Morocco–Turkey relations
Turkey |
Morocco |
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Turkey–Morocco relations are the
The history between the Ottoman Empire and Morocco constitutes a strong basis for the current bilateral relations without any historical prejudices.
Diplomatic relations between Turkey and Morocco were established on 17 April 1956 by a joint declaration of the Governments of the two countries; following the proclamation of independence of the Kingdom of Morocco.
History of Ottoman-Morocco relations
Notable Battles
- Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)
- Battle of Taza (1553)
- Capture of Fez (1554)
- Battle of Tadla (1554)
- Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)
- Battle of Wadi al-Laban (1558)
- Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)
- Capture of Fez (1576)
- Battle of Moulouya (1691)
- Battle of Chelif (1701)
Ottoman occupation of Tlemcen (Algeria) (1517)
The brothers
At the time the
Ottoman occupation of Tlemcen (1545)
The Moroccans and Ottomans started to interact closely from around 1545.
The Saadians were the enemies of the Wattasids, but also considered the Ottomans with disdain: religiously, the Saadians were considered descendants of the
Wattasid alliance with the Ottomans
In the first half of the 16th century Morocco was unstable as a result of conflicts between local rulers and the fact that it was not united under one dynasty.
Things came to a head in 1545, when the
Mansur bin Ghani went to Spain with Count Alcaudete, the Governor of Oran, to obtain military support for a campaign against the Ottomans. In 1547, Spain mounted an expedition against Ottoman Mostaganem, and failed, but in the meantime Mansur captured Tlemcen from the Ottomans and put his brother Ahmad in place as ruler. Following the Spanish defeat, the Ottomans reconquered the area, and again put Sultan Mohammad on the throne of Tlemcen.[2]
The Ottomans were unable to intervene when the Saadians conquered
1551 Moroccan offensive
As the Ottomans were set to put Ali Abu Hassun back on the throne, the Saadians set up an offensive on the Regency of Algiers in 1551.
The Saadian ruler
Hasan Qusru managed to conquer Tlemcen from the Moroccans, and put an Ottoman governor and garrison in place, establishing direct Ottoman rule, and putting an end to the
Ottoman capture of Fez (1554)
In 1552
Hasan Pasha was again named
Ottoman invasion of Morocco (1558)
Hasan Pasha invaded Morocco in early 1558, but he was stopped by the Moroccans north of
Mostaganem expedition (1558)
The Spanish attacked the Ottomans with Saadian support in the Expedition to Mostaganem (1558), but failed .[7] The failure of the expedition of Mostaganem ended attempts at a grand alliance between Spain and Morocco against the common Ottoman enemy.[10]
Saadian dynastic feuds and Ottoman influence
After the murder of
Abd al-Malik took service with the Ottomans. In 1574, Abd al-Malik participated in the Conquest of Tunis (1574) on the side of the Ottomans.[11] Murad III organised an expedition after Abd al-Malik had made a deal with him to make Morocco an Ottoman vassal in exchange for support in gaining the Saadi throne.[13] Ramazan Pasha and Abd al-Malik left from Algiers in order for Abd al-Malik to be placed on the Saadi throne as an Ottoman vassal.[14] Ramazan Pasha arrived in Fez with Abd al-Malik and the Ottoman army and conquered Fez, this caused the Saadi Sultan to flee to Marrakesh which was also conquered. [13] [15] Abd al-Malik then assumed rule over Morocco as an Ottoman vassal recognising Ottoman suzerainty.[16][17][18][19][20][21] He sent the Ottoman troops back to Algiers in exchange for gold while suggesting a looser concept of vassalage than the Ottoman sultan may have supposed. [13] Abd al-Malik recognised himself as a vassal of the Sublime Porte but died shortly after regaining the throne of Morocco, He was then succeeded by his brother Ahmad al-Mansur, who was an enemy and rival of the Ottomans[22]
Battle of Ksar El Kebir (1578)
The Battle of Ksar El Kebir, also known as Battle of Three Kings, or "Battle of Oued El Makhazeen" in Morocco, and Battle of Alcácer Quibir in Portugal (variant spellings are legion: Alcácer-Quivir, Alcazarquivir, Alcassar, meaning grand castle in Arabic), was fought in northern Morocco, near the town of Ksar-el-Kebir and Larache, on 4 August 1578. The combatants were the army of the deposed Moroccan Sultan Abu Abdallah Mohammed II, with his ally, the King of Portugal Sebastian I, and a large Moroccan army nominally under the new Sultan of Morocco (and uncle of Abu Abdallah Mohammed II) Abd Al-Malik I.
The Christian king, Sebastian I, had planned a crusade after Abu Abdallah asked him to help recover his throne.[5] Abu Abdallah's uncle, Abd Al-Malik, had taken it from him with Ottoman support. The defeat of Portugal and attendant death of the childless Sebastian led to the end of the Aviz dynasty, and the integration of the country in the Iberian Union for 60 years under the Philippine Dynasty in a dynastic union with Spain.
