British Bangladeshis: Difference between revisions

British Bangladeshis (

Bengalis had been present in Britain as early as the 19th century. The earliest records of arrivals from the region that is known today as Bangladesh (was

In the 1970s, changes in immigration laws encouraged a new wave of Bangladeshis to come to the UK and settle. Job opportunities were initially limited to low paid sectors, with unskilled and semi-skilled work in small factories and the textile trade being common. When the "Indian' restaurant" concept became popular, some Sylhetis started to open cafes. From these small beginnings a network of Bangladeshi restaurants, shops and other small businesses became established in Brick Lane and surrounding areas. The influence of Bangladeshi culture and diversity began to develop across the East London boroughs.^[6]

The early immigrants lived and worked mainly in cramped basements and attics within the Tower Hamlets area. The men were often illiterate, poorly educated, and spoke little English, so they could not interact well with the English-speaking population and could not enter higher education.^[15][18] Some became targets for businessmen, who sold their properties to Sylhetis, even though they had no legal claim to the buildings.^[15][19]

By the late 1970s, the Brick Lane area had become predominantly Bengali, replacing the former Jewish community which had declined. Jews migrated to outlying suburbs of London, as they

On 4 May 1978,

The name Altab Ali became associated with a movement of resistance against racist attacks, and remains linked with this struggle for human rights. His murder was the trigger for the first significant political organisation against racism by local Bangladeshis. Today's identification and association of British Bangladeshis with Tower Hamlets owes much to this campaign. A park has been named after Altab Ali at the street where he was murdered.^[23] In 1993, racial violence was incited by the anti-immigration British National Party (BNP); several Bangladeshi students were severely injured, but the BNP's attempted inroads were stopped after demonstrations of Bangladeshi resolve.^[15][27]

In 1988, a "friendship link" between the city of St Albans in Hertfordshire and the municipality of Sylhet was created by the district council under the presidency of Muhammad Gulzar Hussain of Bangladesh Welfare Association, St Albans. BWA St Albans were able to name a road in Sylhet municipality (now Sylhet City Corporation) called St Albans Road. This link between the two cities was established when the council supported housing project in the city as part of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless initiative. It was also created because Sylhet is the area of origin for the largest ethnic minority group in St Albans.^[28][29] In April 2001, the London Borough of Tower Hamlets council officially renamed the 'Spitalfields' electoral ward Spitalfields and Banglatown. Surrounding streets were redecorated, with lamp posts painted in green and red, the colours of the Bangladeshi flag.^[4] By this stage the majority living in the ward were of Bangladeshi origin—nearly 60% of the population.^[18]

Demographics

Population

Bangladeshis in the UK are largely a young population, heavily concentrated in London's inner boroughs. In the

London's Bangladeshi population in 2011 was 222,127 representing 49.2% of the UK Bangladeshi population.[32] The highest concentrations were found in Tower Hamlets, where Bangladeshis constituted 32% of the borough population (18% of the UK Bangladeshi population),^[32] and in Newham, accounting for 9% of the borough population.^[8] and in Somers Town 15% of the local population (West and North of Euston).^[33] The largest Bangladeshi populations outside London are in Birmingham, where there were an estimated 32,532 Bangladeshis in 2011,^[34] Oldham with 16,310,^[35] and Luton, Bedfordshire with a population of 13,606.^[36]

More than half of the United Kingdom's Bangladeshis—approximately 53%—were born in Bangladesh.^[when?][37] Bangladesh ranks third in the list of countries of birth for Londoners born outside the United Kingdom.^[when?][38] Bangladeshis are one of the youngest of the UK's ethnic populations; 38% under the age of 16, 59% aged between 16–64, and only 3% aged 65 and over.^[when?] The census also revealed a heavy predominance in the male population, which was 64% of the total.^{[when?][37][39]}

Since 2011, an estimated 6,000 Bangladeshi families have come to the UK from Italy, with the majority settling in East London. According to the most recent census, there were 110,000 Bangladeshi immigrants living in Italy in 2013. Many were skilled graduates who left their homes in South Asia attracted by jobs in Italy's industrial north. But as manufacturing work has evaporated, thousands are deciding to make a second migration, to the UK.^[40]

Employment and education

Bangladeshis are now mainly employed in the

Until 1998, Tower Hamlets, where the concentration of British Bangladeshis is greatest was the worst performing local authority in England. Until 2009, Bangladeshis in England performed worse than the national average. In 2015, 62 per cent of British Bangladeshis got five good GCSEs, including English and Maths which is five per cent above the average, and Bangladeshi girls outperformed boys by eight per cent.[31]

In March 2015, Nick de Bois, MP for Enfield North, persuaded the British government to stop plans by the exam boards to drop Bengali GCSE and A Level qualifications.^[50]

