McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle
F-15E Strike Eagle | |
---|---|
An F-15E from the 391st Fighter Squadron | |
Role | Multirole strike fighter |
National origin | United States |
Manufacturer | McDonnell Douglas (1985–1997) Boeing Defense, Space & Security (1997–2017) |
First flight | 11 December 1986 |
Introduction | 1988[1][2] 30 September 1989 (IOC)[3] |
Status | In service |
Primary users | United States Air Force Royal Saudi Air Force Israeli Air Force Republic of Korea Air Force For other users, see Operators |
Produced | 1985–present |
Number built | 435 (F-15E/I/S/K/SG)[N 1] |
Developed from | McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle |
Developed into | Boeing F-15EX Eagle II |
The McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) F-15E Strike Eagle is an American all-weather multirole strike fighter[5] derived from the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle. The F-15E was designed in the 1980s for long-range, high-speed interdiction without relying on escort or electronic-warfare aircraft. United States Air Force (USAF) F-15E Strike Eagles can be generally distinguished from other US Eagle variants by darker aircraft camouflage, conformal fuel tanks (CFTs) mounted along the engine intake ramps (although CFTs can also be mounted on earlier F-15 variants) and a tandem-seat cockpit.
The Strike Eagle has been deployed for military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, and Libya, among others. During these operations, the strike fighter has carried out deep strikes against high-value targets and combat air patrols, and provided close air support for coalition troops. It has also been exported to several countries. Boeing would further enhance the F-15E air vehicle design into the Advanced Eagle family, including the F-15EX Eagle II.
Development
Origins
The McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle was introduced by the USAF to replace its fleet of McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs. Unlike the F-4, the F-15 was designed for the air superiority mission with little consideration for a ground-attack role; the F-15 Special Project Office opposed the idea of F-15s performing the interdiction mission, giving rise to the phrase "Not a pound for air to ground."[6] In service, the F-15 has been a successful fighter, scoring over 100 aerial combat victories and zero losses in air-to-air combat as of 2007.[7]
Despite a lack of official interest, McDonnell Douglas quietly worked on an F-15-derived interdictor fighter. The company envisaged the aircraft as a replacement for the General Dynamics F-111 and the remaining F-4s, as well as to augment the existing F-15s.[8] In 1978, the USAF initiated the Tactical All-Weather Requirement Study, which looked at McDonnell Douglas's proposal and other options such as the purchase of further F-111Fs. The study recommended the F-15E as the USAF's future strike platform.[9] In 1979, McDonnell Douglas and Hughes began a close collaboration on the development of the F-15E's air-to-ground capabilities.[10]
To assist in the F-15E's development, McDonnell Douglas modified the second TF-15A prototype, AF
Enhanced Tactical Fighter
In March 1981, the USAF announced the
The DRF evaluation team, under the direction of Brigadier General Ronald W. Yates, ran from 1981 through 30 April 1983, during which the F-15E logged more than 200 flights, demonstrated takeoff weight of more than 75,000 pounds (34 t), and validated 16 different weapons-carrying configurations.[14][15] McDonnell Douglas, to assist 71-0291 in the evaluation, added to the program other F-15s, designated 78-0468, 80-0055, and 81-0063. The single-engined F-16XL was a promising design, which with its radically redesigned cranked-delta wing, greatly boosted performance; if selected, the single- and two-seat versions were to be designated F-16E and F-16F, respectively.[15] On 24 February 1984, the USAF chose the F-15E; key factors in the decision were the F-15E's lower development costs compared to the F-16XL (US$270 million versus US$470 million), a belief that the F-15E had future growth potential, and possessing twin-engine redundancy.[14][3] The USAF was initially expected to procure 400 aircraft, a figure later revised to 392.[15][16]
