Oldham
Oldham | |
---|---|
Region | |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Areas of the town | |
Post town | Oldham |
Postcode district | OL1-OL4, OL8, OL9 |
Dialling code | 0161 |
Police | Greater Manchester |
Fire | Greater Manchester |
Ambulance | North West |
UK Parliament | |
Oldham /ˈoʊldəm/ is a town in Greater Manchester, England,[1] it lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock, 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of Rochdale, and 7 miles (11.3 km) northeast of Manchester. It is the administrative centre of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, which had a population of 237,110 in 2019.
Within the boundaries of the
The demise of textile processing in Oldham depressed and heavily affected the local economy.
In the 2011 United Kingdom census Oldham Built-up area subdivision, as defined by the Office for National Statistics, had a population of 96,555 and an area of 1,687 hectares (6.51 sq mi), giving a population density of 57.2 inhabitants per hectare (14,800/sq mi),[8] while the Borough of Oldham had a population of 224,897, an area of 14,236 hectares (54.97 sq mi), and a population density of 15.8 inhabitants per hectare (4,100/sq mi).[9]
History
Toponymy
The
Early history
The earliest known evidence of a human presence in what is now Oldham is attested by the discovery of
From its founding in the 9th century until the Industrial Revolution, Oldham is believed to have been little more than a scattering of small and insignificant settlements spread across the moorland and dirt tracks that linked Manchester to York.[11][18] Although not mentioned in the Domesday Book, Oldham does appear in legal documents from the Middle Ages, invariably recorded as territory under the control of minor ruling families and barons.[17] In the 13th century, Oldham was documented as a manor held from the Crown by a family surnamed Oldham, whose seat was at Werneth Hall.[10] Richard de Oldham was recorded as lord of the manor of Werneth/Oldham (1354). His daughter and heiress, Margery (d.1384), married John de Cudworth (d.1384), from whom descended the Cudworths of Werneth Hall who were successive lords of the manor. A Member of this family was James I's Chaplain, Ralph Cudworth (father of the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth). The Cudworths remained lords of the manor until their sale of the estate (1683) to Sir Ralph Assheton of Middleton.[19]
Industrial Revolution and cotton
Much of Oldham's history is concerned with
By 1756, Oldham had emerged as centre of the
Oldham became the world's manufacturing centre for cotton spinning in the second half of the 19th century.[18] In 1851, over 30% of Oldham's population was employed within the textile sector, compared to 5% across Great Britain.[21] It overtook the major urban centres of Manchester and Bolton as the result of a mill building boom in the 1860s and 1870s, a period during which Oldham became the most productive cotton-spinning town in the world.[18] In 1871, Oldham had more spindles than any country in the world except the United States, and in 1909, was spinning more cotton than France and Germany combined.[5] By 1911 there were 16.4 million spindles in Oldham, compared with a total of 58 million in the United Kingdom and 143.5 million in the world; in 1928, with the construction of the UK's largest textile factory Oldham reached its manufacturing zenith.[18] At its peak, there were more than 360 mills, operating night and day;[22][23]
Oldham's townscape was dominated by distinctive rectangular brick-built mills.[24] Oldham was hit hard by the Lancashire Cotton Famine of 1861–1865, when supplies of raw cotton from the United States were cut off. Wholly reliant upon the textile industry, the cotton famine created chronic unemployment in the town.[25] By 1863 a committee had been formed, and with aid from central government, land was purchased with the intention of employing local cotton workers to construct Alexandra Park, which opened on 28 August 1865.[25] Said to have over-relied upon the textile sector,[6][17] as the importation of cheaper foreign yarns grew during the 20th century, Oldham's economy declined into a depression, although it was not until 1964 that Oldham ceased to be the largest centre of cotton spinning.[6][18][26] In spite of efforts to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of its production, the last cotton spun in the town was in 1998.[18]
Engineering
Facilitated by its flourishing textile industry, Oldham developed extensive
Abraham Henthorn Stott, the son of a
Although textile-related engineering declined with the processing industry, leading to the demise of both Stotts and Platts, other engineering firms existed, notably electrical and later electronic engineers Ferranti in 1896.[23] Ferranti went into receivership in 1993, but some of its former works continue in other hands. Part of the original Hollinwood site was operated by Siemens Metering and Semiconductor divisions.[23] The remainder of the site is occupied by Mirror Colour Print Ltd; the printing division of Reach, which prints and distributes thirty-six major newspapers, and employs five hundred staff.[29][30]