According to research by Yaojun Li from the University of Manchester in 2016, while the employment rate of Bangladeshis has improved and the proportion of women in work has risen by one-third in the last five years, it is still weaker than educational performance. Nine per cent of working age Bangladeshis are unemployed which is almost twice the national average.^[31]

In 2017, the UK's Social Mobility Commission commissioned an 'Ethnicity, Gender and Social Mobility' report with research carried out by academics from LKMco and Education Datalab which found that there has been an increase in educational attainment for Bangladeshi origin pupils in the UK and their performance has improved at a more rapid rate than other ethnic groups in recent years at almost every key stage of education. Almost half of young Bangladeshi people from the poorest quintile go to university. However, this is not reflected or translating in labour market outcomes because although young people from Bangladeshi backgrounds are more likely to "succeed in education and go to university," they are less likely to go on to "find employment or secure jobs in managerial or professional occupations." The report also found that female Bangladeshi graduations are less likely to gain managerial and professional roles than male Bangladeshis graduates, despite achieving at school. British Bangladeshi women earn less than other ethnic minority groups.^[51]

Health and housing

A survey in the 1990s on the visible communities in Britain by the Policy Studies Institute concluded that British Bangladeshi continues to be among the most severely disadvantaged.^[52] Bangladeshis had the highest rates of illness in the UK, in 2001. Bangladeshi men were three times as likely to visit their doctor as men in the general population. Bangladeshis also had the highest rates of people with disabilities,^[53] and were more likely to smoke than any other ethnic group, at a rate of 44% in 1999 in England. Smoking was very common amongst the men, but very few women smoked, perhaps due to cultural customs.^[15][54]

The average number of people living in each Bangladeshi household is 5,^[55] larger than all other ethnic groups. Households which contained a single person were 9%; houses containing a married couple were 54%, pensioner households were 2%.^{[citation needed]} Bangladeshis living in London were 40 times more likely to be living in cramped and poor housing types of housing than anyone else in the country. There were twice as many people per room as white households, with 43% living in homes with insufficient bedroom space.^[56] A third of Bangladeshi homes contain more than one family—64% of all overcrowded households in Tower Hamlets are Bangladeshi.^[57] In England and Wales, only 37% of Bangladeshis owned households compared to 69% of the population, those with social rented tenure is 48%, the largest of which in Tower Hamlets (82%) and Camden (81%).^[58]

Bangladeshis in Britain, who are heavily concentrated in London, particularly in the East End, are among the poorest and most deprived communities in the United Kingdom, suffering from high rates of poverty, unemployment and undereducation. Of an estimated half-million Bangladeshis living in the UK, about half live in London, with a heavy concentration in Tower Hamlets borough of East London. In Tower Hamlets, an estimated one-third of young Bangladeshis are unemployed, one of the highest such rates in the country.^[30]

British Bangladeshis are around three times more likely to be in poverty compared to their white counterparts, according to a 2015 report entitled 'Ethnic Inequalities' by the Centre for Social Investigation (CSI) at Nuffield College at University of Oxford. The research found that poverty rate is 46% of people of Bangladeshi background – compared with 16% for the white British in 2009-11. "Bangladeshi background are also more likely to have a limiting long-term illness or disability and to live in more crowded conditions," it noted.^[59]

Language

The majority of British Bengalis regard Bangladesh as their "ancestral home", although a survey showed strong feelings that they belonged to British society.^[61] The cultural traditions practised in Bangladesh, are also widely practised by the community. The languages of Sylheti and Bengali are viewed as important features of cultural identity,^[62] parents therefore encourage young people to attend standard Bengali classes to learn the language,^[46] although many find this learning progress difficult in the UK.^[57][63] English tends to be spoken among younger brothers and sisters and peer groups, and Bengali/Sylheti with parents. Communities share and favour a family-orientated community culture.^[64]

According to a survey in 1986, 95 percent of Bangladeshis were reported to be from the north-eastern region of

One way in which British Bangladeshis try to hold on to their links to Bangladesh is by sending their British-born children to school there. Pupils are taught the British curriculum and children born in the UK are dotted among those in the classroom.[77]

Religion

Majority of the Bangladeshi population are Sunni Muslim;

Celebrations

Significant Bengali events or celebrations are celebrated by the community annually. The

The Language Movement Day (Shaheed Dibosh), commemorates the martyrdom of the people killed in the demonstrations of 1952 for the Bengali language. In the London borough of Tower Hamlets, the Shaheed Minar was elected in Altab Ali Park in 1999. At the entrance to the park is an arch created by David Peterson, developed as a memorial to Altab Ali and other victims of racist attacks. The arch incorporates a complex Bengali-style pattern, meant to show the merging of different cultures in East London.^[96] A similar monument was built in Westwood, in Oldham, through a local council regeneration.^[8] This event is taken place at midnight on 20 February, where the Bengali community come together to lay wreaths at the monument.^[97] Around 2,500 families, councillors and community members paid their respect at Altab Ali Park, as of February 2009.^[98]

Marriage

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Bangladeshi weddings are celebrated with a combination of Bengali and Muslim traditions, and play a large part in developing and maintaining

British Bangladeshis consume traditional Bangladeshi food, in particular rice with curry.