Construction of the first three F-15Es started in July 1985. The first of these, 86-0183, made its maiden flight on 11 December 1986.[14][3] Piloted by Gary Jennings, the aircraft reached a maximum speed of Mach 0.9 and an altitude of 40,000 feet (12,000 m) during the 75-minute flight.[14] This aircraft had the full F-15E avionics suite and the redesigned front fuselage, but not the aft fuselage and the common engine bay.[14] The latter was featured on 86-0184, while 86-0185 incorporated all the changes of the F-15E from the F-15.[14] On 31 March 1987, the first officially completed F-15E made its first flight.[17]
The first production F-15E was delivered to the 405th Tactical Training Wing, Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, in April 1988.[3] Production continued into the 2000s with 236 produced for the USAF through 2001.[18]
Upgrade programs and replacement
The F-15E was upgraded with the Raytheon
Having a sturdier airframe rated for 8,000 hours of service life or up to 16,000 hours with proper depot maintenance programs, twice the lifetime of earlier variants, the F-15E is expected to remain in service past 2025.[26][27] As of December 2012[update], the USAF's F-15E fleet had an average age of 21 years and an average airframe flying time of 6,000 hours. In 2012, the USAF was reportedly considering future options, with no replacement for the F-15E is slated at that time.[28]
The F-15E design would see some export success and Boeing continued developing upgrades for international customers. More radical upgrades to the air vehicle design resulted in the F-15 Advanced Eagle family that began with the F-15SA (Saudi Advanced) for the
ALASA
On 24 March 2014, Boeing won a $30.6 million contract from
Design
The F-15E's deep-strike mission is a radical departure from the original intent of the F-15 since it was designed as an air-superiority fighter under the mantra "not a pound for air-to-ground."[35] The basic airframe, however, proved versatile enough to produce a very capable strike fighter. The F-15E, while designed for ground attack, retains the air-to-air lethality of the F-15, and can defend itself against enemy aircraft.[36]
The F-15E prototype was a modification of the two-seat F-15B. Despite its origins, it includes significant structural changes as well as more powerful engines. The aft fuselage was designed to incorporate the more powerful engines with advanced engine bay structures and doors, which incorporate
For extended range, the F-15E is fitted with two conformal fuel tanks (CFTs) that hug the fuselage to produce lower drag than conventional underwing/underbelly drop tanks. They carry 750 U.S. gallons (2,800 L) of fuel, and house six weapons hardpoints in two rows of three in tandem. Unlike conventional drop tanks, CFTs cannot be jettisoned, thus increased range is a trade-off for increased drag and weight compared to a "clean" configuration.
The tactical electronic warfare system (TEWS) integrates all countermeasures on the craft: radar warning receivers, radar jammer, radar and
The APG-70 radar allows crews to detect ground targets from longer ranges; one feature is that, after a sweep of a target area, the crew may freeze the air-to-ground map then switch to air-to-air mode to scan for aerial threats. During air-to-surface weapon delivery, the pilot is capable of detecting, targeting, and engaging air-to-air targets while the WSO designates ground targets. The APG-70 was replaced by the AN/APG-82(V)1 AESA radar, which began flight tests in January 2010 and achieved initial operational capability in 2014.[40]
Its
The
]The F-15E carries the most air-to-ground weapons in the USAF inventory. It is also armed with AIM-9 Sidewinders and AIM-120 AMRAAMs, retaining the counter-air capabilities of its Eagle lineage, being fully capable of Offensive-Counter-Air operations. Like the F-15C, it also carries an internally mounted General Electric M61A1 20 mm cannon with 500 rounds, which is effective against enemy aircraft and "soft" ground targets.[citation needed]
Since 2004, South Korean firm
The engines used on early aircraft are Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220. Later batches feature the more powerful P&W F100-PW-229 engines.[46] Saudi Arabian and Israeli aircraft originally used P&W F100-229 engines.[47][48] In 2008, Saudi Arabia decided to re-engine their F-15S and F-15SA fleets with General Electric F110-GE-129 engines.[49][50] The South Korean F-15K had two different engines; the first batch are powered by GE F110 engines, while the second batch are powered by P&W F100 engines.[51] The Singapore Air Force equipped their F-15SG fleet with GE F110 engines.[52][53]
Operational history
United States
The F-15E was first delivered to the U.S. Air Force operational units in 1988.