Coal mining
On the back of the Industrial Revolution, Oldham developed an extensive coal mining sector, correlated to supporting the local cotton industry and the town's inhabitants, though there is evidence of small scale coal mining in the area as early as the 16th century.[31][page needed] The Oldham Coalfield stretched from Royton in the north to Bardsley in the south and in addition to Oldham, included the towns of Middleton and Chadderton to the west.[31] The Oldham Coalfield was the site of over 150 collieries during its recorded history.[31] Although some contemporary sources suggest there was coal mining in Oldham at a commercial scale by 1738,[31] older sources attribute the commercial expansion of coal mining with the arrival in the town of two Welsh labourers, John Evans and William Jones, around 1770.[11] Foreseeing the growth in demand for coal as a source of steam power, they acquired colliery rights for Oldham, which by 1771 had 14 colliers.[11] The mines were largely to the southwest of the town around Hollinwood and Werneth and provided enough coal to accelerate Oldham's rapid development at the centre of the cotton boom. At its height in the mid-19th century, when it was dominated by the Lees and Jones families, Oldham coal was mainly sourced from many small collieries whose lives varied from a few years to many decades, although two of the four largest collieries survived to nationalisation.[31][32] In 1851, collieries employed more than 2,000 men in Oldham,[32] although the amount of coal in the town was somewhat overestimated however, and production began to decline even before that of the local spinning industry.[31] Today, the only visible remnants of the mines are disused shafts and boreholes.[31]
Social history
Oldham's
On 20 April 1812, a "large crowd of riotous individuals" compelled local retailers to sell foods at a loss, whilst on the same day
For three days in late May 2001, Oldham became the centre of national and international media attention. Following high-profile
Governance
Civic history
Lying within the
In 1826 commissioners for the social and economic improvement of Oldham were established.
The
In 1951 parts of the
Parliamentary representation
The boundaries of two
Created as a
Oldham West and Royton | Oldham East and Saddleworth |
---|---|
Jim McMahon | Debbie Abrahams |
Labour | Labour |
Politics
In the 2016 European Union membership referendum, Oldham voted in favour of Brexit. The vote to leave was 60.9%.[52][53]
Geography
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At 53°32′39″N 2°7′0.8″W / 53.54417°N 2.116889°W (53.5444°, −2.1169°), and 164 miles (264 km) north-northwest of London, Oldham stands 700 feet (213 m) above
Oldham's
To the east of this river the surface rises to a height of 1,225 ft (373 m) at Woodward Hill, on the border with the parish of Saddleworth.[33] The rest of the surface is hilly, the average height decreasing towards the southwest to Failsworth and the city of Manchester. The ridge called Oldham Edge, 800 ft (240 m) high, comes southward from Royton into the centre of the town.[33]
Oldham's built environment is characterised by its 19th-century red-brick terraced houses, the infrastructure that was built to support these and the town's former cotton mills – which mark the town's skyline.[26] The urban structure of Oldham is irregular when compared to most towns in England, its form restricted in places by its hilly upland terrain.[33][55] There are irregularly constructed residential dwellings and streets clustered loosely around a central business district in the town centre, which is the local centre of commerce. In 1849, Angus Reach of Inverness said:
The visitor to Oldham will find it essentially a mean-looking straggling town, built upon both sides and crowning the ridge of one of the outlying spurs which branch from Manchester, the neighbouring 'backbone of England'. The whole place has a shabby underdone look. The general appearance of the operatives' houses is filthy and smouldering.[57]
— Angus Reach, Morning Chronicle, 1849
In the 1870s, John Marius Wilson described Oldham as consisting of:
... numerous streets, and contains numerous fine buildings, both public and private; but, in a general view, is irregularly constructed, presents the dingy aspect of a crowded seat of manufacture, and is more notable for factories than for any other feature.[50]
— John Marius Wilson, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–1872)
Although Oldham had a thriving economy during the 19th century, the local merchants were broadly reluctant to spend on civic institutions, and so the town lacks the grandeur seen in comparable nearby towns like Bolton or Huddersfield;[7][58] public expenditure was seen as an overhead that undermined the competitiveness of the town.[27] Subsequently, Oldham's architecture has been described as "mediocre".[58] The town has no listed buildings with a Grade I rating.[59]
There is a mixture of high-density
Divisions and suburbs
Many of Oldham's present divisions and suburbs have origins as pre-industrial hamlets, manorial commons and ancient chapelries.
