portrait of Antoine Simon, a member of the sans-culottes
, saying of the portrait that it had "haunted me, day, and night, as long as I can remember." Simon was rumored to have physically abused the Dauphin while he was imprisoned at the Temple. Francis Vinton was convinced by Eleazar William's reaction that Williams was Louis-Charles. Williams claimed he had no recollection of how he escaped his imprisonment at the Temple, or of his early years in France.

Williams was a missionary to Native Americans when, according to him, the

prince de Joinville, son of Louis-Philippe, met him, and after some conversation asked him to sign a document abdicating his rights in favor of Louis-Philippe, in return for which he, the Dauphin (alias Eleazar Williams), was to receive the private inheritance which was his. This Eleazar Williams refused. Williams's story is generally regarded as false. However, other elements published in 1897 provide some grounds for doubt.[20]

In fiction

Novel

Cinema

Music

See also

References

  1. ^ a b  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryant, Margaret (1911). "Louis XVII. of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
  2. ^ a b Lever, Evelyne: Marie-Antoinette, Fayard, Paris, 1991, p. 480
  3. ^ Alain Decaux, Louis XVII retrouvé, 1947, p. 306."Gallica". BNF. 1927.
  4. ^ Fraser 2001, pp. 180–200, 305–313
  5. ^ Fraser 2001, pp. 350–360
  6. ^ Philippe Huisman, Marguerite Jallut: Marie Antoinette, Stephens, 1971
  7. ^ Bloy, Léon (2022). The Son of Louis XVI. Sunny Lou Publishing.
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7475-9666-0
    .
  9. ^ "tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  10. ISBN 978-1357844646
    .
  11. ^ Xavier de Roche (1995). Louis XVII. Le livre du bicentenaire (in French). Editions de Paris. p. 12.
  12. ^ messire62. "la science au secours de l'histoire". histoiredefancescience.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "Cottin". Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  14. ^
    ISSN 0307-1235. Archived
    from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  15. ^ Bryant, Elizabeth (3 June 2004). "France buries 200-year-old royal mystery". United Press International. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  16. ^ "The mtDNA and its role in Ancestry: Part XIV (Descendents of Maria-Theresa)" Genebase Archived 13 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 22 June 2009
  17. ^ Revue rétrospective, BNF
  18. ^ "French boy king's heart to be buried in crypt". Kingsport Daily News. Paris. Reuters. 7 June 2004. p. 1.
  19. ISBN 978-0385489485
    .
  20. ^ a b Mainville, L'abbé M. (1897). "Louis XVII est-il venu au Canada?". Le Bulletin des Recherches Historiques. 3 (5): 66–70.

Further reading

External links

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Primary sources

Other material

Louis XVII
Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty
Born: 27 March 1785 Died: 8 June 1795
French royalty
Preceded by
Louis-Joseph
 Dauphin of France
4 June 1789 – 1 October 1791 		Succeeded by
Louis-Antoine
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Louis XVI
 — TITULAR —
King of France
21 January 1793 – 8 June 1795
Reason for succession failure:
Monarchy abolished in 1792 		Succeeded by
Louis XVIII
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