Rama III
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Nangklao นั่งเกล้า | |
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King Rama III | |
King of Siam | |
Reign | 21 July 1824 – 2 April 1851 |
Coronation | 1 August 1824 |
Predecessor | Phutthaloetla Naphalai (Rama II) |
Successor | Mongkut (Rama IV) |
Viceroy | Maha Sakdi Polsep |
Born | Thonburi Palace, Bangkok Yai, Bangkok, Siam | 31 March 1788
Died | 2 April 1851 Grand Palace, Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Siam | (aged 63)
Issue | 51 sons and daughters with various consorts |
House | Chakri dynasty |
Father | Phutthaloetla Naphalai (Rama II) |
Mother | Sri Sulalai |
Religion | Theravada Buddhism |
Seal |
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Nangklao Chaoyuhua (
Nangklao was the eldest surviving son of King
During Nangklao's reign, the military
Early life
King Nangklao was born as Prince Thap in 1788 to Prince Isarasundhorn and one of his royal wives
Succession
As the prince administered trade affairs, his half-brother Prince Mongkut pursued the way of religion, becoming a
Chetsadabodin accepted the throne and was crowned in 1824. He raised his mother, Riam, to Princess Mother Sri Suralai. He appointed his uncle, Sakdiphonlasep, viceroy on 21 July 1824 – who predeceased the king 1 May 1832, leading to yet another succession crisis. He did not name his reign, but was posthumously awarded the name Nangklao by Mongkut, who had in the interim remained in ecclesiastic status to avoid the intrigues of royal politics.[6]: 300
Western contacts
The reign of Nangklao (as he was posthumously known) saw the renewal of Western contacts. In 1822, British
In 1825,
In 1833, US President Andrew Jackson's "special agent" and envoy Edmund Roberts, referring often to Crawfurd's account,[6]: pp198ff concluded the Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce, signed at the Royal City of Sia-Yut'hia (Bangkok) on 20 March, the last of the fourth month of the year 1194 CS (Chula Sakarat). This treaty, with later modifications, is still in force.[9][10] Dan Beach Bradley, an American physician and prominent Western personality of the time, introduced printing and vaccination.
Anouvong insurgency
Monarchs of the Chakri dynasty | |
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Phutthayotfa Chulalok (King Rama I) | |
Phutthaloetla Naphalai (King Rama II) | |
Nangklao (King Rama III) | |
Mongkut (King Rama IV) | |
Chulalongkorn (King Rama V) | |
Vajiravudh (King Rama VI) | |
Prajadhipok (King Rama VII) | |
Ananda Mahidol (King Rama VIII) | |
Bhumibol Adulyadej (King Rama IX) | |
Vajiralongkorn (King Rama X) | |
The three Laotian kingdoms (
In 1824, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died and, in the following year, Siam was dragged into conflicts with the British Empire.[11] Anouvong saw this as an opportunity to wield his power. In 1825, returning from the funeral of Phutthaloetla Naphalai in Bangkok, Anouvong assembled a large force and went on the offensive. After defeating Bangkok-vassal principalities along the way, Anouvong captured Korat, the main defensive stronghold of Siam in the northeast. He forced the city to be evacuated while marching to Saraburi, on approach to the capital, Bangkok. However, the Korat captives rebelled—said to have been at the instigation of Lady Mo, wife of a ruling noble of Korat—although this claim is countered by many historians who say Mo had no heroic role in the events at Tung Samrit, though a contemporary account did mention her action. As Bangkok gathered counterattacking troops, Anouvong withdrew to return to Vientiane.
Nangklao sent his uncle
In 1827, Nangklao ordered the total destruction of Vientiane. Anouvong returned to Laos with Vietnamese forces. Ratchasuphawadi led the Siamese to fight and the engagements occurred at Nong Khai. Anouvong was defeated again and, after an attempt to flee, was captured. Vientiane was razed, extinguishing her 200 year reign, and ceased to be a kingdom. Anouvong was imprisoned in an iron cage in front of the Suthaisawan Hall and died in 1829.[12]
Vietnam and Cambodia
In 1810, internal conflicts between Cambodian princes forced Ang Im and Ang Duong to flee to Bangkok. Otteyraja of Cambodia turned to Gia Long of Vietnam for support against the opposing princes. However, this was perceived by Siam as treacherous as the two countries had fought for centuries for control of Cambodia.
In 1833, the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Minh Mạng broke out in Vietnam. Lê Văn Khôi, the rebel leader, sought Siamese aid. Nangklao intended to take this opportunity to install a pro-Siamese monarch on the Cambodian throne.