A large portion of Oldham's residences are "low value"
One of the oldest recorded named places of Oldham is Hathershaw, occurring in a deed for 1280 with the spelling Halselinechaw Clugh.[11] Existing as a manor in the 15th century, Hathershaw Hall was the home of a Royalist family in the 17th century who lost part of their possessions due to the English Civil War.[11] Waterhead, an upland area in the east of Oldham, traces its roots to a water cornmill over the border in Lees.[17]
Recorded originally as Watergate and Waterhead Milne, it was for a long time a hamlet in the parish of Oldham that formed a significant part of the
Demography
UK Census 2011 |
Oldham[a] | Oldham (Met. District) | England |
Total population | 96,555[b] |
217,273 | 53,012,456 |
Foreign born | 15% | 8.2% | 17.57% |
White British | 55.4% | 77.5% | 85.4% |
Asian | 37.6% | 18.1% | 7.8% |
Black | 2% | 1.2% | 3.5% |
Christian | 58% | 73% | 59.4% |
Muslim | 25% | 11% | 5% |
Hindu | 1.1% | 0.1% | 1.5% |
No religion | 8.3% | 8.9% | 24.7% |
Over 65 years old | 12% | 14% | 16.33% |
Unemployed | 5.5% | 3.7% | (7.6–8.4%) |
According to data from the
Oldham, considered as a combination of the 2001
During the 1950s and 1960s, in an attempt to fill the shortfall of workers and revitalise local industries, citizens of the wider
Today, Oldham has large communities with heritage from
With only a small local population during medieval times, as a result of the introduction of industry, mass migration of village workers into Oldham occurred,[11] resulting in a population change from under 2,000 in 1714[10][75] to 12,000 in 1801 to 137,000 in 1901[18] In 1851 its population of 52,820 made Oldham the 12th most populous town in England.[76] The following is a table outlining the population change of the town since 1801, which demonstrates a trend of rapid population growth in the 19th century and, after peaking at 147,483 people in 1911, a trend of general decline in population size during the 20th century.
Year | 1801 | 1811 | 1821 | 1831 | 1841 | 1851 | 1861 | 1871 | 1881 | 1891 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 12,024 | 16,690 | 21,662 | 32,381 | 42,595 | 52,820 | 72,333 | 82,629 | 111,349 | 131,463 |
Year | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1939 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 |
Population | 137,246 | 147,483 | 144,983 | 140,314 | 120,511 | 121,266 | 115,346 | 105,922 | 107,830 | 103,931 |
Year | 2001 | 2011 | Sources: A Vision of Britain through Time[77] | |||||||
Population | 103,544 | 98,555 |
In 2011, 77.5% of the Oldham metropolitan borough population were White British, 18.1% Asian and 1.2% Black. While in the town of Oldham, which had a 2011 population of 96,555, 55.4% of the population were White British, 37.6% Asian and 2% Black.[78][79]
Economy
For years Oldham's economy was heavily dependent on manufacturing industry, especially textiles and mechanical engineering.
Oldham's town centre contains the highest concentration of retailing, cultural facilities and employment in the
A number of culinary and medical advances have been developed in Oldham. The
Park Cake Bakeries, sold in 2007 by Northern Foods Group to Vision Capital, have a large food processing centre in Hathershaw, which employs in excess of 1,600 people. Over 90% of the cakes produced go to Marks & Spencer.[91][92] Long existing as an industrial district, Hollinwood is home to the Northern Counties Housing Association,[93]
Ferranti Technologies is an electronic, electromechanical and electrical engineering company based in Waterhead.[94]
The majority of poor families are now working families. Coldhurst in Oldham has child deprivation rate of 62.1pc, which is the worst in the UK.[95][96]
Landmarks
Town Hall
Oldham's
In September 2008, it was reported that "Oldham Town Hall is only months away from a major roof collapse".