Gulf War
The F-15E was deployed in response to Iraq's
On the war's opening night, an F-15E failed to hit a
F-15Es destroyed 18 Iraqi jets on the ground at Tallil air base using
F-15Es struck heavily defended targets throughout Iraq, prioritizing SCUD missile sites. Missions aimed at killing
Operations Southern Watch and Northern Watch
Following Desert Storm, two no-fly zones over Iraq were set up, and enforced typically by US and UK aircraft. In one incident, an attack on up to 600
F-15Es of the
In December 1998,
Operations in the Balkans
In response to the displacement of
Operation Enduring Freedom
Weeks after the
Aircraft commonly flew on-call support missions for allied ground forces, F-15Es usually carried MK-82 and GBU-12 bombs in this role, other weapons were sometimes carried, during one mission a GBU-28, two GBU-24s and six GBU-12s were released.[70] Frequent targets during the rest of the war were individual insurgents, light vehicles and supply convoys; cannon fire was often expended as well as bombs from F-15Es.[71] It was during combat over Afghanistan that four 391st crews conducted the longest fighter mission in history; lasting a total of 15.5 hours, nine of those hours spent flying over the target area. Two F-15Es attacked two Taliban command and control facilities, two buildings suspected of being used by Taliban fighters, and a road block; the F-15Es refueled 12 times during the mission.[72]
On 4 March, another incident known as the
Years later, several incidents occurred. On 23 August 2007, a
Operation Iraqi Freedom
In late 2002, during tension over suspected Iraqi possession of
In late February, the 336th received additional aircrews, many drafted from the two non-deployable squadrons at Seymour Johnson (the
On 19 March, as
On 7 April 2003, an F-15E, crewed by Captain Eric Das and Major William Watkins, performed a key interdiction mission in support of special forces;
Operation Odyssey Dawn
Following the adoption of
Operations against Islamic State (2014–present)
USAF F-15Es have participated in
USAF F-15Es based at RAF Lakenheath in the United Kingdom performed several long range strikes against IS camps and prominent figures in Libya. On 13 November 2015, a pair of F-15Es killed
On 8 June 2017, an F-15E shot down a
On 21 August 2021, a USAF F-15E shot down an unidentified drone with an
Israel
The F-15I is operated by the
After the
Saudi Arabia
In November 2009,
Saudi led in intervention in Yemen (2015–present)
On 26 March 2015, Saudi F-15Ss, along with other Arab coalition assets, started striking targets in Yemen as part of the
On 21 March 2018,
Variants
F-15E variants
F-15E Two-seat all-weather long-range strike and ground-attack aircraft for the USAF. A total of 236 were built from 1985 to 2001.[18][102]
F-15I
The F-15I is operated by the Israeli Air Force where it is known as the Ra'am (רעם – "Thunder"). It is a dual-seat ground attack aircraft powered by two Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229 engines, and is based on the F-15E.
The F-15I features different avionic systems to USAF F-15E to meet Israeli requirements. Initially, Sharpshooter targeting pods designed for IAF F-16s were fitted for night-time strikes, but were less capable than the LANTIRN pods used on USAF F-15Es; Israel later bought 30 LANTIRN pods. The F-15Is initially lacked
F-15K
The F-15K Slam Eagle (
In 2002, ROKAF selected the F-15K for its F-X fighter program, during which the F-15K, the Dassault Rafale, the Eurofighter Typhoon and Sukhoi Su-35 were evaluated. A total of 40 aircraft were ordered, deliveries began in 2005.[127] On 25 April 2008, a second batch of 21 F-15Ks were ordered, worth 2.3 trillion Korean won (US$2.3 billion). This second batch differs from first batch aircraft in having Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229 (EEP) engines, license-produced by Samsung Techwin, for commonality with the KF-16 fleet.[128][129] ROKAF had received 50 F-15Ks by June 2011.[130] ROKAF expects the F-15K to be in service until 2060.[131]
The F-15K has several atypical features to the F-15E, such as an AAS-42
F-15S
The F-15S is a variant of the F-15E supplied to the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) in the 1990s. Saudi Arabia previously sought to buy up to 24 F-15Fs, a proposed single-seat variant, but was blocked by the U.S. Congress.