Summary of Ottoman Presence in Morocco
In 1554 an Ottoman army managed to conquer Fez and install Abu Hassun on the throne as an Ottoman vassal, which lasted around 9 months, the Wattasids had previously declared themselves as vassals of the Ottomans by formally recognising the authority of the Ottoman sultan in 1545, however they were defeated and lost Fez to the Saadians in 1549. [3][4][5][23] In 1576 an Ottoman army of more than 10,000 men commanded by Abd al-Malik and Ramazan Pasha, defeated a Saadi force of between 15,000 and 20,000 men, conquered Fez, took Marrakech and resulted in Abd al-Malik regaining the throne of Morocco and the Ottoman forces retreating to the regency of algiers.[14][16][17][18] From 1792–1795 the Ottomans of Algiers had possession of the Moroccan Rif and Oujda, which they shortly lost to the moroccans after 3 years in 1795.[24] In eastern Morocco, specifically in Oujda, the Ottoman Regency of Algiers reigned there longer than 100 years.[25][26]
Modern relations
Free trade agreement
The Turkish-Moroccan Free Trade Agreement (FTA) entered into force on 1 January 2006. The foreign trade balance between the two countries is in favor of Turkey. This agreement was later revised for more equitable terms for Morocco in 2013 by Moulay Hafid Elalamy, the former Moroccan Minister of Industry. Except the decline in 2009 as a result of the global economic crisis, the volume of annual bilateral trade is over US$1 billion. In 2010, the trade volume increased by 22% and reached US$1.02 billion of which US$624 million is the export volume of Turkey. Turkey is the 12th export and 10th import partner of Morocco.
European Union
In 1987, both
Morocco has in recent years changed its geopolitical order line and developed a partnership within African Continent. As of 2015, it is a full member of the African Union.
See also
- Foreign relations of Morocco
- Foreign relations of Turkey
- (in French) Conflit maroco-ottoman: an article on the Ottoman-Moroccan Conflict, on French Wikipedia
Notes
- ^ "The town of Tenes fell into the hands of the brothers, with an immense booty, and then Uruj marched on Tlemcen. The Sultan of Tlemcen, the last of the royal race of the Beni-Zian, did not await the coming of the corsair." in Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean by E. Hamilton Currey p.72ff
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period by Jamil M. Abun-Nasr p.155ff
- ^ a b The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050 p.405 edited by J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver
- ^ a b Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (20 August 1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. p.156. ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.
- ^ a b The Last Great Muslim Empires By H. J. Kissling, Bertold Spuler, N. Barbour, J. S. Trimingham, H. Braun, H. Hartel
- ^ Ahmad Al-Mansur: Islamic Visionary - p.11 Richard Lee Smith, Pearson Longman,
- ^ a b c d e f A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period by Jamil M. Abun-Nasr p.157ff
- ^ Page 406, The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3: c. 1050-c. 1600 (Volume 3)
- ^ Roads to Ruin: The War for Morocco in the Sixteenth Century By Comer Plummer III
- ^ "the failure at Mostaganem, which brought the collapse of grandiose projects of alliance with Morocco" in Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the: Age of Philip II -2 by Fernand Braudel p.855
- ^ a b The last great Muslim empires: history of the Muslim world by Frank Ronald Charles Bagley, Hans Joachim Kissling p.103
- ^ Cervantes in Algiers: a captive's tale by María Antonia Garcés, p.277 note 39
- ^ a b c Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Jr, Professor Henry Louis Gates (2012-02-02). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
- ^ a b The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 - J. D. Fage: Pg 408
- ^ هيسبريس تمودا Volume 29, Issue 1 Editions techniques nord-africaines, 1991
- ^ ISBN 978-0-226-03739-4.
- ^ a b Langues et littératures, Volume 1Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines
- ^ a b La Kalaa des Béni Abbès au XVIe siècle. p.276. Youssef Benoudjit Dahlab, 1997
- ^ Islam et Occident méditerranéen: de la conquête aux Ottomans p.289 - Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques
- ^ Hess, Andrew (1978). The Forgotten Frontier : A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226330310
- ^ A Struggle for the Sahara:Idrīs ibn ‘Alī’s Embassy toAḥmad al-Manṣūr in the Context ofBorno-Morocco-Ottoman Relations, 1577-1583 Rémi Dewière Université de Paris Panthéon Sorbonne
- ^ La bataille de l'Oued el-Makhâzen: dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 aout 1578) Pierre Berthier Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1985
- ^ Ahmad Al-Mansur: Islamic Visionary - p.11 Richard Lee Smith Pearson Longman,
- ^ Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman - Mohamed El Mansour Middle East & North African Studies Press, 1990 - Morocco - 248 pages: Pg 104
- ^ Present-day Morocco - Osmund Hornby WarneAllen & Unwin, 1937 - Morocco - Pg 237
- ^ Bulletin économique et social du Maroc, Volume 21, Issues 73-76 Société d'études économiques, sociales, et statistiques, 1957 - Morocco - Pg 74
- ^ "Turkey Secretariat General for EU affairs – Current situation in accession negotiations". Archived from the original on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2014-01-19.