In the heart of Oldham's retail district, the Old Town Hall has been developed into a modern multiplex Odeon cinema.[108][109]
War memorial
Erected as a permanent memorial to the men of Oldham who were killed in the
Commissioned in 1919 by the Oldham War Memorial Committee, the memorial was designed and built by Albert Toft.[111] It was unveiled by General Sir Ian Hamilton on 28 April 1923, before a crowd estimated at over 10,000.[110] The monument was intended to symbolise the spirit of 1914–1918.[11]
The inscriptions on the memorial read:
- Over doors to the north: "DEATH IS THE GATE OF LIFE / 1914–1918"
- Over window to the south: "TO GOD BE THE PRAISE "
Civic Centre
The
Churches
The Oldham Parish Church of St. Mary with St. Peter, in its present form, dates from 1830 and was designed in the Gothic Revival Style by Richard Lane, a Manchester-based architect.[75] It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building.[113] It was linked with the church of St Mary the Virgin, Prestwich and together the sites were principal churches of the ancient ecclesiastical parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham.[75]
A church building had existed on the site since 1280.
There are also
Transport
The geography of Oldham constrained the development of major transport infrastructure,[76] with the former County Borough Council suggesting that "if it had not grown substantially before the railway age it would surely have been overlooked".[76] Oldham has never been on a main-line railway route, and canals too have only been able to serve it from a distance,[76] meaning that "Oldham has never had a train service worthy of a town of its size".[115]
A principal destination along the former
Oldham had electric
Despite the Turnpike Act 1734, Oldham had no turnpike road to Manchester for another 56 years and Church Lane, Oldham remained part of the main street through the town. But following a further Act of Parliament a turnpike was constructed. The first regular coach service to Manchester came into operation in October 1790, with a journey time of over 2 hours and a fare 2s.8d (about 13p), with half fare for travellers on top of the coach.[124]
Oldham is about 4 miles (6 kilometres) south of the major
The
Sport
Oldham Borough was established in 1964 as Oldham Dew FC, and after many years playing under the name of Oldham Town changed its name to Oldham Boro in 2009, finally becoming known as Oldham Borough just months before it folded. The team played in the North West Counties Football League before going out of existence in 2015, just over fifty years after it was founded.[130]
Oldham Netball Club's senior team is the 2019–2020 national league division 1 champion[131] and has won seven out of the last eight titles. Former players include England's most capped player Jade Clarke.[132]
Oldham has league cricket teams with a number of semi-professional league clubs including
The Manchester Fencing Centre in Oldham opened in 2015 in the former Osborne Mill, and at 17,000 square feet (1,600 m2) was said to be "the largest centre of its kind".[136] The Marshall Fencing Club trains there, under head coach and Commonwealth games medallist Stuart Marshall, and in 2019 won six gold medals at eight national ranking events.[137]
Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter [138] and one of the two local relay transmitters (Dog Hill[139] and North Oldham [140]).
Local radio stations are
Oldham is served by these local newspapers:
- Oldham Chronicle[144]
- Oldham Advertiser[145]
- The Oldham Times [146]
Education
Oldham produced someone who is considered[6] to be one of the greatest benefactors of education for the nation, Hugh Oldham, who in 1504 was appointed as Bishop of Exeter, and later went on to found what is now Manchester Grammar School.
School | Type/Status | OfSTED report
|
---|---|---|
The Blue Coat School
|
Secondary school and Sixth form college | 137133 |
Hulme Grammar School | Grammar school | N/A |
New Bridge School | Secondary special school | 138697 |
Oasis Academy Oldham | Secondary school | 136027 |
Oldham Academy North | Secondary school | 136115 |
Oldham College | Further education college | 130505 |
Oldham Sixth Form College | Sixth form college | 145002 |
The Hathershaw College | Secondary school | 137039 |
Waterhead Academy | Secondary school | 144508 |
Public services
The
Culture
Oldham, though lacking in leisure and cultural amenities,[58] is historically notable for its theatrical culture.[156] Once having a peak of six "fine" theatres in 1908,[156] Oldham is home to the Oldham Coliseum Theatre and the Oldham Theatre Workshop, which have facilitated the early careers of notable actors and writers, including Eric Sykes,[156] Bernard Cribbins[157] and Anne Kirkbride,[157] daughter of acclaimed cartoonist Jack Kirkbride who worked for the Oldham Evening Chronicle. Oldham Coliseum Theatre is one of Britain's last remaining repertory theatres; Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel performed there in the early 20th century, and contemporary actors such as Ralph Fiennes[158] and Minnie Driver, among others, have appeared more recently.[159]
During the 19th century the
The Lyceum is a Grade II listed building[162] opened in 1856 at a cost of £6,500 as a "mutual improvement" centre for the working men of Oldham.[11] The facilities provided to members included a library, a newsroom and a series of lectures on geology, geography and education, microscopy and chemistry, female education and botany.[163] Instrumental music was introduced and there were soon sixteen violinists and three cellists. Eventually the building was extended to include a school of science and art. Music had always been important in the life of the Lyceum, and in 1892 a school of music was opened, with 39 students enrolled for the "theory and practice of music".