F-15SG
The F-15SG (formerly F-15T) is a variant ordered by the
F-15 Advanced Eagle variants
The F-15 Advanced Eagle represents a more substantial upgrade baseline over previous models in that it has a new
F-15SA
The F-15SA (Saudi Advanced) is a version for the Royal Saudi Air Force and the first member of the Advanced Eagle family. 84 were ordered in 2011, and the older F-15S were upgraded to a broadly comparable configuration.[107]
F-15QA
The F-15QA (Qatar Advanced) is an Advanced Eagle variant for the Qatar Emiri Air Force; in June 2017, Qatar signed a deal to buy 36 F-15QAs for US$12 billion (~$14.7 billion in 2023).[150]
F-15EX Eagle II
The F-15EX, based on the F-15QA, was procured by the USAF in FY 2020 to replace its aging F-15C/Ds and supplement the F-22 to maintain fighter fleet size. A total of 144 aircraft was planned, although this was reduced to 104 in the most recent budget.[151]
F-15IA
The F-15IA (Israel Advanced) is a variant for the Israeli Air Force based on the F-15EX and Advanced Eagle. The Israeli Defense Forces approved the plan to acquire 25 new-build F-15IA and upgrade 25 F-15Is to the F-15IA standard in February 2020.[152]
Proposed variants
F-15H
The F-15H Strike Eagle (H for Hellas) was a 1990s proposed export version of F-15E for Greece, which was selected by the
F-15G
A F-15G Wild Weasel was a proposed two-seat version to replace the F-4G
F-15SE Silent Eagle
The F-15SE Silent Eagle was a proposed variant with
F-15GSE Global Strike Eagle
The F-15GSE was a 2006 proposal for a space strike version of the F-15E, for attacking satellites. It is proposed to be an unmanned remotely-piloted variant, carrying a 3-stage-to-orbit solid rocket ASAT missile on its back between the twin-tails.[165]
Operators
- Israeli Air Force – 25 F-15I aircraft in use as of January 2014[166]
- Republic of Korea Air Force – 59 F-15Ks in service in 2019. Sequentially, 40 and 21 units were delivered, of which two units crashed.[167]
- 11th Fighter Wing (제11전투비행단), based at Daegu
- 102nd Fighter Squadron
- 122nd Fighter Squadron
- 110th Fighter Squadron
- 11th Fighter Wing (제11전투비행단), based at
- Royal Saudi Air Force – 70 F-15S Eagles in service as of January 2014[166]
- No. 3 Wing RSAF – King Abdulaziz Air Base
- No. 92 Squadron RSAF
- No. 5 Wing RSAF – King Khalid Air Base
- No. 6 Squadron RSAF
- No. 55 Squadron RSAF
- No. 3 Wing RSAF – King Abdulaziz Air Base
- Republic of Singapore Air Force – 40 F-15SGs[168][169]
- United States Air Force – 219 F-15Es in operation as of April 2019[172]
- Seymour-Johnson AFB, North Carolina
- 333d Fighter Squadron
- 334th Fighter Squadron
- 335th Fighter Squadron
- 336th Fighter Squadron
- 48th Fighter Wing - RAF Lakenheath, United Kingdom
- 492d Fighter Squadron
- 494th Fighter Squadron
- 53d Wing - Eglin Air Force Base, Florida
- 57th Wing - Nellis AFB, Nevada
- 96th Test Wing - Eglin AFB, Florida
- 366th Fighter Wing - Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho
- 414th Fighter Group - Seymour-Johnson AFB, NC
Accidents and losses
Specifications (F-15E)
Data from USAF F-15E Flight Manual (TO 1F-15E-1),[173] USAF fact sheet,[174] Davies[175] and Boeing[176]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2 (pilot and weapon systems officer)
- Length: 63 ft 9.6 in (19.446 m)