Notables

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They became politically active, mainly at the local level, although some achieved national prominence.

Artists include dancer and choreographer Akram Khan,^[140] pianist Zoe Rahman, vocalist Suzana Ansar and Sohini Alam,^[141] and the visual artist on film and photography Runa Islam.^[129][142] In Sport, the only Bangladeshi professional footballer in England is Anwar Uddin.^[137][143]

Writers which have received praise and criticism for their books include Zia Haider Rahman who debut novel In the Light of What We Know was published in 2014.,^[144] Ed Husain, who wrote the book The Islamist on account of his experience for five years with the Hizb ut-Tahrir,^[145][146] Monica Ali for her book Brick Lane a story based on a Bangladeshi woman,^[147] and Kia Abdullah for her book, Life, Love and Assimilation. Anwar Shahjahan notable for publishing the first history and heritage book of Golapganj Upazila in Sylhet District as well as the first online Bangladeshi newspaper in UK.

In 2012, British kickboxing champion

In Bangladeshi politics there are two groups, favouring different principles, one Islamic and the other secular. Between these groups there has always been rivalry; however, the Islamic faction is steadily growing. This division between religious and secular was an issue during the Bangladesh Liberation War; the political history of Bangladesh is now is being re-interpreted again, in the UK. The secular group show nationalism through monuments, or through the introduction of Bengali culture, and the Islamic group mainly through dawah.^[8][150]

One symbol of Bengali nationalism is the Shaheed Minar, which commemorates the Bengali Language Movement, present in Altab Ali Park which as of today – the park is also the main venue for rallies and demonstrations, and also in Westwood, Oldham.^[8] The monuments are a smaller replica of the one in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and symbolises a mother and the martyred sons.^[151] Nationalism is mainly witnessed during celebrations of the mela, when groups such as the Swadhinata Trust try to promote Bengali history and heritage amongst young people, in schools, youth clubs and community centres.^[150]

Islamic activists stress the commitment to a religious type of identity. These groups expanded their role in the local community by creating youth groups, providing lectures on Islam, and influencing people to be more involved with community mosques (e.g. East London Mosque). These groups also describe Bengali secular nationalism as a "waste of money", a way to abstract from being Islamic: they claim to believe that the Boishakhi Mela celebrations are "shirk" activities. Tension has arisen between the groups, with Islamists and nationalists being criticised or attacked.^[8] These incidents illustrate the competition for social and political control between Islamists and secularists in the community context. This sphere is highly dependent on collective memory and historical reinterpretations of the Liberation War.^[150]

According to a 2013 survey by the Center on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) at the University of Manchester, ethnic minorities in the country were more likely to describe themselves as exclusively "British" than their white Briton counterparts. 72% of Bangladeshis reported an exclusive "British" identity, in contrast 72% of white Britons preferred to call themselves "English" rather than the more expansive "British" designation. A 2009 study by the University of Surrey suggested that some Bangladeshis in Britain, particularly the youth, embrace their "Britishness" while feeling alienated from "Englishness". The underlying assumption was that "Englishness" was associated with "whiteness" whereas "Britishness" denoted a more universal kind of identity that encompasses various cultural and racial backgrounds.^[30]

Youth gangs

As a response to

95% of all Indian restaurants are run by Bangladeshis.

In 2004, Guild of Bangladeshi Restaurateurs requested for ethnic restaurant staff positions to be designated as a shortage occupation, which would make it easier for Bangladeshi citizens to obtain UK work permits.^[174] In 2008, Guild of Bangladeshi Restaurateurs members raised concerns that many restaurants were under threat because the British Government announced a change in immigration laws which could block entry of high skilled chefs from Bangladesh to the UK. They requested that the Government recognises that they are skilled workers. The law demanded these workers speak fluent English, and have good formal qualifications. However, these changes did not take place.^[175][176]