The Lyceum continued throughout the 20th century as a centre for the arts in Oldham. The Lyceum Players are a current amateur theatre company entering its 93rd year. They put on a varied programme of productions each season and the theatre is on the ground floor of the Lyceum building. In 1986 the local authority was invited by its directors and trustees to accept the building as a gift.[163] The acceptance of the Lyceum building by the Education Committee provided the opportunity to move the music centre and "further enhance the cultural activities of the town".[163] In 1989 the Oldham Metropolitan Borough Music Centre moved into the Lyceum building, which is now the home of the Oldham Lyceum School of Music.[163]
Oldham's museum and gallery service dates back to 1883.[164] Since then it has established itself as a cultural focus for Oldham and has developed one of the largest and most varied permanent collections in North West England. The current collection includes over 12,000 social and industrial history items, more than 2,000 works of art, about 1,000 items of decorative art, more than 80,000 natural history specimens, over 1,000 geological specimens, about 3,000 archaeological artefacts, 15,000 photographs and a large number of books, pamphlets and documents.[164] Meanwhile, the Rifle Street drill hall dates back to 1897.[165]
Oldham is now home to a newly built state-of-the-art art gallery, Gallery Oldham, which was completed in February 2002 as the first phase of the Oldham Cultural Quarter.[166] Later phases of the development saw the opening of an extended Oldham Library, a lifelong learning centre and there are plans to include a performing arts centre.[7]
Carnival
The annual Oldham Carnival started around 1900, although the tradition of
The carnival fell out of favour in the late 1990s but was resurrected by community volunteers in 2006 and rebranded the Peoples' Carnival. The parade was moved into Alexandra Park in 2011. The event hosts live stages and other activities alongside a parade in the park.[168][169] 2016 marked ten years since the carnival was reinstated by volunteers. The main organiser is Paul Davies who runs the carnival with a number of committee members and volunteers.[170]
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Britain in Bloom
Oldham has had a pattern of success in the "best city" category in the national Britain in Bloom competition, winning in 2012 and 2014,[171] and in several following years[172] and gaining a gold award in 2019.[173]
Oldham Council financially support the awards, one of only five local authorities in the North West to do so.[174]
Notable people
People from Oldham are called Oldhamers,[26] though "Roughyed" is a nickname from the 18th century when rough felt was used in Oldham to make hats.[11] Edward Potts was a renowned architect who moved to Oldham from Bury. He was the architect for fourteen mills in the Oldham area.[175] Other notable persons with Oldham connections include the composer Sir William Walton, former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, the artist Brian Clarke, and Louise Brown,[151] the world's first baby to be conceived by in vitro fertilisation.
Notable media personalities from Oldham include presenter Nick Grimshaw, actors Eric Sykes, Bernard Cribbins and Christopher Biggins, Ricky Whittle, TV host Phillip Schofield,[84] actress Shobna Gulati, actress/comedian Dora Bryan, actress Anne Kirkbride, actress Olivia Cooke, actress Sarah Lancashire, actress Cora Kirk, science educator Brian Cox, television presenter John Stapleton and comedy double act Cannon and Ball.
Notable musicians from Oldham include the Inspiral Carpets, N-Trance and Mark Owen of boyband Take That as well as the founding members of the rock band Barclay James Harvest.
Notable charity mountaineer, the first British Muslim to climb Mount Everest, Akke Rahman, of Bengali heritage, is from Oldham.[176]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Percentages are taken from 2001 ward boundaries that together most closely match the territory of the former County Borough of Oldham.
- ^ The total population of Oldham is given as those within an urban area divorced from the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham.
Citations
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External links
- www.oldham.gov.uk, Website of Oldham Council.
- www.genuki.org.uk, GENUKI entry for Oldham, including genealogical data and historic descriptions.