- Wingspan: 42 ft 9.6 in (13.045 m)
- Height: 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m)
- Wing area: 608 sq ft (56.5 m2)
- Airfoil: root: NACA 64A006.6; tip: NACA 64A203[177]
- Empty weight: 34,600 lb (15,694 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 81,000 lb (36,741 kg)
- Powerplant: 2 × afterburning turbofan, 14,590 lbf (64.9 kN) thrust each dry, 23,770 lbf (105.7 kN) with afterburner, thrust: 17,800 lb dry (79 kN); 29,160 lb (129.7 kN) with afterburner each)
(or 2 × F100-PW-229
Performance
- Maximum speed: Mach 2.5, 1,650 mph (2,655 km/h) at high altitude[N 2]
- Mach 1.2 / 800 kn (921 mph; 1,482 km/h) at low altitude[N 3]
- Combat range: 687 nmi (791 mi, 1,272 km)
- Ferry range: 2,100 nmi (2,400 mi, 3,900 km) with conformal fuel tanks and three external fuel tanks
- Service ceiling: 60,000 ft (18,000 m)
- g limits: +9
- Rate of climb: 50,000 ft/min (250 m/s) +
- Thrust/weight: 0.93
Armament
- Guns: 1× PGU-28ammunition
- Hardpoints: 4 wing pylons, fuselage pylons, bomb racks on CFTs with a capacity of 23,000 lb (10,400 kg) of external fuel and ordnance
- Missiles:
- Air-to-air missiles:
- 4× AIM-7 Sparrow
- 4× AIM-9 Sidewinder
- 8× AIM-120 AMRAAM
- AIM-260 JATM (To be integrated)
- Air-to-surface missiles:
- 6× AGM-65 Maverick
- 2× AGM-84 Harpoon
- 2× AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER
- AGM-130
- AGM-154 JSOW
- AGM-158 JASSM
- Joint Strike Missile (To be integrated)
- South Korean Air ForceF-15Ks)
- Air-to-air missiles:
- Bombs:
- Mark 82 bomb
- Mark 84 bomb
- GBU-15
- GBU-10 Paveway II
- GBU-12 Paveway II
- GBU-24 Paveway III
- GBU-27 Paveway III
- GBU-28 (Bunker buster)
- GBU-31 or GBU-38 {8 GBU-31s or 16 GBU-38s} (JDAM)
- GBU-54 Laser JDAM (LJDAM)
- GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb (SDB)
- B61 or B83 nuclear bomb
- CBU-87 or CBU-103 (CEM)
- CBU-89 or CBU-104 (GATOR)
- South Korean Air ForceF-15Ks)
- CBU-97 or CBU-105 (SFW)
- CBU-107 Passive Attack Weapon
- BLU-107 Durandal
- Others:
- up to 3× 600 US gallons (2,300 L) external drop tanksfor ferry flight or extended range/loitering time
- 1× 1,800 US gal) Super cruise drop tank.
- up to 3× 600
Avionics
- Radar:
- AN/APG-70 or AN/APG-82
- AN/ASQ-236 Radar Pod[178]
- Targeting pods:
- AN/AAQ-28(V) Litening
- Countermeasures:
- electronic countermeasures pod[179]
- Hazeltine AN/APX-76 or Raytheon AN/APX-119 Identify Friend/Foe (IFF) interrogator[180]
- AN/ALQ-128 Electronic Warfare Warning Set (EWWS) – part of Tactical Electronic Warfare Systems (TEWS)[179]
- Loral AN/ALR-56 Radar warning receivers (RWR) – part of TEWS[181]
- Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems ALQ-135 Internal Countermeasures System (ICS) – part of TEWS[179]
- Marconi AN/ALE-45 Chaff/Flares dispenser system – part of TEWS[182]
- electronic countermeasures system[39]
See also
- 4th generation jet fighter
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
- List of fighter aircraft
- List of military aircraft of the United States
References
Notes
Citations
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External links
External videos | |
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Boeing's Official YouTube channel (in English) | |
The Advanced F-15: Ready for the Fight on YouTube |