Powerful-class cruiser
Sydney Harbour, Australia (1905–1912)
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Class overview | |
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Name | Powerful class |
Operators | Royal Navy |
Preceded by | Edgar class |
Succeeded by | Diadem class |
Built | 1894–1898 |
In service | 1897–1932 |
In commission | 1897–1919 |
Completed | 2 |
Scrapped | 2 |
General characteristics (as built) | |
Type | Protected cruiser |
Displacement | 14,200 long tons (14,400 t) (normal) |
Length | 538 ft (164.0 m) (o/a) |
Beam | 71 ft (21.6 m) |
Draught | 27 ft (8.2 m) |
Installed power |
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Propulsion |
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Speed | 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) |
Range | 7,000 nmi (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
Complement | 894 (designed) |
Armament |
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Armour |
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The Powerful class were a pair of first-class
Background
The impetus for the construction of the Powerful class began with the
White's preliminary studies had led him to the conclusion a very large amount of coal would be needed to permit a high-speed pursuit of a commerce raider without losing time to re-coal, coupled with the large number of boilers needed to achieve the speed required, which meant that a very large ship was necessary, more than 100 feet (30 m) longer than the
Observers criticised these ships for their light armament given their size in the magazine The Engineer. White rebutted their arguments by pointing out that it was impossible to add additional ammunition which made the addition of more guns pointless. He added that the armament of the Powerfuls "accounted for 27 per cent more of the displacement than the preceding Edgar class, and was protected by 660 long tons (670 t) of armour, as against 340 long tons (350 t) in the Edgars."[5] The Admiralty did not find the ships satisfactory as they required a crew 64 per cent larger than the Edgars, cost 61 per cent more and had very nearly the same armament. Naval historian Antony Preston commented: "The Powerful and Terrible also mark the extreme folly of building cruisers to match specific opponents. In practice the intended opponents never meet, and it is always wiser to build affordable ships in large numbers. No navy could afford to build large numbers of the Powerful type, and even the British Empire at the height of its power found them too expensive."[5]
Description
The Powerful class displaced 14,200 long tons (14,400 t) at normal load. They had an
The ships were propelled by a pair of vertical inverted four-cylinder
Armament and protection
The main armament of the Powerful-class cruisers consisted of two 40-
For defence against
The ships generally used
Modifications
After completing their sea trials, the funnels were heightened by 10 feet (3.0 m) to improve the draught of the boilers. Mark I Wireless Telegraph (radio) sets were installed in each ship in 1900–1901. The ships were refitted in 1902–1903 and four more six-inch guns were added in casemates amidships at that time, although no additional ammunition could be accommodated. The three-pounders were removed from Powerful's upper fighting tops in 1904–1905 and both ships were fitted with fire-control equipment in the upper fore and lower main tops in 1905–1906. All of Terrible's three-pounders had been removed by 1910, but Powerful retained her remaining guns as late as February 1912. The torpedo tubes were removed from both ships in 1914.[17][18]
Ships
The following table gives the build details and purchase cost of the members of the Powerful class. Standard British practice at that time was for these costs to exclude armament and stores.[Note 2]
Ship | Builder | Laid down
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Launched | Completed | Cost according to | |
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( BNA 1902)[19]
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(BNA 1906)[20] | |||||
Powerful | Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness
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10 March 1894 | 24 July 1895 | 8 June 1897 | £674,879 | £705,335 |
Terrible | J & G Thompson, Clydebank | 21 February 1894 | 27 May 1895 | 24 March 1898 | £681,419 | £708,619 |
Careers
Both ships participated in the
The ships arrived in mid-October, a few days after the Second Boer War began. Terrible's
Upon returning home both ships
Notes
- ^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
- Brassey's Naval Annualbetween the 1902 and 1906 editions is unexplained.
Citations
- ^ Burt 1988, pp. 5–6.
- ^ Friedman 2012, pp. 226, 228–229, 231, 233–234, fn 7, 8, 323–324.
- ^ Burt 1988, pp. 5–6, 9.
- ^ Friedman 2012, pp. 226, 228–229, 231, 233–234, fn 9–11 324.
- ^ a b Preston 2002, p. 48.
- ^ a b c d Roberts 1979, p. 67.
- ^ Burt 1988, pp. 6, 9.
- ^ a b c Burt 1988, pp. 11, 13.
- ^ a b Preston 2002, p. 47.
- ^ Friedman 2012, p. 335.
- ^ Campbell 1982, pp. 216–217.
- ^ Campbell 1983, p. 243.
- ^ Friedman 2011, p. 87.
- ^ Burt 1988, p. 8.
- ^ Friedman 2011, p. 114.
- ^ a b Burt 1988, pp. 8, 13.
- ^ Burt 1988, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Friedman 2012, p. 234.
- ^ Brassey 1902, pp. 196, 199.
- ^ Leyland & Brassey 1906, pp. 221–222.
- ^ a b Burt 1988, pp. 12–13.
- ^ "The Field Gun Run". Naval Traditions. Royal Naval Museum Library. 2000. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ a b Burt 1988, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Scott 1919, pp. 130–138, 142, 143, 145–149, 157–158.
References
- Brassey, T. A., ed. (1902). The Naval Annual 1902. Portsmouth, UK: J. Griffin.
- Burt, Ray (1988). "The Powerful Class Cruisers of the Royal Navy, Part I". Warship. 48 (October). London: Conway Maritime Press: 5–15. ISSN 0142-6222.
- Campbell, N.J.M. (1982). "British Naval Guns 1880–1945 No. 6". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Warship VI. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 216–217. ISBN 0-87021-981-2.
- Campbell, N.J.M. (1983). "British Naval Guns 1880–1945 No. 11". In Roberts, John (ed.). Warship VII. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 240–243. ISBN 0-85177-630-2.
- Dodson, Aidan (2015), "The Incredible Hulks: The Fisgard Training Establishment and Its Ships", Warship 2015, London: Conway, pp. 29–43, ISBN 978-1-84486-276-4
- Friedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-59114-068-9.
- Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
- Leyland, John; Brassey, T. A., eds. (1906). The Naval Annual 1906. Portsmouth, UK: J. Griffin.
- ISBN 0-85177-754-6.
- Scott, Percy (1919). Fifty Years in the Royal Navy. London: John Murray.
- Roberts, John (1979). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.