Immigration policy changes has made it more difficult to source skilled workers from abroad, resulting in a paucity of chefs with the culinary skills to run an Indian-style kitchen. The situation has worsened due to a yearly salary minimum of £35,000 applied to tier 2 migrants, or skilled workers with a job offer in the UK, coming into effect April 2016.^[160] The Government's cap on skilled-workers from outside the EU means chefs must earn this salary a year to be permitted to work in UK restaurants.^{[161][177][178]} A Government scheme set up in 2012 to train UK nationals to work as chefs in Asian and Oriental restaurants struggled with a lack of interest, despite a YouGov poll at the time indicating that almost a third of young people would consider working in the sector.^[161] Experts say curry houses are closing down at the rate of two a week because of a shortage of tandoori chefs.^[179]

Remittance

Many British Bangladeshis send money to Bangladesh to build houses. In villages in Sylhet, there are houses built suburbs or communities through financial support mainly received from the UK, fuelling a building boom.^{[180][181][182]} Businesses have also been established by the British expatriates in the city of Sylhet, such as hotels, restaurants, often themed on those found in London, have also been established to cater to the visiting Sylheti expatriate population and the growing Sylheti middle classes (i.e. London Fried Chicken or Tessco).^[183] The financial relationship between British Bengalis and relatives in Bangladesh has changed, only 20% of Bangladeshi families in east London were sending money to Bangladesh as of 1995, this figure was approximately 85% during 1960–1970s. For a large number of families in Britain the cost of living, housing, or education for the children severely constrains any regular financial commitment towards Bangladesh. Moreover, the family reunion process has resulted in the social and economic reproduction of the household in Britain; conflicts over land or money can arise involving the mutual or reciprocal relationship between members of a joint household divided by migration. This, in turn, can reduce even more the level of investment in Sylhet. The emergence of a second and a third generation of British Bangladeshis is another factor explaining the declining proportion of people's income being sent as remittances to Bangladesh.^[8] About 30% of all remittance sent to Bangladesh are from Britain as of 1987.^[70] As of January 2013, $740m is sent from UK to Bangladesh per year.^[184]

See also

• Bangladeshi diaspora
• Bengali people
• British Asian
• British Indian
• British Pakistani
• British Sri Lankan
• East Asians in the United Kingdom
• History of Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom
• List of Bangladeshi people
• List of Bangladesh-related topics
• List of Bengalis
• List of British Bangladeshis
• List of British Muslims

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Further reading

Ali, M. (2003). Brick Lane. London: Black Swan. ISBN 978-0-552-77115-3 . Swadhinta Trust & CRONEM (2006). Tales of Three Generations of Bengalis in Britain: Bengali Oral History Project University of Surrey. ISBN 978-0-9528824-1-1 . Clarke, C; Peach, C. and Vertovec, S (1990). South Asians overseas : migration and ethnicity Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37543-6 Eade J; Momen R (1995). Bangladeshis in Britain : a national database. Centre for Bangladeshi Studies. ISBN 978-0-946665-16-7 Hussain, Y (2005). Writing Diaspora: South Asian Women, Culture, and Ethnicity Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-4113-1 Abbas, T. (2005). Muslim Britain: Communities Under Pressure Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-449-6 Phillipson C., Ahmed N., Ahmed N. R., Latimer J. (2003). Women in Transition: A Study of the Experiences of Bangladeshi Women Living in Tower Hamlets The Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-86134-510-3 Dorling D., Thomas B. (2004). People and Places: A 2001 Census Atlas of the UK The Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-86134-555-4 Kershen, A J. (2002). Food in the Migrant Experience Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-1874-4

Marks L., Worboys M. (1997). Migrants, Minorities, and Health Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-11213-0 Murshid, Ghulam. (2008). "The Call of the Sea: History of Bangali in Britain" [in Bengali: Kalapanir hatchani: Bilete Bangaleer itihash]. Abosar Publishing. Dhaka. ISBN 984-415-233-X Gregory E., Williams A. (2000). City Literacies Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-19115-9 Simpson A. A., Simpson A. (2007). Language and National Identity in Asia Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926748-4 Loury G. C., Modood T., Teles S. T. (2005). Ethnicity, Social Mobility, and Public Policy: Comparing the USA and UK Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82309-8 Gilbert P. K. (2002). Imagined Londons SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5501-2 Shakur T, D'Souza K. (2003). Picturing South Asian Culture in English: Textual and Visual Representations Open House Press. ISBN 978-0-9544463-0-7 Iredale R. R., Guo F., Rozario S. (2003). Return Migration in the Asia Pacific Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84376-303-1

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to British Bangladeshi.

• Bangladeshi diaspora in the UK
• Bangladesh High Commission
• UK in Bangladesh
• British Bangladesh Professional Association
• British Bangladeshi Who's Who
• Street Food – London's Brick Lane
• Down the Surma – Origins of the Diaspora
• Bondor Bazar to Brick Lane
• Subject Guide on Bangladeshi London
• Bangla babes rule Britannia