Spain–Turkey relations
Spain |
Turkey |
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The Kingdom of Spain and the Republic of Turkey maintain diplomatic relations. Spain has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate general in Barcelona.
Turkey and Spain are both members of the
History
Ottoman-Spanish relations
During the 16th century, Habsburg Spain and the Ottoman Empire fought for supremacy in the Mediterranean.[1][2] A highlight was the battle of Lepanto, in which the Spanish-led fleet (allied with the Republic of Venice and the Papal States) defeated the Ottoman fleet. In North Africa, the Spanish actions against the Barbary pirates (Ottoman allies) were not successful for long. The Spanish lost Tunisia to the Ottomans in 1574.
During this time, the Ottomans welcomed many
Commercial relations between both empires increased during the second half of the 18th century.[3] After the start of negotiations in 1779 between the Spanish monarchy and the Sublime Porte,[3] a Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce was signed in 1782,[4][5] the so-called Treaty of Constantinople . While the normalization of relations logically took place after the treaty, a period of certain mutual "indifference" also ensued.[6]
Relations between Spain and the Republic of Turkey
A rapprochement between the Republic of Turkey, led by prime minister
Spain lobbied in favour of the entry into force of the
The first formal inter-governmental summit (Reunión de Alto Nivel; RAN; transl. High-Level Meeting) took place in April 2009 in Istanbul.[9]
Considered one of the main countries that supported the Turkish bid to EU membership,[4] Spain tried to push forward with some advances vis-à-vis the latter during the Spanish Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2010, meeting the outright opposition from EU leaders such as Sarkozy or Merkel.[7] In early 2015, Spain stationed a battery of
further extending the length of the deployment afterwards. Spain imposed an arms embargo on Turkey in 2019 due to Turkey's military operation in Syria.[11]Economic relations
Trade volume between Turkey and Spain was €5.99 billion in 2011.[12] There was a development in the economic field in 2015 with trade at US$8.5 billion.[13]
There are more than 610 Spanish firms operating in Turkey. The value of Spanish investments in Turkey is around $10 billion.[14] In 2008, more than 350,000 Spanish tourists visited Turkey.[15]
Around 75 Turkish firms operate in Spain. The Turkish investments in Spain reached $143 million in the period of 2002–2015.
Resident diplomatic missions
- Spain has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
- Turkey has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
-
Consulate-General of Spain in Istanbul
-
Consulate-General of Turkey in Barcelona
See also
- Foreign relations of Spain
- Foreign relations of Turkey
- European Union–Turkey relations
- Turks in Spain
References
- Citations
- ^ Ottoman-Spanish Economic Relations in the 16th century
- ^ Hüseyin Serdar Tabakoğlu The Re-Establishment Of Ottoman-Spanish Relations In 1782, Turkish Studies, Volume 2/3, Summer 2007
- ^ a b Martín Corrales 2003, p. 255.
- ^ a b c d Turkey´s Political Relations with Spain, Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ Article by H.E. Ahmet Davutoğlu published in El Pais Newspaper (Spain) on 16.11.2009
- ^ a b c Soler i Lecha 2011, p. 427.
- ^ a b Soler i Lecha 2011, p. 428.
- ^ Mestres & Soler i Lecha 2006, p. 117.
- ^ Soler i Lecha 2011, pp. 430–431.
- ^ "España prorrogará el despliegue de la batería Patriot en Turquía en 2020". La Vanguardia. 24 October 2019.
- ^ "Spain stops arms exports to Turkey over Syria offensive". Al Arabiya. 15 October 2019.
- ^ International Trade Centre
- ^ Turkey is not turning its back on the West
- ^ Spanish Investors Continue To Bolster Turkey's Foreign Investment Relations
- ^ İspanyol turist istikrarlı (in Turkish)
- Bibliography
- Martín Corrales, Eloy (2003). "Relaciones de España con el Imperio Otomano en los siglos XVIII y XIX". In Martín Asuero, P (ed.). España-Turquía. Del enfrentamiento al análisis mutuo. Actas de las I Jornadas de Historia organizada por el Instituto Cervantes de Estambul en la Universidad del Bósforo los días 31 de octubre y 1 y 2 de noviembre de 2002. Istanbul: Ediciones Isis. pp. 253–270.
- Mestres, Laia; Soler i Lecha, Eduard (2006). "Spain and Turkey: A Long-Lasting Alliance in a Turbulent Context?". Insight Turkey. 8 (2). SET VAKFI İktisadi İşletmesi: 117–126. JSTOR 26328764.
- Soler i Lecha, Eduard (2011). "Las relaciones hispano-turcas: buena sintonía pese al estancamiento europeo". Anuario internacional CIDOB. 1. Barcelona: ISSN 1133-2743.