Phraya Ratchasuphawadi, who had been promoted to Chao Phraya Bodindecha, was ordered to capture
Bodindecha then took Phnom Penh and again invaded Vietnam by land in 1842. In 1845, the Vietnamese recaptured Phnom Penh, but Bodindecha was able to defend Udongk. In 1847, prompted by Emperor Thiệu Trị's treatment of Christian missionaries, French forces invaded Vietnam. A cessation of hostilities with Siam was negotiated. Ang Duong was installed as the Cambodian monarch under the equal patronage of both Siam and Vietnam, thus ending the war.
Revolt of Kedah
In 1837, Krom Somdet Phra Sri Suralai, mother of Nangklao, died. All officials throughout the kingdom went to Bangkok to attend the funeral. At Syburi (
Religious devotion and educational reforms
Nangklao was famous for his
Death and legacy
Nangklao died on 2 April 1851 without having named a successor. He had 51 children including sons,[13] but had raised none of his consorts to the queen. The throne passed to his half-brother, Prince Mongkut.
Nangklao stated on his deathbed that "Our wars with Burma and Vietnam were over, only the threats of the Westerners was left to us. We should study their innovations for our own benefits but not to the degree of obsession or worship." This vision coincided with Western intervention in Siam in the reign of Mongkut. He was able to predict, but not live to see the neighboring kingdoms of Burma and Vietnam fall to European colonial rule.
During his reign, trade between Siam and China became lucrative. The king kept his profits in red
Legacy
- Thai baht 15th Series banknotes issued to draw attention to deeds of Chakri Dynasty monarchs in agriculture, science, religion and finance, depicted King Rama III on the reverse of the 500 baht banknote issued 3 August 2001, with a partial quotation of his deathbed statement below a Chinese sailing ship.[14]
- A statue of Rama III was dedicated in the front of Wat Ratchanatdaram.[15]
- Nonthaburi Provincebearing his name.
- Phra Nang Klao Bridge MRT station.
- Maha Chesadabodindranusorn Bridge is a bridge across the Chao Phraya River in Nonthaburi Province bearing his title.
Ancestry
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See also
References
- ^ J. B. Terwiel (2005). Thailand's Political History: From the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 to Recent Times. River Books. pp. 107–108.
- ^ Dhani Nivat, Kromamun Bidyalabh Bluitiyakara [in Thai] (1947). "The Old Siamese conception of the Monarchy" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol.36.2b (digital). Siamese Heritage Trust: 94. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
The Thammasat describes its ideal of a monarch as a King of Righteousness, elected by the people (the Maha Sammata).
- ^ Bradley, William Lee (1969). "The Accession of King Mongkut (Notes)" (PDF free). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 57.1f (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: 160. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
[Vella] holds this to be 'the view of many western writers' and it dates from the reign of King Mongkut, owing largely to their mistaken belief that because he was the son of a minor wife, Prince Chesda was illegitimate. The indication is that the western writers adopted this view from Mongkut himself, as the subsequent story will show.
- ^
- ^ "Rattanakosin Period (1782 -present)". Thailand Introduction. GlobalSecurity.org. August 18, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
If there was no uparaja at the time of the king's death—and this was frequently the case—the choice of a new monarch drawn from the royal family was left to the Senabodi, the council of senior officials, princes, and Buddhist prelates that assembled at the death of a king. It was such a council that chose Nang Klao's successor.
- ^ ] account of his mission to Siam and Cochin-China, page 269....
- ^ Van Roy, Edward (2010). "Safe Haven: Mon Refugees at the Capitals of Siam from the 1500s to the 1800s" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 98: 172–73.
- ^ Terwiel, B.J. (1991). "The Bowring Treaty: Imperialism and the Indigenous Perspective" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 79 (2). Retrieved 2019-01-03.
In this paper the evidence upon which historians have based their statements on the Treaty's economic results is examined. It will be shown that all take their cue from Bowring's own words. Secondly it will be shown that Bowring's remarks are not necessarily a reliable indicator.
- Govt. print. off. Retrieved April 12, 2012..)
Revised ed. Prepared under the direction of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, by William M. Malloy. (Treaties and Conventions, 1889. p. 992.) (The provisions of this treaty were modified by the Treaty of 1856
- ^ Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (April 18, 2012). "Thailand". Bureau of Public Affairs: Electronic Information Publications » Background Notes. Bureau of Public Affairs. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
The 1966 Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, the most recent iteration....
- ^ Bruce, Robert (1969). "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch" (PDF). Hong Kong Journals Online. 9.
- ^ Tomlin, Jacob (1831). Journal of a nine months' residence in Siam. London: Frederick Westley and A.H. Davis. p. 103.
- ISBN 9780521759151.
- ^ "Banknotes, Series 15". Bank of Thailand. February 23, 2012. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
Thai: การงานสิ่งไตของเขาที่ดี ควนจะเรียนร่ำเอาไว้ก็เอาอย่างเขา แต่อย่าให้นับถือเลื่อนใสไปทีเดียว
- ^ "เสริมสิริมงคลรับปีใหม่กับเส้นทางไหว้กษัตริย์ 9 พระองค์".